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The Golden Age of Statistical Graphics

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Acknowledgements: Thanks! Plug: Palsky (1996), Paris: CTHS • Bob Karrow, Jim Akerman: Maps book • Co-author: Gilles Palsky, Univ. Paris 1. • Arthur H. Robinson: mentor-by-email • Chevaliers des Album de Statistique The Golden Age of Statistical Maps & Graphique: Antoine de Falguerolles, Ian Spence, Diagrams Howard Wainer, Ruddy Osterman, Tom Koch, Stephen Stigler, … Michael Friendly York University Chicago Maps Society, Dec. 12, 2007 Slides: www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Papers/maps/ 2 Data visualization: thematic maps & Outline diagrams • Introduction • Different ‘visual language’, but common goals: Data visualization: thematic maps & diagrams Exploration: show trends, reveal patterns in quantitative or Context: Milestones Project qualitative info What is an Age? Why is it Golden? Analysis: aid in synthesizing, generalizing or testing patterns • Preludes to the Golden Age Presentation: stimulate thought, convey conclusions, argue a Statistics: Numbers of the state point Statistical theory, technology Inventions in statistical graphics & cartography Snow (1855) Galton (1863) Minard (1869) • Exemplars of the Golden Age Graphic vision of Charles Joseph Minard Francis Galton’s graphic discoveries Statistical atlases 3 4 Data visualization: Diffusion of ideas Data visualization: Diffusion of ideas • Men who developed thematic maps often not • Men who developed data graphics often cartographers borrowed from cartography Halley (1701): contour map -> Lalanne (1843): contour diagrams of soil temp Dupin (1826): literacy in France Galton (1881): travel time from London 5 6 Data visualization: Diffusion of ideas Data visualization: Diffusion of ideas • … and vice-versa • Graphical inventions often applied to maps Lalanne ĺ L.L. Vauthier (1874) contour map of population Playfair (1805): pie chart -> Minard (1858): pie map density of Paris 7 8 Data visualization: Diffusion of ideas Context: Milestones Project www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gallery/milestone • In map-based graphics, the map was often secondary: background, or deformed to fit the data A. von Humboldt (1817): Lines of isotherms Project goals: • Comprehensive catalog of developments in history of data visualization • Tool to study themes, antecedents, influences, patterns, trends, etc. 9 10 Milestones: Content Overview Milestones as a graph Every picture has a story – Rod Stewart c. 550 BC: The first world map? (Anaximander of Miletus) 1669: First graph of a continuous distribution function (Gaunt's life table)– Christiaan Huygens. 1801: Pie chart, circle graph - William Playfair 1701: First contour map- Edmund Halley 1924: Pictograms- 1991-1996: Otto Neurath Interactive data visualization 1896: Bivariate map- systems (Xgobi, Jacques Bertillon ViSta) 11 12 1800-1849: Beginning of modern data graphics 1850-1900: Golden Age 1855: Dot map of 1801: Pie chart, 1819: First modern disease data (cholera)- circle graph statistical map John Snow invented- William (illiteracy in France)- Playfair Charles Dupin 1879: Stereogram (3D Broad St. pump population pyramid)- Luigi Perozzo 1843: Wind-rose (polar coordinates)- L. Lalanne 1884: Recursive 1896: Area multi-mosaic on a rectangles on a map 1844: variable- map- Emile to display two width, divided Cheysson variables and their bars, area ~ cost product- Jacques of transport- C. J. Bertillon Minard 13 14 What makes an “Age”? Some Golden Ages Why is it “Golden”? • Age: • Athens (Pericles): 448 Qualitatively distinct from before & after BC—404 BC • Islam: 622—1258 (sack of • Golden age: Baghdad) Recognizable period in a field where great • England: Elizabeth I tasks were accomplished • Piracy: 1690--1730 Years following some innovations • Radio: 1920—1940 Artists apply skills to new areas • Animation: 1928 (sound) – New ideas expressed, art forms flourish 1960s (TV) Often ends with some turning point event(s) • Senior citizens: 60+ 15 Pietro Da Cortona, The Golden Age (Fresco,16 Sala della Stufa, Palazzo Pitti, Florence) Preludes to the Golden Age Preludes: data “Data! Data! I can’t make bricks without clay.” – Sherlock Holmes, Copper Beeches Data: collection & dissemination • Population: ~ 1660-- • Bills of mortality: Graunt (1662) • Statistical theory: combining & Political arithmetic: Petty (1665) Demography: Süssmilch (1741) summarizing quantitative information • Economic data: ~ 1770-- Revenue, expenditures, taxes • Technology: printing & reproduction of Imports, exports maps & diagrams Transport • Social data: ~ 1820-- • Visual language: new graphic forms for Literacy, education Crime, suicides, illegitimate births, prostitution maps and diagrams Poverty, debtors, disease • ĺ a perfect storm for data graphics • ĺ An avalanche of data, waiting to be visualized! 