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American Museum AMERICAN MUSEUM Novttates PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET NEW YORK, N.Y. 10024 U.S.A. NUMBER 2581 JUNE 20, 1975 KARI F. KOOPMAN Bats of the Virgin Islands in Relation to Those of the Greater and Lesser Antilles AMERICAN MUSEUM Novitates PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10024 Number 2581, pp. 1-7 June 20, 1975 Bats of the Virgin Islands in Relation to Those of the Greater and Lesser Antilles KARL F. KOOPMAN' ABSTRACT The bats of the Virgin Islands (including fauna is a depauperate derivative of that of Vieques and Culebra) are discussed in relation to Puerto Rico. Of the eight passages of bat species distribution, feeding, and roosting habits. The here discussed between the Greater and Lesser bat fauna of these islands is compared with those Antilles, four probably went from west to east, of the northern Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico three from east to west, and one is indetermi- and it is concluded that the Virgin Island bat nate. INTRODUCTION The present paper represents, to some extent, My field work in the Virgin Islands was aided an extension of my earlier paper (Koopman, by many people and I am indebted to them. Of 1968), in which the bats of the Lesser Antilles the personnel of the Virgin Islands National Park were considered in relation to those of the South I am especially indebted to Messrs. Stephen American mainland and those of the Greater Edwards, Hugh Muller, Edward Rothfuss, and Antilles. In this-paper I examine in greater detail Dr. Alan Robinson. I have also been given much the nature of the relationship between the assistance by Dr. G. A. Seaman of the Fish and Greater Antillean (particularly Puerto Rican) bat Wildlife Service in St. Croix, Virgin Islands. fauna and that of the northern Lesser Antilles. Thanks are due Drs. Arthur E. Dammann and 0. The Virgin Islands, lying between these two Marcus Buchanan, both formerly of the Virgin areas, are important in understanding this Islands Ecological Research Station. Finally I relationship. As the number of bat species in the express appreciation to my sister, Miss Elinor Virgin Islands is only six, I would like to sum- Koopman, for assistance in the frequently frus- marize this limited fauna, based on collections I trating business of setting up mist nets for made over a 10-year period and other specimens catching bats. Dr. J. Knox Jones, Jr., gave me largely unreported. This includes the Puerto access to the specimens and field notes of Mr. Rican islands of Vieques and Culebra and the James Bee at the Museum of Natural History, Virgin Islands proper. University of Kansas, for which I am grateful. 'Associate Curator, Department of Mammalogy, the American Museum of Natural History. Copyright i The American Museum of Natural History 1975 ISSN 0003-0082 / Price 60 cents 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2581 THE VIRGIN ISLAND BAT FAUNA by James Bee on Lovango Cay, a small island just north of the western end of St. John. This spe- Noctilio leporinus: This large widespread fish- cies is very labile in its roosting requirements. I and insect-eating species is known from St. have collected it from an abandoned house on St. Thomas (Dobson, 1878; Goodwin, 1928); St. John and from a small shed on St. Croix. Bee John (Hall and Bee, 1960; also two specimens in obtained a number of specimens from small the American Museum of Natural History col- caves, both on St. John and Lovango, often in lected by me); and St. Croix (Vahl, 1797, the cliffs at the edge of the sea. Elsewhere in the original description of mastivus, now considered West Indies it is well known from both large and a subspecies of N. leporinus; also four specimens small caves. Artibeus jamaicensis is probably the in the American Museum of Natural History species in the Virgin Islands most frequently collected by Harry Beatty). Goodwin (1928, p. netted, as Bee and I have found on St. John and 106) gave a sight record from Vieques. I have St. Croix, and La Bastille on Anegada. little information about roosting sites for this Stenoderma rufum: This rare fruit-eating bat species. Beatty collected his specimens from an is known only from St. Thomas (Hall and unused chimney. Elsewhere in the West Indies, Tamsitt, 1968) and St. John (Hall and Bee, 1960; specimens have been obtained from hollow trees Hall and Tamsitt, 1968). I have had no field and from a small sea cave. The fish-catching experience with this bat and my only informa- abilities of N. leporinus are well known and I tion on roosting sites is from 0. Marcus have witnessed this at Caneel Bay on St. John. Buchanan who obtained three from a hollow silk- The stomachs of Goodwin's specimens, however, cotton