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Early Stored Program Computers
Stored Program Computers Thomas J. Bergin Computing History Museum American University 7/9/2012 1 Early Thoughts about Stored Programming • January 1944 Moore School team thinks of better ways to do things; leverages delay line memories from War research • September 1944 John von Neumann visits project – Goldstine’s meeting at Aberdeen Train Station • October 1944 Army extends the ENIAC contract research on EDVAC stored-program concept • Spring 1945 ENIAC working well • June 1945 First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC 7/9/2012 2 First Draft Report (June 1945) • John von Neumann prepares (?) a report on the EDVAC which identifies how the machine could be programmed (unfinished very rough draft) – academic: publish for the good of science – engineers: patents, patents, patents • von Neumann never repudiates the myth that he wrote it; most members of the ENIAC team contribute ideas; Goldstine note about “bashing” summer7/9/2012 letters together 3 • 1.0 Definitions – The considerations which follow deal with the structure of a very high speed automatic digital computing system, and in particular with its logical control…. – The instructions which govern this operation must be given to the device in absolutely exhaustive detail. They include all numerical information which is required to solve the problem…. – Once these instructions are given to the device, it must be be able to carry them out completely and without any need for further intelligent human intervention…. • 2.0 Main Subdivision of the System – First: since the device is a computor, it will have to perform the elementary operations of arithmetics…. – Second: the logical control of the device is the proper sequencing of its operations (by…a control organ. -
The Advent of Recursion & Logic in Computer Science
The Advent of Recursion & Logic in Computer Science MSc Thesis (Afstudeerscriptie) written by Karel Van Oudheusden –alias Edgar G. Daylight (born October 21st, 1977 in Antwerpen, Belgium) under the supervision of Dr Gerard Alberts, and submitted to the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MSc in Logic at the Universiteit van Amsterdam. Date of the public defense: Members of the Thesis Committee: November 17, 2009 Dr Gerard Alberts Prof Dr Krzysztof Apt Prof Dr Dick de Jongh Prof Dr Benedikt Löwe Dr Elizabeth de Mol Dr Leen Torenvliet 1 “We are reaching the stage of development where each new gener- ation of participants is unaware both of their overall technological ancestry and the history of the development of their speciality, and have no past to build upon.” J.A.N. Lee in 1996 [73, p.54] “To many of our colleagues, history is only the study of an irrele- vant past, with no redeeming modern value –a subject without useful scholarship.” J.A.N. Lee [73, p.55] “[E]ven when we can't know the answers, it is important to see the questions. They too form part of our understanding. If you cannot answer them now, you can alert future historians to them.” M.S. Mahoney [76, p.832] “Only do what only you can do.” E.W. Dijkstra [103, p.9] 2 Abstract The history of computer science can be viewed from a number of disciplinary perspectives, ranging from electrical engineering to linguistics. As stressed by the historian Michael Mahoney, different `communities of computing' had their own views towards what could be accomplished with a programmable comput- ing machine. -
Object Summary Collections 11/19/2019 Collection·Contains Text·"Manuscripts"·Or Collection·Contains Text·"University"·And Status·Does Not Contain Text·"Deaccessioned"
Object_Summary_Collections 11/19/2019 Collection·Contains text·"Manuscripts"·or Collection·Contains text·"University"·and Status·Does not contain text·"Deaccessioned" Collection University Archives Artifact Collection Image (picture) Object ID 1993-002 Object Name Fan, Hand Description Fan with bamboo frame with paper fan picture of flowers and butterflies. With Chinese writing, bamboo stand is black with two legs. Collection University Archives Artifact Collection Image (picture) Object ID 1993-109.001 Object Name Plaque Description Metal plaque screwed on to wood. Plaque with screws in corner and engraved lettering. Inscription: Dr. F. K. Ramsey, Favorite professor, V. M. Class of 1952. Collection University