Board of Directors Corporate Donors Contributing Members John William Poduska. Sr. Benefactor-$lO.ooo or more Pathway Design. Inc. Patron-$SOO or more Chairman and CEO AFIPS. Inc." PC Magazine Anonymous. Ray Duncan. Tom Eggers. Belmont Computer. Inc. American Exr.ress Foundation Peat. Marwick. Mitchell & Co. Alan E. Frisbie. Tom and Rosemarie American Te ephone & Telegraph Co." Pell. Rudman. Inc. Hall. Andrew Lavien. Nicholas and Gwen Bell. President Apollo Computer. Inc." Pencept. Inc. Nancy Petti nella. Paul R. Pierce. The Computer Museum Bank of America" Polese-Clancy. Inc. Jonathan Rotenberg. Oliver and Kitty Erich Bloch The Boston Globe" Price Waterhouse Selfridge. J. Michael Storie. Bob National Science Foundation ComputerLand" Project Software & Development. Inc. Whelan. Leo R. Yochim Control Data Corporation" Shawmut Corporation David Donaldson Data General Corporation" Standard Oil Corporation Sponsor-$250 Ropes and Gray Digital Equipment Corporation" Teradyne Hewlett-Packard Warner & Stackpole Isaac Auerbach. G. C . Beldon. Jr .. Sydney Fernbach Philip D. Brooke. Richard J. Clayton. Computer Consultant International Data Group" XRE Corporation International Business Machines. Inc." " Contributed to the Capital Campaign Richard Corben. Howard E. Cox. Jr .. C. Lester Hogan The MITRE Corporation" Lucien and Catherine Dimino. Philip H. Fairchild Camera and Instrument NEC Corporation" Darn. Dan L. Eisner. Bob O. Evans. Corporation Raytheon Company Branko Gerovac. Dr. Roberto Guatelli. Sanders Associates M. Ernest Huber. Lawrence J. Kilgallen. Arthur Humphreys The Travelers Companies Core Members Martin Kirkpatrick. Marian Kowalski. ICL Wang Laboratories. Inc." Raymond Kurzweil. Michael Levitt. Carl Theodore G. Johnson Harlan E. and Lois Anderson Machover. Julius Marcus. Joe W .. Charles and Constance Bachman Matthews. Tron McConnell. R. W. Mitchell Kapor Patron-$3.ooo C . Gordon Bell Meister. Richard G. Mills. Joseph Lotus Development Corporation Addison-Wesley Erich and Renee Bloch Nestor. Joseph M. Newcomer. James N. Howard E. and Jodr Brewer O·Boyle. Jr .. Linda J. Phillips. J. Eric August Klein Arthur D. Little. Inc. Pollack. Linda & David Rodgers. MASSCOMP Bitstream Henry Burkhardt II Boris Color Labs. Inc." Roger and Mary Cady Thomas S. Roy II. William M. Steul. Dr. Koji Kobayashi Burroughs Corporation R. Steve Cheheyl Charles A. Stott. John V. Terrey. G. NEC Corporation Robert C. and Eleanor W. Chinn Michael Uhler. Allan L. Wallack. Coopers & Lybrand Andrew Wilson. John Lacey Data Translation Pat Clark Control Data Corporation DECUS" Robert G . Claussen Draper Laboratories" William Congleton Donor-$100 Robert Lucky Gaston Snow & Ely Bartlett" Alex d'Arbeloff Kenneth R. Adcock. Lawrence Adrian. AT&T Bell Laboratories General Computer Company Arnaud de Vitry Timothy Anderson. Rolland Arndt. Gourmet Caterers. Inc. David Donaldson Richard G. Bahr. Art and Betty Bardige. Patrick McGovern Douglas Drane CW Communications. Inc. Honeywell Information Systems Steve F. Barneby. John C . Bartsow. IEEE Computer Society Robert Everett James Bell. Alfred M. Bertocchi. Dr. John James L. McKenney Intel Corporation Kenneth G. Fisher R. Blankenship. Richard C. Bloom. Harvard Business School Liberty Mutual Insurance Company Jay W. Forrester Bontronics. Daniel S. Bricklin. Fred and William Foster Carver Mead Lotus Development Corporation Nancy Brooks. D. F. Brown. Gordon S. Major Computer. Inc. Gardner Hendrie Brown. John and Ann Brown. Roger M. California Institute of Technology MASSCOMP Winston R. Hindle. Jr. Buoy. James Burnett. W. Carlson. Maria William Millard McGraw-Hill. Inc. Peter Hirshberg L. Carr. Charles and Virginia Casale. Computerland Corporation Microsource Financial Theodore G. and Ruth T. Johnson George Chamberlain. James F. Cody. NEC Systems Laboratory. Inc. John Allen Jones Michael Cronin. Daniel Crowley. Arthur P. Molella Nolan. Norton & Company. Inc." Mitchell Kapor Curriculum Associates. David N. Cutler. The National Museum of Phoenix Software