6-(10-12):20-27 (2006) © HARUM MELLIFERA 20

POLLEN ANALYSIS OF HONEYS FROM -AKYAZI AND KOCAALİ DISTRICTS OF ADAPAZARI PROVINCE () ADAPAZARI İLİ HENDEK-AKYAZI VE KOCAALİ İLÇELERİ BALLARINDA POLEN ANALİZİ

Nilgün Erdoğan*, Sevil Pehlivan*, Cahit Doğan**

Summary: Pollen analyses were made on honey samples from 22 different localities in Hendek, Akyazı and Kocaali districts of Adapazarı province of Turkey. 7 of 22 honey specimens were identified as unifloral honey. The remaining 15 honey specimens were determined as mul- tifloral honey. In total, pollen grains of 42 taxa were identified, which of 25 were in family, 16 were in genus level and 1 was in species level. As a result of pollen analyses, the Castanea sati- va, Rhododendron, Fabaceae and Cynoglossum pollen grains were determined as dominant. In addition, the Castanea sativa pollen grains were identified as the main nectar and pollen grain source in the honeys of the region. Keywords: Honey, Pollen Analysis, TNP-10 g, Unifloral Honey, Multifloral Honey Özet: Adapazarı ili Hendek, Akyazı ve Kocaali ilçelerinin 22 farklı yöresinden toplanan bal örneklerinde polen analizi yapılmıştır. 22 bal örneğinden 7 tanesi unifloral, 15 tanesi ise mul- tifloral bal olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yöre ballarında 25’i familya, 16’sı cins ve 1’i tür düzeyinde olmak üzere, toplam 42 taksonun poleni teşhis edilmiştir. Polenlerine dominant miktarda rast- lanan taksonlar Castanea sativa, Rhododendron, Fabaceae ve Cynoglossum olarak belirlen- miştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, Castanea sativa’nın yöre balları için başlıca nektar ve polen kaynağı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Bal, Polen Analizi, TPS-10 g, Unifloral bal, Multifloral Bal

Introduction time, plants causing stink, bitterness and fast Honey is one of the most valuable nutrients crystallization in honey can be determined as well provided by the nature to the human being. The as determination of plants providing scent, flavor, nectar is effective in determining its physical good taste and late crystallization to honey. The first features, such as its color, transparency, density, pollen analyses of honey were studied by Pfister in odour, taste and the speed of crystallization. The 1845. In Turkey pollen analyses of honey was first quality of honey is identified by explaining its made in 1976 by Quistani. In recent years characteristic, such as its chemical component, melittopalynological studies has become major and physical features and pollen content. The key point important activities in many countries all over the in determination of honey quality is its geographical world. Nectar containing flowering plants have and botanical features. Melittopalynological been determined through pollen analyses in honey analyses are performed in order to determine samples from various countries, for example: 54 botanical origin of the honey. By means of pollen samples from Lousiana in USA1, 119 samples from analyses pollen resources might be determined, and New Zealand2, 25 samples from Canary Islands3, 8 plants, which provide nectar and pollen for bees in samples from Nigeria4, 39 samples from Spain 5, 34 different periods, might be designated. At the same samples from Argentina6 and 42 samples from

* Gazi University, Science and Art Faculty, Biology Department 06500 , TURKEY ** Hacettepe University, Science Faculty, Biology Department 06800 Ankara, TURKEY e-mail: [email protected] 21

Canada7. Also, in Turkey many melittopalynolo gi - pollen preparations of Department of Biology at cal researches have been carried out by several Hacettepe University were used for the workers 8-16. identification of pollen grains. The amounts of pollen grains that were lower than 3 % were considered as the rare group, while those that were The current study aimed at identifying nectar between 3 % and 15 % were considered as the minor containing flowering plants, which contribute to the group, and those that were between 16 % and 44 % formation of honeys from Hendek-Akyazı and were considered as the secondary group. And, Kocaali districts of Adapazarı province in Turkey. pollen grains counted over 45 % were grouped as dominant group 23. It has been shown that total Materials and Methods number of pollens in 10 g of honey (TNP-10 g) 22 honey samples analysed in this research were could be a criterion to distinguish natural and obtained in July, August, September and October artificial honeys 24. In this study, the method of months of the year 2005 from the Hendek, Akyazı Sorkun and Doğan was followed 24. The examined and Kocaali districts of Adapazarı province of honeys were divided into 5 main groups. The groups based on the TPN 10 g amount were classified Turkey (Figure 1). according to the study of Jose et al. 25. The TNP 10 g amount that was lower than 20 000 was classified in group I, between 20 000 and 100 000 in group II, Kaynarca between 100 000 and 500 000 in group III, between Kocaeli 500 000 and 1 000 000 ingroup IV, and higher than Söğütlü 1 000 000 in group V. Hendek Sakarya Results Karapürçek 7 of 22 honey samples examined in this study were Akyazı identified as unifloral honey since they only had dominant and rare pollen grains. 6 of the unifloral Taraklı honeys were identified as the Castanea honey, while one of them was identified as the Cynoglossum