Archives Artifact Collection Image (picture) Object ID 1993-109.002 Object Name Award Description Gold-colored, metal plaque, screwed on "walnut" wood; lettering on brown background. Inscription: Present with Christian love to Frank K. Ramsey in recognition of his leadership in the CUMC/WF resotration fund drive, June 17, 1984. Collection University Archives Artifact Collection Image (picture) Object ID 1993-109.003 Object Name Plaque Description Wood with metal plaque adhered to it; plque is silver and black, scroll with graphic design and lettering. Inscription: To Frank K. Ramsey, D. V. M. in appreciation for unerring dedication to teaching excellence and continuing support of the profession. Class of 1952. Page 1 Collection University Archives Artifact Collection Image (picture) Object ID 1993-109.004 Object Name Award Description Metal plaque screwed into wood; plaque is in scroll shape on top and bottom. Inscription: 1974; Veterinary Service Award, F. K. Ramsey, Iowa Veterinary Medical Association. Collection University Archives Artifact Collection Image (picture) Object ID 1993-109.005 Object Name Award Description Metal plaque screwed onto wood; raised metal spray of leaves on lower corner; black lettering. -
Computer Development at the National Bureau of Standards
Computer Development at the National Bureau of Standards The first fully operational stored-program electronic individual computations could be performed at elec- computer in the United States was built at the National tronic speed, but the instructions (the program) that Bureau of Standards. The Standards Electronic drove these computations could not be modified and Automatic Computer (SEAC) [1] (Fig. 1.) began useful sequenced at the same electronic speed as the computa- computation in May 1950. The stored program was held tions. Other early computers in academia, government, in the machine’s internal memory where the machine and industry, such as Edvac, Ordvac, Illiac I, the Von itself could modify it for successive stages of a compu- Neumann IAS computer, and the IBM 701, would not tation. This made a dramatic increase in the power of begin productive operation until 1952. programming. In 1947, the U.S. Bureau of the Census, in coopera- Although originally intended as an “interim” com- tion with the Departments of the Army and Air Force, puter, SEAC had a productive life of 14 years, with a decided to contract with Eckert and Mauchly, who had profound effect on all U.S. Government computing, the developed the ENIAC, to create a computer that extension of the use of computers into previously would have an internally stored program which unknown applications, and the further development of could be run at electronic speeds. Because of a demon- computing machines in industry and academia. strated competence in designing electronic components, In earlier developments, the possibility of doing the National Bureau of Standards was asked to be electronic computation had been demonstrated by technical monitor of the contract that was issued, Atanasoff at Iowa State University in 1937. -
The History of Computers: Part II
The History Of Computers: Part II You will learn about the computers of the 20th century and the people behind those machines. Some of the clipart images come from the sites: •http://www.clipartheaven.com/ •http://www.horton-szar.net/ •http://www.shootpetoet.be •www.dpw.wau.nl/pv/temp/ clipart/screenbeans.htm James Tam Categories Of 20th Century Computers •The mechanical monsters of the twenty first century - The machines of Konrad Zuse - The Bell telephone models - Howard Aiken and the Harvard computers •The computers of the electronic revolution -The ABC -The ENIAC - The Colossus machines of Bletchley Park •The first modern (stored program/memory) computers - The Manchester machine -The EDSAC - The EDVAC James Tam Computer History: Part II 1 The Mechanical Monsters •Performed calculations using moving mechanical parts rather than using electronics Images from the History of Computing Technology by Michael R. Williams James Tam The Mechanical Monsters •Many were used to solve equations that were either impossible or very time consuming to solve analytically. •Often conducting experiments were also impractical. James Tam Computer History: Part II 2 The Mechanical Monsters •Konrad Zuse -Z1 –Z4 •George Stibitz - Bell relay based computers Model I - VI •Howard Aiken - Harvard Mark I - IV James Tam The First Set Of Mechanical Monsters Were Created By Konrad Zuse •Developed a series of mechanical calculating machines (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4). •Motivated by the need to perform complex calculations because current approaches were unsatisfactory. James Tam Computer History: Part II 3 The Z1 •It was entirely mechanical From the History of Computing Technology by Michael R. -