Associates Ltd. Allan Kent Nick De Wolf. Peter De Wolf. James B. American History. Prime Computer Corporation Kack S. Kilby Deaderick. Delta Management. Smithsonian Institution The Prudential Insurance Company August Klein Ditargiani Family. Theodora Drapos. Andrew C. Knowles III Brian Randell Regis McKenna. Inc." Joseph J. Eachus. Fred Ebeling. Dr. Ropes & Gray David J. A. Koogler Richard J. Eckhouse and Dr. Ruth University of Newcastle upon Tyne Software Results Corporation" Edward and Debbie Kramer Maulucci. Lucian Endicott. Geoffrey Jonathan Rotenberg Stratus Computer. Inc: John W. and Edna W. Lacey Feldman and Sharon Lipp. Larry Forte. The Boston Computer Society Sun Microsystems Ralph and Linda Linsalata Clark Frazier. Edward A. Feustal. Kevin Symbolics. Inc. John Norris Maguire and Judith Galvin. David Goodman. Jean E. Sammet 3Com Corporation" Richard D. Mallery William Graustein. Stephen Gross. International Business Machines luislrl group Thomas and Marian Marill Jerrier A. Haddad. Michael P. Halter. J. Edward A. Schwartz Venture Founders Corporation Daniel D. McCracken Scott Hamilton. Frank E. Heart. Daniel Digital Equipment Corporation James L. McKenney and Nancy Heff. Margaret Herrick. Thomas and Elizabeth McWilliams Thomas L. Hohmann. Nancy S. Horie. An Wang Con tributor-$l.000 Carver Mead Charles A. Jortberg. Richard M. Karoll. Wang Laboratories. Inc. Access Technology Robert M. Metcalfe Bryan S. Kocher. Neal Koss. Alan and Allen Michels Judith Kotok. Stanley Kugell. Robert Maurice Wilkes Adage. Inc. Robert M. Morrill Digital Equipment Corporation Analog Devices. Inc. Laman. Curt Larock. Tsvi Lavi. John R. American Management Systems" David and Pat Nelson Levine. John V. Levy. Reed Little. Arthur Andersen. Inc. Robert Noyce George Logemann. Carl D. Lowenstein. Autographix Kenneth Olsen John Lowry. Lube. Inc .. Arthur Automatix John L. Payne Luehrmann. Andrew H. Mason. Robert Trustees Bank of Boston Edward G . Perkins Mayer. Jr .. Richard McCluskey. F. Bank of New England Russell Planitzer Warren McFarlan. Jim McIntosh. Charles Bachman. C . Gordon Bell. Baybanks John William Poduska William and Vesta Mclean. Todd Harvey D. Cragon. Robert Everett. Robert M. Price Medlock. Charles Minter. Allen Bolt Beranek & Newman Fontaine K. Richardson Andrew Knowles. George Michael. Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Company Moulton. Dr. J. Craig Mudge. Carol E. Robert Noyce. Kenneth Olsen. BusinessLand Benjamin Robelen Muratore. Dr. and Mrs. Isaac R. Nassi. Kitty Selfridge. Michael Spack. Citicorp (USA). Inc. Douglas Ross Cynthia and Richard Nelson. Tim K. Erwin Tomash. Paul Tsongas Jean E. Sammet Nguyen. Bernard J. Nordmann. Anthony Cullinane Foundation Paul and Catherine Severino Dane. Falb. Stone & Co. Oettinger. Lawrence and Pauline Oliva. Executive Committee Deloitte Haskins & Sells Alan F. Shugart John E. Parker. Kenneth D. Patterson. Richard L. Sites James and Beverly Philip. Juan Pineda. David Donaldson. Chairman. Gwen E.J. DuPont DeNemours & Co. Foley Haag & Eliot Ronald G. Smart James A. Pitts. Andrew Plescia. James Bell. Theodore Johnson. August Klein. Charles E. Sporck N. Porter. David Potter. Robert C. Nicholas Pettinella. Jonathan Ford Motor Company" General Systems Group. Inc." Ivan and Maria Sutherland Probasco. Audrey Reith. C. Mike Riggle. Rotenberg. Ronald Smart. Oliver Del Thorndike and Steve Teicher Ann and Robert Roe-Hafer. David C. Strimpel GenRad Gould. Inc. Erwin Tomash Roh. Michael Rooney. Daniel Rose. Greylock Jean De Valpine David Rose. Eugene Rudolphe. Howard GTE Data Services. Inc. Charles P. Waite Salwen. Michael J. Samek. F. Grant GTE Laboratories. Inc. Stephen 1. Watson Saviers. Andrew Scott. Aaron and Ruth Houghton Mifflin Company" Harvey W. Wiggins. Jr. Seidman. W. Lee Shevel. John J. Shields Hyams Trust William Wolfson III. Diane J. Skiba. Ph.D .• Allen G. Index Technology Corporation Sneider. David Tarabar. William R. INNOVA Thompson. Warren G. Tisdale. Noah E. International Computer Ltd." VanDenburgh. Thomas Vaughn. Investment Orange Nassau. Inc. Christian Walker. Joseph B. Walters. Jr .. LTX Corporation Thomas E. Welmers. John D. Wick. Manufacturers Hanover Trust Hugh Wilkinson III. Kevin Willoughby. Meditech" Paul Wittman. T. J. Wojcik. Jr .. D. L. Mentor Graphics Wyse. Jeffrey N. Zack. MICOM-Interlan. Inc. Micro Control Systems Microsoft" The 300 Congress Street New York Air" Computer Boston Museum Massachusetts 02210 THE PRESIDENT'S LETTER

