Wood Boring Bark Beetles.Book
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United States Department of New Pest Response Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Guidelines Inspection Service Exotic Wood-Boring and Bark Beetles Cooperating State Departments of Agriculture The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of any individuals income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs). Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication o program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. This document is not intended to be complete and exhaustive. It provides a foundation based upon available literature to assist in the development of appropriate and relevant regulatory activities. Some key publications were not available at the time of writing, and not all specialists and members of the research community were consulted in the preparation of this document. References to commercial suppliers or products should not be construed as an endorsement of the company or product by the USDA. All uses of pesticides must be registered or approved by appropriate Federal, State, and/or Tribal agencies before they can be applied. The information provided on pesticide labels may not reflect all of the actual information, including precautions and instructions for use, which you are required to follow in your specific State or locality. It is the responsibility of persons intending to use a pesticide to read and abide by the label, including labeling approved for the particular State or locality in which the chemical is to be used, and to comply with all Federal, State, Tribal, and local laws and regulations relating to the use of the pesticide. APHIS program staffs are responsible for their compliance with applicable environmental regulations. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife, if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. First edition issued 2011 Contents 1 Exotic Wood-Boring and Bark Beetles Contents i Figures v Tables xi Acknowledgements xiii How to Cite the Guidelines xiii Writers xiii Writer/Editor xiii Contributors xiii Assistance, Guidance and Review xiii Cover Image xiv Introduction 1-1 Contents 1 Purpose 1 Users 2 Pest Status 2 Contacts 3 Initiating an Emergency Pest Response Program 3 Preventing an Infestation 5 Scope 5 What the Guidelines Does Not Cover 6 Authorities 6 Resources 6 Program Safety 7 Support for Program Decisionmaking 7 How to Use the Guidelines 7 Conventions 8 Acknowledgements 11 How to Cite the Guidelines 11 How to Find More Information 11 Pest Information 2-1 Contents 1 Introduction 2 Classification 2 Pest Status 5 Economic Importance 5 Current and Potential Distribution and Detections 7 Damage to Host Plants 20 2/2011-1 Exotic Wood-Boring and Bark Beetles i Emergency and Domestic Programs Contents Hosts 26 Biology and Life Cycle 33 Environmental Impact 41 Identification 3-1 Contents 1 Introduction 1 Authorities 2 Reporting 2 Identifying 2 Description 3 Survey Procedures 4-1 Contents 1 Introduction 2 Preparation, Sanitization, and Clean-up 2 Survey Types 4 Detection Survey 5 Targeting and Site Selection 6 Survey Season and Timing 6 Sentinel Survey Sites 7 Delimiting Survey 7 Traceback and Trace-Forward Investigations 8 Monitoring Survey 8 Prediction of Insect Development 8 Trapping 10 Multi-Funnel Traps 11 Cross-Vane Panel Traps 13 Attractant Lures 15 Trap Placement and Density 17 Trap Setup 17 Collection of Trap Contents 18 Trap Trees 19 Pest-Specific Trapping and Lures 20 Visual Inspection 22 Pest-Specific Visual Inspection 23 Survey Records 40 Regulatory Procedures 5-1 Contents 1 Introduction 1 Instructions to Officials 1 Regulatory Actions and Authorities 2 Tribal Governments 3 Overview of Regulatory Program After Detection 4 Record-Keeping 4 Issuing an Emergency Action Notification 5 ii Exotic Wood-Boring and Bark Beetles 2/2011-1 Emergency and Domestic Programs Contents Regulated Area Requirements Under Regulatory Control 5 Establishing a Federal Regulatory Area or Action 5 Regulatory Records 6 Use of Chemicals 6 Control Procedures 6-1 Contents 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Emergency Programs 2 Treatment Options 3 Environmental Documentation and Monitoring 3 Efficacy of Treatment 3 Site Assessment 4 Safeguarding Against Artificial Movement 4 Chemical Controls 5 Pest-Specific Chemical Controls 6 EPA Registered Insecticides 8 Cultural Controls 10 Pest-Specific Cultural Controls 11 Biological Controls 13 Other Control Methods 14 Environmental Compliance 7-1 Content 1 Introduction 1 Overview 1 National Environmental Policy Act 2 Categorical Exclusion 2 Environmental Impact Statement 