Vax 6135 Car Vax Uk - Service Parts List
VAX 6135 CAR VAX UK - SERVICE PARTS LIST Item Vax Part No. Description Price Code Service Item Item Vax Part No. Description Price Code Service Item 2 1-2-31-01-006 FILTER-FOAM-EXHAUST S1 CS 34 1-2-30-01-015 SEAL-FILTER/RESERVOIR K1 S 5 1-2-11-04-007 CABLE CLAMP L1 CS 35 1-3-15-03-007 FILTER HSG ASSY-UNIV-BLACK T3 S 29 1-2-31-01-002 FILTER DISC-BONDINI A1 CS 39 1-2-14-02-001 BALL VALVE N1 S 32 1-2-31-01-007 FILTER -FIBRE-MOULDED X1 CS 40 1-3-09-06-007 RESERVOIR ASSY-UNIV-BLACK W3 S 44 1-3-13-02-001 UPHOLSTERY TOOL Y1 CS 41 1-2-30-02-002 SEAL-CONICAL DUCT D2 S 47 1-2-39-01-010 CREVICE TOOL Y1 CS 42 1-2-30-02-003 SEAL-EXHAUST D2 S 48 1-3-13-01-001 DUSTBRUSH H2 CS 43 1-2-124731-12 RECOVERY BUCKET/SPIDER ASSY Z3 S 50 1-2-13-02-002 TUBE-EXTN-STAINLESS B3 CS 45 1-2-32-01-002 CASTOR-TWO WHEEL X1 S 52 1-3-18-01-022 HOSE & GRIP ASSY W3 CS 60 1-9-124423-00 TUBE-PUMP TO QRV A1 S 53 1-9-124962-00 WASH HEAD J3 CS 62 1-1-06-01-073 FEMALE QRV ASSY S2 S 54 1-9-124961-00 FLOOR BRUSH F3 CS 63 1-3-124422-00 ELBOW-QRV-ET408 C2 S 64 1-2-11-03-007 RETAINER CLIP-SPRING H1 CS 65 1-2-13-04-008 INLET TUBE-PVC A1 S 74 1-2-124594-00 UPHOLSTERY WASH TOOL K3 CS 66 1-3-124424-00 FIXING STRAP-ET408 L1 S 75 1-9-125226-00 TURBO TOOL-100mm R3 CS 67 1-7-124677-00 FILTER-WATER-INLET E2 S 77 1-9-125549-00 CREVICE TOOL-EXTRA LONG G2 CS 68 1-5-124419-00 PUMP-ET408 S3 S 101 1-2-124805-00 WATER TUBE ASSY-STRAIGHT Z2 CS 69 1-6-124425-00 SEAL-PUMP ET408 L1 S 3 1-3-124588-03 COVER-ACCESS-B R GREEN X1 NS 99 1-2-07-03-001 DUCT-CONICAL X1 S 6 1-2-36-04-004 CORD PROTECTOR A1 NS 102 -
CS 6290 Chapter 1
Spring 2011 Prof. Hyesoon Kim Xbox 360 System Architecture, „Anderews, Baker • 3 CPU cores – 4-way SIMD vector units – 8-way 1MB L2 cache (3.2 GHz) – 2 way SMT • 48 unified shaders • 3D graphics units • 512-Mbyte DRAM main memory • FSB (Front-side bus): 5.4 Gbps/pin/s (16 pins) • 10.8 Gbyte/s read and write • Xbox 360: Big endian • Windows: Little endian http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc308005(VS.85).aspx • L2 cache : – Greedy allocation algorithm – Different workloads have different working set sizes • 2-way 32 Kbyte L1 I-cache • 4-way 32 Kbyte L1 data cache • Write through, no write allocation • Cache block size :128B (high spatial locality) • 2-way SMT, • 2 insts/cycle, • In-order issue • Separate vector/scalar issue queue (VIQ) Vector Vector Execution Unit Instructions Scalar Scalar Execution Unit • First game console by Microsoft, released in 2001, $299 Glorified PC – 733 Mhz x86 Intel CPU, 64MB DRAM, NVIDIA GPU (graphics) – Ran modified version of Windows OS – ~25 million sold • XBox 360 – Second generation, released in 2005, $299-$399 – All-new custom hardware – 3.2 Ghz PowerPC IBM processor (custom design for XBox 360) – ATI graphics chip (custom design for XBox 360) – 34+ million sold (as of 2009) • Design principles of XBox 360 [Andrews & Baker] - Value for 5-7 years -!ig performance increase over last generation - Support anti-aliased high-definition video (720*1280*4 @ 30+ fps) - extremely high pixel fill rate (goal: 100+ million pixels/s) - Flexible to suit dynamic range of games - balance hardware, homogenous resources - Programmability (easy to program) Slide is from http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~cis501/lectures/12_xbox.pdf • Code name of Xbox 360‟s core • Shared cell (playstation processor) ‟s design philosophy. -
Copyrighted Material
