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(Coleoptera, Cantharidae) Como Suporte À Bioindicação De Alterações Ambientais Na Península Ibérica

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(Coleoptera, Cantharidae) Como Suporte À Bioindicação De Alterações Ambientais Na Península Ibérica PhD 3.º CICLO FCUP 2015 Península Ibérica Península na ambientais alterações de bioindicação à suporte como Cantharidae) (Coleoptera, 1830 Eschscholtz, género do biogeografia e Sistemática Sistemática e biogeografia do género Rhagonycha Eschscholtz, 1830 (Coleoptera, Cantharidae) Rhagonycha como suporte à bioindicação de alterações ambientais na Península Ibérica da Silva da Manuel Grosso Ferreira José José Manuel Grosso Ferreira da Silva Tese de Doutoramento apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Biologia 2015 Sistemática e biogeografia do género Rhagonycha Eschscholtz, 1830 (Coleoptera, Cantharidae) como suporte à bioindicação de alterações ambientais na Península Ibérica José Manuel Grosso Ferreira da Silva Programa de Doutoramento em Biologia Departamento de Biologia 2015 Orientador Prof. Doutor Rubim Manuel Almeida da Silva, Professor Auxiliar, ( Dep. Biologia) FCUP Coorientador Doutor Miguel Ángel Alonso Zarazaga, Investigador Titular, CSIC Prefácio Os artigos listados seguidamente foram elaborados durante o desenvolvimento da presente tese, em colaboração com os respetivos co-autores. O candidato declara que participou em todas as etapas de conceção e elaboração destas publicações e que liderou a redação de todos os artigos. 2009 GROSSO-SILVA, J. M. & DIAMANTINO, J. L., 2009. New and interesting beetle (Coleoptera) records from Portugal (6th note). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa , 45 : 279-280. GROSSO-SILVA, J. M. & SOARES-VIEIRA, P., 2009. A preliminary list of the Coleoptera and Hemiptera of the Gaia Biological Park (northern Portugal), with comments on some species. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa , 44 : 541-544. GROSSO-SILVA, J. M. & SOARES-VIEIRA, P., 2009. Coleoptera and Hemiptera of the Gaia Biological Park (northern Portugal) (2nd note): Additions to the list and new distribution data, with comments on some species. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa , 45 : 439-441. 2011 GROSSO-SILVA, J. M. & SOARES-VIEIRA, P., 2011. The insects of the Gaia Biological Park (northern Portugal) (3rd note): Additions and new distribution data (Insecta: Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Mecoptera). Arquivos Entomolóxicos , 5: 3-7. 2013 GROSSO-SILVA, J. M.; ALONSO-ZARAZAGA, M. A. & ALMEIDA DA SILVA, R. M., 2013. Type species designation for the genus Rhagonycha Eschscholtz, 1830 (Coleoptera, Cantharidae). Zootaxa , 3701 (2): 298-300. Esta tese foi financiada pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia através da Bolsa de Doutoramento com a referência SFRH/BD/41906/2007. 1 Agradecimentos O desenvolvimento desta tese só foi possível graças ao apoio dum conjunto de pessoas que, desde a orientação e o auxílio na resolução de problemas até à colaboração na obtenção de bibliografia e de exemplares e no acesso a coleções, contribuíram para que a sua elaboração se concretizasse. Gostaria de começar por agradecer ao Prof. Doutor Rubim Almeida da Silva pela orientação, apoio, confiança e fé que depositou em mim durante a realização desta tese. Ao Doutor Miguel Ángel Alonso Zarazaga tenho a agradecer o incentivo para me dedicar à família Cantharidae e todo o apoio que deu para a realização desta tese, nomeadamente em termos bibliográficos, nomenclaturais e de acesso à coleção do Museu de Madrid. Aos colegas e amigos que emprestaram as suas coleções particulares ou permitiram o acesso às coleções das suas instituições: Eng.º António Zuzarte, Prof. Doutor Artur Serrano, Doutor Pablo Bahillo de la Puebla, Dr. Felipe Calvo, Dr. Javier Valcárcel, Dr. José Luis Lencina, Dr. Juan de la Rosa, Dra. Luzia Sousa, Dra. Maria José Miranda-Arabolaza, Dr. Pablo Torrella e Dr. Peter Hodge, os meus agradecimentos. Da mesma forma, agradeço a colaboração dos colegas e amigos que ofereceram material de Cantharidae previamente integrado nas suas próprias coleções ou que colheram propositadamente para o seu envio: Dr. Alejandro Castro Tovar, Prof. Doutor Eduard Petitpierre, Doutora Gloria Bastazo, Eng.º Jacinto Diamantino, Eng.º José Ignacio López- Colón, Doutor José Miguel Vela e Dr. Martin Corley, assim como aos colegas do CIBIO, Dra. Sónia Ferreira e Dr. Pedro Sousa. Durante o estudo vários investigadores e colegas colaboraram na obtenção de bibliografia, remetendo cópias dos seus próprios trabalhos ou de referências “difíceis” de obter: Doutor Sergey Kazantsev (Moscovo, Rússia), Doutor Vladimír Švihla (Praga, República Checa), Eng.