Contents This young Museum is still filled with first experiences. Two are especially The President's Letter worthy of attention: three of our first interns have achieved important career Gwen Bell objectives and the first members survey has been completed. 2 ENIAC The Museum's first intern from the pre-Boston days, Beth Parkhurst. J. Presper Eckert 6 ENIAC Birthday Party passed the general examinations in history for her doctorate at Brown Uni­ 8 VisiCalc and Software Arts versity and has been awarded a Smithsonian Fellowship to study women in Daniel Bricklin programming. Her first paper on the subject was presented at the 1985 meet­ 11 Index to The Computer Museum ing of the American Historical Association and will be published in Report Daedalus. 16 Colors of Chaos Oliver Strimpel Gregory Welch, who took a year off from Harvard to work on the 1401. The End Bit 0000000001 Cray, and manufacturing exhibits, has not only graduated Magna Cum Laude but also received the Shaw Travelling Fellowship. Greg will spend next year studying science and technology museums of Europe. Cover Colors 01 Chaos. Bill Wisheart. who started as an intern on the collections after gradua­ Julia set of (. 1 + . 17i)sin(z) after tion from Boston College, has been accepted in the master's program in 35 iterations by Robert L. Devaney. Boston University (see article Computer and Information Sciences at Dartmouth College. on page 16). Survey of Museum Members Almost 100 members replied to the first survey of the membership and it's my pleasure to publish its results. The respondents, from 25 different states, reflect the wide geographic distribution of members, with membership in 46 states, 9 European countries and Australia, Brazil. Canada, Japan. In­ donesia and Israel. Before opening in downtown Boston, the ratio of local to non-local members was 2:3. Now it has reversed. One-third of the respondents had visited the Museum three or more times and another one-third had never visited it. In the month of March, three percent of the visitors were members. The Computer Museum Preservation of computers and a liking for history were by far the most The Computer Museum IS a non-proht 50l(c)3 foundation that chronicles the evo­ common reasons for becoming a member. Only 13% cited membership bene­ lution of information proceSSing through exhibitions, archives, publications, research, fits as the reason for joining. and programs. Respondents felt that the most important feature of the current member­ Museum Hours: The Museum hours are 10 AM- 6 PM, Tuesday, Wednesday, Saturday. and ship plan is The Computer Museum Report. Thus, the Report is an important Sunday and 10 AM-9 PM, Thursday and fn· area where we can better serve members. The most interesting articles were day. It IS closed Mondays, Chnstmas. New Years, and Thanksgiving. on history, followed by anecdotes about artifacts, and articles about ex­ Membership: All members receive a membership card, free subscnptIon to The hibits. The sense, in reading the individual comments, is that the Report Computer Museum Report, a 10% discount on should stand on its own. One written comment noted: merchandIse from The Computer Museum Store, free admiSSion and mvllahons to Muse­ um prevIews. For more informalion, contact I like historical articles both about the museum collections and MembershIp Coordinator at The Computer Museum. 300 Congress Street, Boston, MA computing in general. I am not overly fond of reports about 02210, (617) 426·2800. events or exhibits that don't make sense unless you have been there.