Figure 1. Map showing the localities from where honey honey. The remaining 15 honey specimens were samples were collected. determined as multifloral honey. Among the examined honey samples it was determined that the number of total taxa which of pollen grains were International method, which is accepted by the observed differed between 7 and 21 (Table 1). While experts working in bee institutes in European the Castanea sativa pollen grains in sample 1 from countries, were used for preparations to be used in Hendek-Dikmen Village were observed as pollen analyses in honey 17. Microscopic analyses dominant, the Rhododendron pollen grains were of pollen grains were carried out by a Nicon Eclipse observed as secondary. In sample 2 belonging to E400 microscope. Various reference books18-22, Hendek-Göksu Village, the Cynoglossum pollen reference pollen preparations of the plants that were grains were found in dominant quantity. In this collected from the Adapazarı region and reference sample pollen grains of secondary quantity were not MELLIFERA 22 identified. The Castanea sativa pollen grains were sample 10 from Akyazı-Taşburun Pasture, pollen determined as dominant in sample 3 from Hendek- grains of Castanea sativa were determined as Çamlıca Town, in sample 4 from Hendek-Kırktepe dominant, while pollen grains of secondary in Village and in sample 6 from Hendek- quantity were not identified. In sample 11 from Kahramanköy. In these samples pollen grains of Akyazı-Kızılcıkorman Village there were no secondary quantity were not identified. While dominant pollen grains. In this sample pollen grains dominant pollen grains were not observed in sample of the Fabaceae family and Plantago were 5 from Hendek-Çukurhan Village, the Castanea determined as secondary. The Rhododendron pollen sativa and Salix pollen grains were identified as grains in sample 12 from Akyazı-Gökçeler Village secondary. There were no dominant pollen grains in were identified as dominant and the Castanea sativa sample 7 from Hendek-Çobanyatak Village. Pollen pollen grains were determined as secondary. In grains of the Fabaceae family, Cistus and Rumex sample 13 from Akyazı-Dokurcun Town, the were found in secondary quantity. In sample 8 belonging to Hendek-Dereköy area, pollen grains of Rhododendron pollen grains were identified as Cynoglossum were identified as dominant, and no dominant and pollen grains of secondary in quantity secondary pollen grains were determined. The were not determined. In sample 14 from Akyazı- Castanea sativa pollen grains were observed Kabakulak Village, pollen grains of the Fabaceae dominant in quantity, pollen grains of the Fabaceae family were identified as dominant and pollen family were identified as secondary in quantity in grains of the Lamiaceae family were determined as sample 9 belonging to Akyazı-Keremali Pasture. In secondary in quantity.

Table 1. Pollen spectra and TNP-10 g values obtained from the honey samples collected from various localities in the province of Adapazarı

Honey sample number Locality Pollen spectra TNP-10 g 1 Hendek *Castanea sativa 188 573 Dikmen **Rhododendron ***Rosaceae ****Taraxacum, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Pinaceae, Plantago, Poaceae, Rumex, Salix 2 Hendek *Cynoglossum 77 383 Göksu **- ***Rhododendron, Fabaceae, Castanea sativa, Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae ****Apiaceae, Boraginaceae, Echium, Cistus, Geraniaceae, Rumex, Salix, Oleaceae, Lamiaceae, Vicia 3 Hendek Çamlıca *Castanea sativa 144 329 Town **- ***-

****Taraxacum, Boraginaceae, Echium, Cistus, Fabaceae, Pinaceae, Poaceae, Rumex, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Tilia, Rhododendron (*Dominant pollen, **Secondary pollen, ***Minor pollen, ****Rare pollen) 23