1 The Function of Computation As in music theory, we cannot discuss the microprocessor without positioning it in the context of the history of the computer, since this component is the integrated version of the central unit. Its internal mechanisms are the same as those of supercomputers, mainframe computers and minicomputers. Thanks to advances in microelectronics, additional functionality has been integrated with each generation in order to speed up internal operations. A computer1 is a hardware and software system responsible for the automatic processing of information, managed by a stored program. To accomplish this task, the computer’s essential function is the transformation of data using computation, but two other functions are also essential. Namely, these are storing and transferring information (i.e. communication). In some industrial fields, control is a fourth function. This chapter focuses on the requirements that led to the invention of tools and calculating machines to arrive at the modern version of the computer that we know today. The technological aspect is then addressed. Some chronological references are given. Then several classification criteria are proposed. The analog computer, which is then described, was an alternative to the digital version. Finally, the relationship between hardware and software and the evolution of integration and its limits are addressed. NOTE.– This chapter does not attempt to replace a historical study. It gives only a few key dates and technical benchmarks to understand the technological evolution of the field. COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 1 The French word ordinateur (computer) was suggested by Jacques Perret, professor at the Faculté des Lettres de Paris, in his letter dated April 16, 1955, in response to a question from IBM to name these machines; the English name was the Electronic Data Processing Machine. -
TCM Report, Summer
Board of Directors Corporate Donors Contributing Members John William Poduska. Sr. Benefactor-$lO.ooo or more Pathway Design. Inc. Patron-$SOO or more Chairman and CEO AFIPS. Inc." PC Magazine Anonymous. Ray Duncan. Tom Eggers. Belmont Computer. Inc. American Exr.ress Foundation Peat. Marwick. Mitchell & Co. Alan E. Frisbie. Tom and Rosemarie American Te ephone & Telegraph Co." Pell. Rudman. Inc. Hall. Andrew Lavien. Nicholas and Gwen Bell. President Apollo Computer. Inc." Pencept. Inc. Nancy Petti nella. Paul R. Pierce. The Computer Museum Bank of America" Polese-Clancy. Inc. Jonathan Rotenberg. Oliver and Kitty Erich Bloch The Boston Globe" Price Waterhouse Selfridge. J. Michael Storie. Bob National Science Foundation ComputerLand" Project Software & Development. Inc. Whelan. Leo R. Yochim Control Data Corporation" Shawmut Corporation David Donaldson Data General Corporation" Standard Oil Corporation Sponsor-$250 Ropes and Gray Digital Equipment Corporation" Teradyne Hewlett-Packard Warner & Stackpole Isaac Auerbach. G. C . Beldon. Jr .. Sydney Fernbach Philip D. Brooke. Richard J. Clayton. Computer Consultant International Data Group" XRE Corporation International Business Machines. Inc." " Contributed to the Capital Campaign Richard Corben. Howard E. Cox. Jr .. C. Lester Hogan The MITRE Corporation" Lucien and Catherine Dimino. Philip H. Fairchild Camera and Instrument NEC Corporation" Darn. Dan L. Eisner. Bob O. Evans. Corporation Raytheon Company Branko Gerovac. Dr. Roberto Guatelli. Sanders Associates M. Ernest Huber. Lawrence J. Kilgallen. Arthur Humphreys The Travelers Companies Core Members Martin Kirkpatrick. Marian Kowalski. ICL Wang Laboratories. Inc." Raymond Kurzweil. Michael Levitt. Carl Theodore G. Johnson Harlan E. and Lois Anderson Machover. Julius Marcus. Joe W .. Charles and Constance Bachman Matthews. Tron McConnell. -
MPC5634M Microcontroller Data Sheet, Rev
Freescale Semiconductor MPC5634M Rev. 9.2, 01/2015 MPC5634M Microcontroller Datasheet This is the MPC5634M Datasheet set consisting of the following files: • MPC5634M Datasheet Addendum (MPC5634M_AD), Rev. 1 • MPC5634M Datasheet (MPC5634M), Rev. 9 © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., 2015. All rights reserved. Freescale Semiconductor MPC5634M_AD Datasheet Addendum Rev. 1.0, 01/2015 MPC5634M Microcontroller Datasheet Addendum This addendum describes corrections to the MPC5634M Table of Contents Microcontroller Datasheet, order number MPC5634M. 1 Addendum List for Revision 9 . 2 For convenience, the addenda items are grouped by 2 Revision History . 2 revision. Please check our website at http://www.freescale.com/powerarchitecture for the latest updates. The current version available of the MPC5634M Microcontroller Datasheet is Revision 9. © Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., 2015. All rights reserved. 