Stall Many respondents would like the Museum to undertake more outreach

Dr. Gwen Bell. President activities and include more member participation. By outreach, people mean

Dr. Oliver Strimpel, both travelling exhibits, events, and making films available. These projects Associate Director and Curator Kurt Levitan, Exhibit Speclohsl; Wilham Wlsheart. are all within the long range plan of the Museum. The first step is making Registrar; Terry Mullins. Educahon Coordinator; Gregory Schroeder. Reservaliomst; Gregory films available. For example, Sperry Videotaped the Presper Eckert talk and Welch. Research ASSistant. will add the historic ENIAC film to it. The purpose is to make this available Mark Hunt. Marketing Director Leo Cohen. Store Manager; for distribution by the Museum and by Sperry. The Museum is also begin­ Louise Domemtz, Public Relahons Manager; Lindo Holekamp. Communlcahons ASSistant; ning to build up a data base for member involvement with a redesign of the Kathleen Keough, funchons Coordinator. membership renewal form allowing you to indicate your wish to actively Michael N. Oleksiw II. Development Director Anne Ienckes. Development ASSistant; participate. Collecting activities is one area where members can be particu­ Scott Reilly. Membership Coordinator. larly helpful. Ray Niro. Director of Finance and Administration It's very rewarding to watch the network of Computer Museum alumni Nancy Daitero, Ofhce Manager; Pot Pearson, BUSiness Office ASSistant. and members grow. Germain DRK Pubhc Relahons AdVIsors Gwen Bell Benson ClemonslBCOM Design President

The Computer Museum Report/Summer 1986 Dr. ]. Presper Eckert (foreground), co-inventor of ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer). As the world's first all-electronic digital computer, ENIAC weighed more than 30 tons and occupied approximately 15,000 square feet. Performing 5,000 additions or subtractions per second, ENIAC launched the computer industry as we know it today. Dr. Eckert currently serves as Vice President and Technical Advisor for Sperry Corporation. ENiAC The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer J. Presper Eckert

If you consider the ENIAC as the start­ being cheaper than vacuum tubes After graduation from Penn, I ing point, the computer is forty years overall. worked at MIT's Radiation Labora­ old. So, by the way, is the United Na­ Those responsible for the ENIAC tories building a special amplifier to tions and I feel that we've done alot project and present at the dedication test a switching device used in radar. better than they have. appear in the group photo. I reported The design of this amplifier, having a Talking about the ENIAC is like directly to Dr. John Brainerd and he rise time of a tenth of a micro-second going back into the attic of my mind. reported to Dean Pender, a very wise with a gain of over a thousand, gave And going into my real attic, I found a man, who had been head of electrical me experience building high speed clipping from February 15, 1946. It engineering at M.l. T. before he came circuits. Then I had a project to says: to be dean at the Moore School. measure a radar signal-travelling out "Mathematical brain enlarges Colonel Gillen, the contract offi­ and back-with an accuracy of 1 yard man's horizons ... A new epoch cer for the Army at Aberdeen Proving out of 100,000 in less than 9 in the history of human thought Ground, named the ENIAC, The Elec­ nanoseconds. This was quite a prob­ began last night The scope and tronic Numerical Integrator And Com­ lem because small. at the time, was area in which man's brain can puter. Originally, the name stopped 100 nanoseconds. I was instructed to grasp, predict, control suddenly with Integrator because we had only do this with analog methods and de­ opened outward into the dis­ planned to use it for equations relating cided in several weeks that they didn't tance with revelation of secret to the flight of a shell. As time went on, know what they were talking about. I construction during the war of a various people felt that the machine proposed a digital system using elec­ 30 ton mathematical brain that should be used for other problems. tric delay lines