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Struktur Und Sukzession Der Saproxylen Käferfauna an Eichen

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Struktur Und Sukzession Der Saproxylen Käferfauna an Eichen Untersuchungen zur Struktur und Sukzession der saproxylen Käferfauna (Coleoptera) an Eichen- und Buchentotholz Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Fakultät für Forstwissenschaften und Waldökologie der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgelegt von Norbert Menke geboren in Emstek Göttingen 2006 Dieses Dokument wurde elektronisch veröffentlicht unter der Internetadresse http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2006/menke/ D7 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. W. Sanders 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. R. Bürger-Arndt Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 20.01.2006 Abstract A study of structure and succession of saproxylic beetle fauna (Coleoptera) living in decaying oak and beech wood. Decaying wood is a major source of biodiversity in forest ecosystems. It accounts for a large portion of the forest dwelling fauna and can be regarded as a functional important component of woodlands. In the past, forest cover has decreased dramatically in Europe. In contrast to virgin forests both the amount and structure of dead wood has been affected negatively by intensive forest management practices. As a consequence many dead wood associated species have become threatened. Despite the great importance of woody debris for the maintenance of a species rich fauna, little is known about their habitat requirements and the succession of species assemblages with ongoing degradation. The main aims of this work were to get insight into 1. the beetle species richness of an old forest reserve in the northwestern Germany using emergence and flight traps 2. the community structure of dead wood associated beetle fauna on decaying snags and logs of oak and beech wood 3. their succession with advancing decay 4. the meaning of habitat qualities (e.g. tree species, bark cover, position, drill resistance) and 5. the phenology of flying and emerging of saproxylic beetles. Due to habitat continuity and the high amount and structural diversity of woody debris, the study site harbours an uncommon species rich beetle fauna. Most of them were captured in low density wheras only few occured in high abundance. The association of saproxylic beetle species is variable to a high degree, even at very small scale. The occurence of species is largly influenced by habitat properties. Many species show clear preferences whereas others are using a wide range of substrate qualities. Beetle associations differ markedly between logs and snags and oak and beech wood provide habitat for different species communities. As wood decomposes, it is colonized by a succession of beetle assemblages. Differences in associations between tree species decreased with increasing decay stage. Key words: Coarse woody debris, oak, beech, Coleoptera, saproxylic beetle diversity, succession, habitat preferences Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Das Untersuchungsgebiet............................................................................................... 7 2.1. Gründe für die Auswahl............................................................................................. 7 2.2. Die geographische Lage ............................................................................................ 7 2.3. Klima und Witterung ................................................................................................. 8 2.4. Geologie und Böden ................................................................................................ 11 2.5. Geschichte................................................................................................................ 11 2.6. Vegetation und Bestandesstruktur........................................................................... 14 3. Untersuchungs- und Auswertungsmethoden ............................................................. 21 3.1. Fallenfänge .............................................................................................................. 21 3.1.1. Totholzeklektoren ............................................................................................ 21 3.1.1.1. Das Eklektorprinzip.................................................................................. 21 3.1.1.2. Stammeklektoren (STE)........................................................................... 22 3.1.1.3. Emergenzfallen (EFs; EFl)....................................................................... 24 3.1.1.4. Modifizierte Bodeneklektoren (mBE)...................................................... 25 3.1.2. Fensterfallen (FF)............................................................................................. 26 3.2. Determination und ökologische Einordnung der Arten........................................... 27 3.2.1. Bestimmungsarbeiten....................................................................................... 27 3.2.2. Ökologie der Arten........................................................................................... 27 3.3. Beschreibung der Fallenstandorte............................................................................ 28 3.3.1. Der Bohrwiderstand (Bw)................................................................................ 29 3.3.2. Feuchtegehalt (Fe) und Saugfähigkeitsquotient (Sq)....................................... 32 3.3.3. Dendrochronologische Analyse....................................................................... 33 3.3.4. Überschirmung (Schi)...................................................................................... 34 3.4. Datenanalyse............................................................................................................ 34 3.4.1. Ähnlichkeitsindices.......................................................................................... 35 3.4.2. Ordination ........................................................................................................ 37 3.4.2.1. Korrespondenzanalyse ............................................................................. 38 3.4.2.2. Kanonische Korrespondenzanalyse.......................................................... 39 4. Ergebnisse...................................................................................................................... 41 4.1. Überblick über Individuen-, Familien- und Artenzahlen ........................................ 41 4.2. Die Familienstruktur................................................................................................ 51 4.3. Artenliste.................................................................................................................. 58 4.4. Die Struktur der Artengemeinschaften in den Eklektorproben ............................... 75 4.4.1. Frequenz- und Dominanzstruktur in Abhängigkeit von Eklektortyp und Baumart............................................................................................................ 75 4.4.1.1. Frequenz- und Dominanzstruktur an liegendem Buchentotholz.............. 87 4.4.1.2. Frequenz- und Dominanzstruktur an liegendem Eichentotholz............... 92 4.4.1.3. Frequenz- und Dominanzstruktur an stehendem Buchentotholz ............. 96 4.4.1.4. Frequenz- und Dominanzstruktur an stehendem Eichentotholz ............ 101 4.4.2. Die trophische Struktur .................................................................................. 106 4.4.3. Biotop- und Habitatpräferenzen..................................................................... 114 4.5. Artenassoziation und -affinität.............................................................................. 125 4.6. Die Sukzession der Artengemeinschaften ............................................................. 131 I 4.6.1. Verteilung, Vergesellschaftung und Sukzession der Arten an liegendem Totholz ........................................................................................................... 132 4.6.1.1. Sukzession der Artengemeinschaften an liegendem Buchentotholz...... 142 4.6.1.2. Sukzession der Artengemeinschaften an liegendem Eichentotholz....... 155 4.6.2. Verteilung, Vergesellschaftung und Sukzession der Arten an stehendem Totholz ........................................................................................................... 167 4.6.2.1. Sukzession der Artengemeinschaften an stehendem Buchentotholz ..... 174 4.6.2.2. Sukzession der Artengemeinschaften an stehendem Eichentotholz ...... 188 4.7. Die Struktur der Artengemeinschaften in den Fensterfallenproben ...................... 200 4.7.1. Frequenz- und Aktivitätsdominanzstruktur.................................................... 200 4.7.2. Flug- und Dominanzphänologie..................................................................... 203 4.7.3. Die trophische Struktur .................................................................................. 209 4.7.4. Biotopkomplexpräferenzen............................................................................ 212 4.7.5. Habitatpräferenzen ......................................................................................... 214 5. Diskussion.................................................................................................................... 223 5.1. Die Käferfauna des NSG ’Neuenburger Urwald’.................................................. 223 5.2. Gründe für den Artenreichtum xylobionter Coleopteren....................................... 225 5.3. Vergleich der Fangergebnisse von Fensterfallen und Totholzeklektoren ............
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