1 Addendum List for Revision 9 4 Table 1. MPC5634M Rev 9 Addendum Location Description Section 4.11, “Temperature In “Temperature Sensor Electrical Characteristics” table, update the Min and Max value of Sensor Electrical “Accuracy” parameter to -20oC and +20oC, respectively. Characteristics”, Page 81 2 Revision History Table 2 provides a revision history for this datasheet addendum document. Table 2. Revision History Table Rev. Number Substantive Changes Date of Release 1.0 Initial release. 12/2014 MPC5634M_AD, Rev. 1.0 2 Freescale Semiconductor How to Reach Us: Information in this document is provided solely to enable system and software Home Page: implementers to use Freescale products. There are no express or implied copyright freescale.com licenses granted hereunder to design or fabricate any integrated circuits based on the Web Support: information in this document. freescale.com/support Freescale reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. -
A Brief History of Computers
History of Computers http://www.cs.uah.edu/~rcoleman/Common/History/History.html A Brief History of Computers Where did these beasties come from? Ancient Times Early Man relied on counting on his fingers and toes (which by the way, is the basis for our base 10 numbering system). He also used sticks and stones as markers. Later notched sticks and knotted cords were used for counting. Finally came symbols written on hides, parchment, and later paper. Man invents the concept of number, then invents devices to help keep up with the numbers of his possessions. Roman Empire The ancient Romans developed an Abacus, the first "machine" for calculating. While it predates the Chinese abacus we do not know if it was the ancestor of that Abacus. Counters in the lower groove are 1 x 10 n, those in the upper groove are 5 x 10 n Industrial Age - 1600 John Napier, a Scottish nobleman and politician devoted much of his leisure time to the study of mathematics. He was especially interested in devising ways to aid computations. His greatest contribution was the invention of logarithms. He inscribed logarithmic measurements on a set of 10 wooden rods and thus was able to do multiplication and division by matching up numbers on the rods. These became known as Napier’s Bones. 1621 - The Sliderule Napier invented logarithms, Edmund Gunter invented the logarithmic scales (lines etched on metal or wood), but it was William Oughtred, in England who invented the sliderule. Using the concept of Napier’s bones, he inscribed logarithms on strips of wood and invented the calculating "machine" which was used up until the mid-1970s when the first hand-held calculators and microcomputers appeared. -
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BEST AVAILABLE COPY i The pur'pose of this DIGITAL COMPUTER Itop*"°a""-'"""neesietter' YNEWSLETTER . W OFFICf OF NIVAM RUSEARCMI • MATNEMWTICAL SCIENCES DIVISION Vol. 9, No. 2 Editors: Gordon D. Goldstein April 1957 Albrecht J. Neumann TABLE OF CONTENTS It o Page No. W- COMPUTERS. U. S. A. "1.Air Force Armament Center, ARDC, Eglin AFB, Florida 1 2. Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Bedford, Mass. 1 3. Autonetics, RECOMP, Downey, Calif. 2 4. Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army 2 5. IBM 709. New York, New York 3 6. Lincoln Laboratory TX-2, M.I.T., Lexington, Mass. 4 7. Litton Industries 20 and 40 DDA, Beverly Hills, Calif. 5 8. Naval Air Test Centcr, Naval Air Station, Patuxent River, Maryland 5 9. National Cash Register Co. NC 304, Dayton, Ohio 6 10. Naval Air Missile Test Center, RAYDAC, Point Mugu, Calif. 7 11. New York Naval Shipyard, Brooklyn, New York 7 12. Philco, TRANSAC. Philadelphia, Penna. 7 13. Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, Ohio 8 COMPUTING CENTERS I. Univ. of California, Radiation Lab., Livermore, Calif. 9 2. Univ. of California, SWAC, Los Angeles, Calif. 10 3. Electronic Associates, Inc., Princeton Computation Center, Princeton, New Jersey 10 4. Franklin Institute Laboratories, Computing Center, Philadelphia, Penna. 11 5. George Washington Univ., Logistics Research Project, Washington, D. C. 11 6. M.I.T., WHIRLWIND I, Cambridge, Mass. 12 7. National Bureau of Standards, Applied Mathematics Div., Washington, D.C. 12 8. Naval Proving Ground, Naval Ordnance Computation Center, Dahlgren, Virgin-.a 12 9. Ramo Wooldridge Corp., Digital Computing Center, Los Angeles, Calif.