Table 1. Pollen spectra and TNP-10 g values obtained from the honey samples collected from various localities in the province of Adapazarı (continued)

Honey sample number Locality Pollen spectra TNP-10 g 4 Hendek Kırktepe * Castanea sativa 333 856 **- ***-

****Centaurea, Helianthus, Taraxacum, Rhododendron, Fabaceae, Quercus, Lamiaceae, Plantago, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Galium, Tilia

5 Hendek Çukurhan *- 43 001 **Castanea sativa, Salix ***Echium, Cistus, Fabaceae, Vicia, Rosaceae

****Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Rhododendron, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Plantago, Poaceae, Galium, Tilia, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae

6 Hendek Kahramanköy * Castanea sativa 135 032 **- ***- ****Helianthus, Brassicaceae, Cistus, Rhododendron, Salix, Fabaceae, Vicia, Quercus, Geraniaceae, Plantago, Poaceae, Rumex, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae

7 Hendek Çobanyatak *- 89 724 **Cistus, Fabaceae, Rumex ***Rosaceae ****Apiaceae, Helianthus, Dipsacaceae, Rhododendron, Plantago,

Castanea sativa, Quercus, Lamiaceae, Tilia, Poaceae, Galium, Salix, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae

8 Hendek Dereköy * Cynoglossum 709 465 **- ***Rhododendron, Castanea sativa, Oleaceae ****Asteraceae, Helianthus, Boraginaceae, Echium, Cistus, Brassicaceae, Dipsacaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Lamiaceae, Plantago, Poaceae, Rumex, Rosaceae, Galium, Salix

9 Akyazı *Castanea sativa 107 374 Keremali **Fabaceae Pasture ***- ****Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Cynoglossum, Campanulaceae, Rumex, Rhododendron, Oleaceae, Pinaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae (*Dominant pollen, **Secondary pollen, ***Minor pollen, ****Rare pollen) MELLIFERA 24

Table 1. Pollen spectra and TNP-10 g values obtained from the honey samples collected from various localities in the province of Adapazarı (continued) Honey sample number Locality Pollen spectra TNP-10 g 10 *Castanea sativa 213 976 Akyazı **- Taşburun ***Fabaceae

Pasture ****Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Helianthus, Boraginaceae, Cistus, Cynoglossum, Vicia, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Geraniaceae, Lauraceae, Plantago, Rumex, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Tilia 11 Akyazı *- 12 148 Kızılcıkorman **Fabaceae, Plantago ***Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Moraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Salix, Scrophulariaceae **** Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae 12 Akyazı *Rhododendron 53 304 Gökçeler **Castanea sativa ***Fabaceae

****Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Echium, Brassicaceae, Cistus, Vicia, Lamiaceae, Geraniaceae, Juglandaceae, Plantago, Lauraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Rumex, Solanaceae 13 Akyazı *Rhododendron 130 001 Dokurcun Town **- ***Fabaceae, Ranunculaceae ****Taraxacum, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Cistus, Rumex, Castanea sativa, Lamiaceae, Geraniaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rosaceae, Salix, Scrophulariaceae 14 Akyazı *Fabaceae 13 721 Kabakulak Village **Lamiaceae ***Brassicaceae, Lythraceae, Rosaceae, Salix ****Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Plantago, Poaceae 15 Akyazı *- 77 402 Alaağaç **Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Fabaceae ***Asteraceae, Betulaceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae ****Helianthus, Taraxacum, Echium, Dipsacaceae, Salix, Rhododendron, Lythraceae, Castanea sativa, Poaceae 16 Akyazı *Cynoglossum 1 272 165 Boztepe **- ***-

**** Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Betulaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Cistus, Salix, Rhododendron, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lauraceae, Epilobium, Poaceae, Pinaceae, Plantago, Rosaceae (*Dominant pollen, **Secondary pollen, ***Minor pollen, ****Rare pollen) 25

Table 1. Pollen spectra and TNP-10 g values obtained from the honey samples collected from various localities in the province of Adapazarı (continued)

Honey sample number Locality Pollen spectra TNP-10 g 17 Kocaali Çıralıdüzü *Castanea sativa 34 472 **-

***- ****Apiaceae, Taraxacum, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Plantago, Rosaceae

18 Kocaali Beyler *Castanea sativa 229 154 **- ***- ****Aceraceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Helianthus, Plantago, Taraxacum, Brassicaceae, Vicia, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Tilia 19 Kocaali Açmabaşı *Castanea sativa 217 015