17 18 Preludes: technology Preludes: visual language • Copperplate ĺ Lithography (1800+) ĺ color printing (1850+) • Automatic recording: James Watt (1822) • Graphs & diagrams • Calculation: Babbage (1822/33) Line, bar, pie charts– Playfair (1786, 1801) • Photography: Niépce (1827), Deguerre (1839), trichromatic process Scatterplot– Herschel (1832) (1861) Polar plots– Guerry (1829), Nightingale (1857) • Motion: Muybridge (1872), Marey (1882) Nomograms & graphical calculation– Lalanne (1846) 19 20 Comparative & analytic maps (Balbi & Guerry, 1829) Preludes: visual language First comparative maps of social data (crime, education) Personal crime • Maps • personal crime inversely Property crime Isopleth– Humboldt (1817) related to property crime! Choropleth– Dupin (1826) • neither directly related to Dot– Frère de Montizon (1830) education! • Education: France obscure Flow– Harness (1837) vs. France éclairée Education 21 22 Exemplars of the Golden Age The graphic vision of C. J. Minard • The graphic vision of C. J. Minard • Galton’s graphic discoveries • State statistical albums • Marey (1878): “defies the pen of the historian in its brutal eloquence” • Tufte (1983): “the best statistical graphic ever produced” 23 24 Why Minard? Visual thinking, visual explanation • Study breadth and depth of his work How related to work in his time? How related to modern statistical graphics? 1840: Why did the bridge at How related to his personal history? Bourg-St. Andèol collapse? Minard’s report consisted essentially of this self-explaining Civil Engineer for ENPC diagram. (1810-1842) Visual Engineer for France (1843-1869) 25 26 Visual tools for state planning Flow maps as visual tools Transport of passengers on the principal railroads in Europe in 1862 • 1830—1860: emergence of modern French state, dawn of globalization Carte figurative: give precedence to the • Trade, commerce, transportation: data over the map Where to build railroads, canals? Visualizing changes over time, differences over space ĺ Flow maps and other graphical innovations 27 28 Effect of US civil war on cotton trade Where to build a new post office?(1867) Before After Center of gravity of pop. density 29 30 The March Re-Visited (1869) Galton’s discovery of weather patterns- Perhaps the most notable purely graphic discovery ever! Hannibal’s retreat Napoleon’s 1812 campaign (Galton, 1863) 31 32 Method: All weather stations across Europe asked to Visual abstraction Æ Patterns record data 3x/day for all of Dec., 1861 How to see patterns of geographical variation over time? • Iconic symbols on a geographical grid Data: recordings of • “Small multiples:” separate graphs laid out for direct comparison barometric pressure, wind dir/speed, rain, temp., cloud: 3x/day, 50 weather stations in Europe. Graphic analysis: 3x31=93 maps, each with multivariate glyphs showing all variables Visual ideas: • Iconic symbols • Multivariate glyphs (stamps!) 33 34 Visual abstraction Æ Patterns The large picture Æ Insight AM12 PM Pattern: What varies with what, over Low pressure (black) in pressure early Dec. CCW wind time and space? Æ wind, rain pressure High pressure (red) in • mini, abstract maps: vars x TOD late Dec. Æ CW wind temp. • iso-contours, shading to show equivalence wind, rain • arrows to show wind direction temperature Graphic: 3x3x31 grid, mapping {pressure, wind/ AM noon PM rain, temperature} x {AM, 12, PM} x day {1:31} Data for Dec 5, 1861 (try this with your software!) 35 36 Visual insight Æ Theory Theory Æ Visual insight from 93 (3x31) high-D graphs: Practice • Changes in wind dir w/ pressure over time • Æ Winds revolve inwardly (CCW) in low pressure areas– as in a cyclone; • Æ revolve outwardly (CW) in high pressure areas– “anti- The first modern weather map, cyclone” London Times, Apr. 1, 1875 Theory: • Explained by Dove’s ‘Law of Gyration’ • Prediction: reversed pattern Galton did for weathermen what (CW/CCW) in southern Kepler did for Tycho Brahe. This is no hemisphere – confirmed! small accomplishment. (Wainer 2005) 37 38 Statistical atlases: Data practice, national ĺ Album de statistique graphique identity & graphical excellence • Published by the Statistical Graphics Bureau, Ministry of Public • Collection of gov’t statistics on pop., trade, moral Works, Émile Cheysson, director & political issues widespread in Europe & US, • 18 volumes: 1879-1899, 12—34 plates each, ~ 11”x17” pages starting ~ 1820 • Graphic forms: Flow maps (simple, double, multi) • Statistical albums ~ 1870—1910 Pie maps, star, radial, polar time-series, proportional circles Mosaic maps, anamorphic maps, planetary diagrams France: Album de Statistique Graphique: 1879-1899 Choropleth, bi-polar scales Charts: line, bar, time-series USA: Census atlases: 1870/80/90 • Formats: 1x1, 2x1, 2x2, 3x2, … Gemany: local albums
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