2 Environmental Assessment 3 Environmental Monitoring 3 Biological Assessment 4 Pathways 8-1 Contents 1 Introduction 1 Interceptions 1 Countries of Origin 3 Destinations 4 Risk 5 Solid Wood Packing Material 5 References References-1 Publications, Web Sites, and Other 1 Glossary Glossary-1 Resources A-1 Forms B-1 Contents 1 2/2011-1 Exotic Wood-Boring and Bark Beetles iii Emergency and Domestic Programs Contents PPQ 391 Specimens For Determination 2 PPQ 523 Emergency Action Notification 7 How to Submit Bark Beetle Specimens C-1 Taxonomic Support for Surveys D-1 Key to Help Screen Tomicus piniperda E-1 Key for Separating Tomicus Bark Beetles F-1 Natural Enemies G-1 Contents 1 Wasp Watcher Brochure H-1 Index Index-1 iv Exotic Wood-Boring and Bark Beetles 2/2011-1 Emergency and Domestic Programs Figures 1 Exotic Wood-Boring and Bark Beetles Figure 2-1 Host Risk Map for Agrilus biguttatus Fabricius in the Continental United States 2-9 Figure 2-2 Final Risk Map for Monochamus saltuarius Gebler in the Continental United States 2-11 Figure 2-3 Host Risk Map for Monochamus sutor Linnaeus in the Continental United States 2-13 Figure 2-4 Host Risk Map for Tetropium castaneum Linnaeus in the Continental United States 2-15 Figure 2-5 Host Risk Map for Tetropium fuscum Fabricius in the Continental United States 2-17 Figure 2-6 Host Risk Map for Platypus quercivorus Murayama (Platypodinae) in the Continental United States 2-18 Figure 2-7 Final Risk Map for Tomicus destruens Wollaston (Scolytinae) in the Continental United States 2-20 Figure 3-1 Final Stage Larva of Agrilus biguttatus Fabricius (Buprestidae) (Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts, http:// www.bugwood.org) 3-6 Figure 3-2 Pupae of Agrilus biguttatus Fabricius (Buprestidae) (Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts, http://www.bugwood.org) 3-6 Figure 3-3 Dorsal View of Agrilus biguttatus (Natasha Wright, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, http:// www.bugwood.org) 3-7 Figure 3-4 Side View of Agrilus biguttatus (Natasha Wright, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, http:// www.bugwood.org) 3-7 Figure 3-5 Adult of Agrilus biguttatus (Andrea Battisti, Università di Padova, http://www.bugwood.org UGA1329046) 3-8 Figure 3-6 Adult of Agrilus ater (Christoph Benisch, http://www.kerbtier.de/) 3-9 Figure 3-7 Adult of Agrilus guerini (Zdenk Chalupa and Petr Horsák) 3-9 Figure 3-8 Adult of Monochamus saltuarius (Cyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Hungary, http://www.bugwood.org UGA1231144) 3-12 Figure 3-9 Adult of Monochamus carolinensis (Natasha Wright, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, http:// www.bugwood.org) 3-13 Figure 3-10 Adult Monochamus titillator (Natasha Wright, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, http://www.bugwood.org) 3-13 2/2011-1 Exotic Wood-Boring and Bark Beetles v Emergency and Domestic Programs Figures Figure 3-11 Side View of Adult Monochamus titillator (Natasha Wright, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, http:// www.bugwood.org) 3-14 Figure 3-12 Adult of Monochamus alternatus (Pest and Diseases Image Library, http://www.bugwood.org) 3-14 Figure 3-13 Dorsal View of Adult of Monochamus alternatus (Pest and Diseases Image Library, http://www.bugwood.org UGA2154049) 3-16 Figure 3-14 Ventral View of Adult Monochamus sutor (Christopher Pierce, USDA–APHIS–PPQ, http://www.bugwood.org UGA2154050) 3-17 Figure 3-15 Dorsal View of Adult Monochamus scutellatus (Natasha Wright, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, http:// www.bugwood.org) 3-17 Figure 3-16 Side View of Adult Monochamus scutellatus (Natasha Wright, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, http:// www.bugwood.org) 3-18 Figure 3-17 Larva and Frass of Tetropium castaneum Linnaeus (Stanislaw Kinelski, Poland, http://www.bugwood.org UGA1258315) 3-20 Figure 3-18 Pupa of Tetropium castaneum Linnaeus (Stanislaw Kinelski, http:/ /www.bugwood.org UGA1258317) 3-20 Figure 3-19 Adult of Tetropium castaneum (Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Hungary, http://www.bugwood.org UGA1231097) 3-21 Figure 3-20 Larva of Tetropium fuscum Fabricius (Stephanie Sopow, Natural Resources Canada, http://www.bugwood.org UGA 5331018) 3-23 Figure 3-21 Pupa of Tetropium fuscum Fabricius with Larval Exuvia (Stephanie Sopow, Natural Resources Canada, http://www.bugwood.org UGA5331016) 3-23 Figure 3-22 Adult of Tetropium fuscum Fabricius adult (Stanislaw Kinelski, Poland, http://www.bugwood.org UGA1258311) 3-24 Figure 3-23 Adult Male of Tetropium cinnamopterum (S. Sopow, Canadian Forest Service) 3-25 Figure 3-24 Adult Male of Tetropium schwarzianum (S.