**- ***Apiaceae ****Taraxacum, Boraginaceae, Fabaceae, Vicia, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Rumex, Rosaceae, Salix 20 Kocaali Çamdağı *Castanea sativa 528 061 **- ***- ****Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Cistus, Rhododendron, Fabaceae, Hedysarum, Vicia, Pinaceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae

21 Kocaali *Castanea sativa 1 699 086 Kirazlı **-

***Fabaceae **** Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Echium, Brassicaceae, Rumex, Geraniaceae, Plantago, Poaceae, Rhamnaceae, Vicia, Pinaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Tilia, Scrophulariaceae

22 Kocaali *Castanea sativa 71 839 Kirazlı **-

***Rhododendron, Fabaceae, Vicia, Rosaceae

**** Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Rumex, Plantago, Poaceae, Tilia, Solanaceae (*Dominant pollen, **Secondary pollen, ***Minor pollen, ****Rare pollen) MELLIFERA 26

In sample 15 from Akyazı-Alaağaç Village there grains are in the dominant and secondary groups. were no dominant pollen grains. However, the The Castanea sativa pollen grains were identified as Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae and dominant in most of the samples (1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, Fabaceae pollen grains were identified as secondary 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22) and secondary in samples 5 in quantity in this sample. In sample 16 belonging to and 12. The Castanea sativa from the Fagacae Akyazı-Boztepe Village, the Cynoglossum pollen family is a plant widespread in Adapazarı region grains were observed as dominant, and no and it grows both naturally and culturally. Similary, secondary pollen grains were identified. The Rhododendron from the Ericaceae family is too Castanea sativa pollen grains were determined as widely spread in the region. As a result of that, in dominant in sample 17 from Kocaali-Çıralıdüzü microscopic analyses, the Rhododendron pollen Village. In sample 18 from Kocaali-Beyler Village, grains were found to be dominant in samples 12 and sample 19 from Kocaali-Açmabaşı Village, sample 13 and secondary in sample 1. The Cynoglossum 20 from Kocaali-Çamdağı and samples 21-22 from pollen grains from the Boraginaceae family were Kocaali-Kirazlı Village, no secondary pollen grains determined as dominant in samples 2, 8 and 16. were identified. Minor and rare pollen grains in 22 Pollen grains of the Fabaceae family were found to honey sample were shown in Table 1. Taking total be dominant in sample 14 and secondary in samples number of pollens (TNP-10 g) into consideration, 7, 9, 11 and 15. The Salix pollen grains from the 9 % of the honey samples were placed in group I, Salicaceae family were secondary in sample 5. The 32 % in group II, 41 % in group III, 9 % in group Cistus pollen grains of the Cistaceae family and the IV, and 9 % in group V. Rumex pollen grains of the Polygonaceae family were secondary in quantity in sample 7. The High amount of pollen was not an expected result Plantago pollen grains from the Plantaginaceae for natural flower honeys as in samples 16 and 21. family were secondary in sample 11. Pollen grains This can be explained by the addition of pollen of the Lamiaceae family were secondary in sample grains into the honey by the producer afterwards. It 14. Pollen grains of the Brassicaceae and could be declared that these two samples did not Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae families were represent natural honey samples. On the other hand, determined as secondary in sample 15. Pollen grains very low pollen number recorded in samples 11 and of many wind-pollinated plants were also found in 14 can be explained by the fact that bees were rare or minor amounts in the honey samples. Most possibly fed with sugar syrup. of the minor and rare groups of pollen grains may incorporate into the honey randomly by an unknown Discussion way or by wind, as suggested by Moar et al.2 Pollen analyses of the honey samples examined in this study have revealed that the variability of the As a result of pollen analyses, the Castanea sativa, taxa recorded is greatest in the rare group, followed Rhododendron, Fabaceae and Cynoglossum pollen by minor, secondary and dominant groups. This grains were determined as dominant. In addition, seems to confirm the view that the variability is the Castanea sativa pollen grains were identified as always little among pollen taxa in dominant groups, while it is greater among rare, minor and secondary the main nectar and pollen source in the honeys of groups. It is indicated that nectar assisting formation Hendek, Akyazı and Kocaali districts of Adapazarı of honey is obtained from the plants which of pollen province of Turkey. 27