tree at Mandahl Gut west of Lameshur, contained only insects. I have caught two speci- St. John (oral commun.). These bats were mens: one in a net set across a small salt pond released after being banded. Bee obtained his near Cruz Bay, St. John, where the individual specimens from nets. might have come to fish; the other also near Cruz Brachyphylla cavernarum: This Puerto Rican Bay, but in a net set across the bed of a small and Lesser Antillean fruit and nectar-feeding bat stream (locally called a "gut") which contained is known from St. Thomas (specimens in the water only after heavy rains. Bee's specimen was American Museum of Natural History collected also netted. by G. G. Goodwin); St. John (Hall and Bee, Artibeus jamaicensis: This widespread fruit- 1960; also specimens-in the American Museum of eating bat is known from Vieques (specimens in Natural History collected by G. G. Goodwin and the American Museum of Natural History col- by me); and St. Croix (Bond and Seaman, 1958; lected by G. G. Goodwin); Culebra (Heatwole et also specimens in the American Museum of al., 1963; also specimens in the American Natural History collected by G. G. Goodwin and Museum of Natural History collected by G. G. me). The American Museum of Natural History Goodwin); St. Thomas (specimens in the Ameri- also has specimens from three much smaller can Museum of Natural History collected by G. islands. These include a series I collected on G. Goodwin); St. John (Hall and Bee, 1960; also Norman Island, just to the east of St. John. specimens in the American Museum of Natural Single specimens have also been collected by History collected by G. G. Goodwin, 0. Marcus William Rainey from two small islands to the Buchanan, and me); Tortola (specimens in the north of the eastern end of St. Thomas (Thatch American Museum of Natural History collected Cay and Grass Cay). Bee and I each collected by Harry Beatty); Virgin Gorda (J. A. Allen, specimens from caves (at Lameshur on St. John 1890; G. M. Allen, 191 1); Anegada (J. A. Allen, and on Norman Island) in cliffs opening directly 1890; La Bastille and Richmond, 1973); St. on the sea. Neither cave was large, but both were Croix (specimens in the American Museum of deep enough so that the bats were roosting in Natural History collected by G. G. Goodwin and complete darkness. A similar situation obtained by me, also specimens in the United States in an underground unused sugar house at Sion National Museum in Washington). There are 10 Hill, St. Croix. As far as I am aware, Brachy- specimens at the University of Kansas collected phylla cavernarum has never been found roosting 1975 KOOPMAN: VIRGIN ISLAND BATS 3 in either trees or wooden structures and it is Anegada only Artibeus jamaicensis; and St. Croix probable that a combination of complete or has Noctilio leporinus, Artibeus jamaicensis, nearly complete darkness and a rough stony Brachyphylla cavernarum, and Molossus place to hang is necessary for this species. Al- molossus. It is possible that the low dry islands though not netted as frequently as Artibeus, I of Vieques, Culebra, and Anegada do indeed have caught Brachyphylla a number of times in support only Artibeus and Molossus, although the above-mentioned net across the "gut" at Goodwin, 1928, p. 106, gave a sight record of Cruz Bay, St. John. Noctilio for Vieques. Tortola and Virgin Gorda, Tadarida brasiliensis: To my knowledge, the however, are, like St. Thomas and St. John, only record of this widespread insectivorous spe- higher (and therefore wetter) islands. It therefore cies from the Virgin Islands is Bee's collection seems very likely that Noctilio, Brachyphylla, (Hall and Bee, 1960) from Lameshur on St. and even Stenoderma occur on, but are not John. Bee netted his specimens, and as far as I am known from, Tortola and Virgin Gorda because aware there are no data on roosting sites in the they have been less adequately collected than St. Virgin Islands. Elsewhere in the West Indies, this Thomas or St. John. species is found in both caves and houses. Molossus molossus: This widespread insectiv- TAXONOMY OF THE VIRGIN ISLAND orous bat is known from Culebra (Heatwole et BATS al., 1963; also specimens in the American Museum of Natural History collected by G. G. Noctilio leporinus: Davis (1973) has shown Goodwin); St. Thomas (Dobson, 1878, p. 413; that mastivus is not only the subspecies found also specimens in the American Museum of throughout the West Indian range but also has a Natural History collected by Harry Beatty); St. circum-Caribbean distribution. John (Hall and Bee, 1960; also specimens in the Artibeus jamaicensis: The nominate sub- American Museum of Natural History collected species occurs over most of the West Indies by G.
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