º Tristão Branco (Porto), Drs. Alison e Martin Corley (Oxfordshire, Inglaterra), Dr. José Manuel Diéguez Fernández (Barcelona, Espanha), Doutora Joana Castro Paupério (Porto) e Dr. José António Macedo (Porto). A todos os meus sinceros agradecimentos. À Ângela, à Helena e à Sofia, pela (grande) ajuda e (muita) paciência com que me auxiliaram com as ferramentas de modelção e à Sofia também pela valiosa colaboração na análise dos dados morfométricos. À Joana e ao João pelo seu apoio em múltiplas questões, desde metodológicas a burocráticas e pelo seu incentivo constante para levar o trabalho para a frente. Quero ainda agradecer ao Prof. Paulo Célio, pelo seu apoio ao longo dos anos no CIBIO e por todo o seu aconselhamento e orientação. 2 Aos meus pais e tios, por terem estado presentes quando foi necessário e no resto do tempo também! E à minha irmã, por se preocupar sempre e incentivar ainda mais vezes! E, como não podia deixar de ser, à Patrícia, à Inês e ao Diogo, pelo estímulo constante (“Papá, quando acabas a tese?”, “Papá, já acabaste a tese?”,…) e pela paciência perante o tempo e atenção que a lupa e o computador lhes foram retirando, à semana e ao fim-de-semana, de dia e de noite… 3 Resumo O género Rhagonycha Eschscholtz, 1830, pertencente à família Cantharidae (Insecta, Coleoptera), é um dos mais diversos da família, com 327 espécies conhecidas a nível mundial. A fauna ibero-balear do género inclui 34 espécies, que foram estudadas com vista à realização: (1) dum inventário das espécies que ocorrem na Península Ibérica e Ilhas Baleares; (2) duma síntese dos conhecimentos sobre a sua nomenclatura e taxonomia; (3) duma análise e revisão taxonómicas; (4) duma compilação e ampliação da informação disponível sobre a sua distribuição geográfica e altitudinal na área de estudo; (5) duma recolha e aprofundamento dos conhecimentos relativamente ao período de ocorrência dos adultos e às caraterísticas ecológicas das espécies; (6) duma análise, por técnicas de modelação ecológica, dos padrões de distribuição de espécies e de diversidade em áreas selecionadas da Península Ibérica e, finalmente, (7) duma recolha de informação sobre o comportamento dos taxa ibero-baleares do género Rhagonycha enquanto indicadores ambientais. Os resultados mais relevantes obtidos neste estudo foram: (1) a fixação da espécie- tipo do género Rhagonycha Eschscholtz, 1830, que foi publicada no âmbito deste trabalho; (2) a clarificação da autoria e da data de descrição de Rhagonycha galiciana Gougelet & H. Brisout, 1860 e a restituição do seu estatuto específico; (3) a adição do género Rhagonycha ao catálogo da fauna das Ilhas Baleares; (4) a adição de Rhagonycha hispanica Pic, 1932 ao catálogo da fauna portuguesa, acompanhada duma considerável ampliação da sua área de distribuição conhecida; (5) a adição de Rhagonycha quadricollis Kiesenwetter, 1852 ao catálogo da fauna de Marrocos; (6) o estudo da variabilidade cromática e da morfologia do edeago duma parte das espécies ibero-baleares, que permitiu uma melhor caraterização e definição das diferenças existentes entre elas; (7) a análise do dimorfismo sexual no género Rhagonycha , que apontou para a existência de diferenças na morfologia da cabeça; (8) o estudo do dimorfismo sexual em parte das espécies, que sugeriu a existência de diferenças em várias das caraterísticas medidas, bem como nos rácios calculados; (9) a elaboração do catálogo mais completo e atualizado da fauna ibero-balear e um incremento significativo do conhecimento da distribuição geográfica das espécies, proporcionando o primeiro atlas de distribuição das espécies do género Rhagonycha na Península Ibérica e Ilhas Baleares. Adicionalmente, foram tratados os seguintes aspetos de relevo: a análise do uso do saco interno do edeago com fins taxonómicos no género Rhagonycha , que revelou um conjunto de dificuldades e limitações sobre o qual se definiram objetivos de pesquisa futura dotados de grande interesse para o conhecimento taxonómico do género Rhagonycha a nível global; o diagnóstico da situação relativa aos grupos de espécies no género Rhagonycha , cuja definição e interpretação oferecem grandes dificuldades em termos de aplicabilidade e de 4 adequação do ponto de vista taxonómico, verificando-se que se trata duma situação que ultrapassa claramente o âmbito geográfico do estudo realizado e constitui uma linha de pesquisa futura de grande relevância. 5 Abstract The genus Rhagonycha Eschscholtz, 1830, included in the family Cantharidae (Insecta, Coleoptera), is one of the most diverse in the family, with 327 species recognised worldwide. The Iberian-Balearic fauna includes 34 species, which were the subject of this study with the purpose of developing: (1) an inventory of the species present in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands; (2) a synthesis of the knowledge of the nomenclature and taxonomy of these species; (3) a taxonomic analysis and review; (4) a compilation and improvement of the knowledge about the geographic and altitudinal distribution, adult occurrence periods and ecological characteristics of the species within the study area; (5) an analysis, with ecological
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