References 15. Yılmaz, N., İzmit Yöresinden Toplanan Bal ve Polen Örneklerinde Element Analizi ile Bal Örneklerinde 1. Lieux, M. H., A Melissopalynological Study of 54 Polen Analizi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Lousiana (USA) Honeys, Review of Palaeobotany Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 52, and Palynology, 13: 95-124, 1972. 1996. 2. Moar, N. T., Pollen Analysis of New Zealand Honey, 16. Yurtsever, N., Kemaliye-Erzincan Yöresinde Üretilen Journal of Agricultural Research, 28: 38-70, 1985. Balların Mikroskobik, Kimyasal ve Organoleptik 3. Romas, S. E., Perez, B. M., Ferreros, G. C., Pollen Analizleri ile Balın Fizikokimyasal Özelliklerinin Characterization of Multifloral Honyes from La Saptanması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Palma (Canary Islands), Grana, 38: 356-363, 1999. Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 113, 2004. 4. Agwu, C. O. C., Obuekwe A. I., Iwu M. M., Pollen Analytical and Thin-Layer Chromotographic 17. Louveaux, J., Maurizio, A., Vorhwohl, G., Method of Examination of Nsukku (Nigeria) Honey, Pollen et Melissopalgnology, Bee World, 51: 125-138, 1970. Spores, Paris, 31 (1-2): 29-43, 1989. 18. Erdtman, G., Handbook of Palynology, Hafner 5. Valencia, R. M., Horrera, B., Molnar, T., Pollen and Publishing Co., New York, 486, 1969. Organoleptic Analysis of Honeys in Leon Province 19. Pehlivan, S., Türkiye’nin Alerjen Polenler Atlası, Ünal (Spain), Grana, 39: 133-140, 2000. Offset Matbaacılık Sanayi ve Ticaret Ltd. Şirketi, 6. Andrada, A., Valle, A., Aramayo, E., Lamberto, S., Ankara, 191, 1995. Cantamutto, M., Pollen Analysis of Honey from the 20. Aytuğ, B., Çevresi Bitkilerinin Polen Atlası, Austral Mountains Buenos Aires Province, İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, Investigation Agraria, Produccio Y Protection İstanbul, 330, 1971. Vegetales, Argentina, 13 (3): 265-275, 1998. 21. Faegri, K., Iversen, J., Textbook of Pollen Analysis, 7. Feller-Demalsy, M., Parent, J., Strachan, A. A., Wiley and Sons, New York, 328, 1989. Microscopic Analysis of Honeys from Sackathewan, Canada, Journal of Apicultural Research, 26(4): 247- 22. Moore, D., Webb, J. A., Collinson, M. E., Pollen 254, 1987 Analysis, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, U.K., 216, 1991. 8. Sorkun, K., Güner, A., Vural, M., Rize Ballarında Polen Analizi, Doğa Türk Botanik Dergisi, 13 (3): 547-554, 23. Barbattini, R., Gretti, M., Lob, M., Sabatini, A. G., 1989. Marcazzan, G. I., Colombo, R., Osservazioni Su Metcalfa Pruinosa (Say) E Indagine Sulle 9. Çakır, H., Balıkesir Yöresi Ballarında Dominant ve Caratteristiche Del Miele Delvato Dalla Sua Melata, Sekonder Polenler, Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Apicoltura, 7:113-135, 1991. Enstitüsü, Bursa, 77, 1990. 24. Sorkun, K., Doğan, C., The Importance of the Total 10. Gemici, Y., İzmir Yöresi Ballarında Polen Analizi, Doğa Number of Pollen Types in 10 g of Honey in Türk-Journal of Botany, 15: 291-296, 1991. Distinguishing between Natural Honey and Artificial 11. Göçmen, M., Gökçeoğlu, M., Bursa Yöresi Ballarında Honey Produced in Turkey, Mellifera, 2-3: 34-38, Polen Analizi, Doğa Türk-Journal of Botany, 16: 2002. 373-381, 1992. 25. Jose, M., Demalsy, F., Parent, J., Alexander, A. S., 12. Türker, M., Gümüşhane Ballarında Polen Analizi, Microscopic Analysis of Honey from Manitoba, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Canada, Journal of Apicultural Research, 28(1): 41- Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Van, 35, 1993. 49, 1989. 13. Kaplan, A., Konya Yöresi Ballarında Polen Analizi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 68, 1993. 14. Silici, S., Antalya Yöresi Ballarında Polen Analizi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Antalya, 74, 1995.