and another system us­ solves the unsolvable." Colonel Gillen realized the uses would ing a mercury delay line that I in­ I read another article that said get more complicated so he added vented for the purpose. Brit Chance, every time we turned the ENIAC on it "And Computer" to the name. He said my boss, let me try my idea even dimmed the lights in West Philadel­ this was political protection. If the though he didn't believe in it. I was phia. This is pure fiction. We had it general accounting office said we working on that device using counters connected to a regulator in the gener­ went beyond the original bounds, we and delay lines when the idea for ator rooin that was adequate for its could point to the name and say it was building the ENIAC came along. power level. in the proposal. While I was at MIT, Mauchly dic­ Although the press notes that Second to me in the photo is tated a memo about the design of a February 13th is when the machine General Barnes, head of the Ordnance computer that his secretary typed with was turned on, February 13 is an arbi­ Department. In 1943, I reported to the several carbon copies. The original trary date on which an announcement Roxboro draft board consisting of a was given to Dr. Brainerd to mimeo­ was made after some tests and trials. French teacher and two men in the tex­ graph and distribute. Brainerd Other reporters stated that over 200 tile business. They thought everyone apparently lost the paper before it was people worked on the project but the should be drafted, especially every­ copied. Herman Goldstine asked for maximum group was 50 and the usual one in textiles where the men could be one of the carbon copies; but no one was about 30. replaced with women. They also I met Dr. Mauchly at an advance thought that anyone at the University management defense training course could not possibly be doing anything at the University of Pennsylvania. This for the war effort. I was doing some­ course included about 30 people not in thing, but they couldn't be told what it electrical engineering, of whom 16 was. They thought I was a new form of were Phds. I was one of the lowest peo­ draft dodger. Each time before they ple on the totem pole; I was a graduate called me, the French teacher would student and a teaching assistant. The forewarn me and the university staff meetings with Mauchly were along could be prepared. The doctors knew with a lot of very bright people. me quite well because I actually took Mauchly and I had time to talk and we the preliminary exam six or seven found that we both had a passion to times. When the French teacher went build some kind of computing device. on vacation, the other two men de­ Mauchly had worked for the weather cided they would get me. I was called bureau and one of his motivations was without advance notice and almost to build a device that would help to drafted. By this time, the University predict the weather. The other thing realized the importance of the project, that he had done as a professor of contacted the Ordnance Department physics was build gas tube and neon and got a letter signed both by General lamp counters. I ran tests on them and Barnes, head of Ordnance of the US found that they were not only slow but Army, and General Hersey, the head of had very bad margins of safety, selective service. The Roxboro draft although they had the advantages of board didn't harass me anymore. Presper Eckert.

The Computer Museum Report/Summer 1986 3 could find one. Fortunately Mauchly's cided on standards for the rest of the Left to Right: J. Presper Eckert, Jr., secretary still had her shorthand notes circuitry. I talked to the people at Chief Engineer; Professor J. G. so she reproduced them for Goldstine RCA's tube research laboratory in Har­ Brainerd, Supervisor; Sam Feltman, who used them to get interest at Aber­ rison, NT. about tubes and they shared Chief Engineer for Ballistics, deen Proving Ground. This formed the the results of experiments where they Ordnance Department; Captain H.H. basis for Aberdeen's request for a pro­ got a much longer tube life by running Goldstine, Liaison Officer; Dr. J. w. posal for a machine from the Moore them at lower voltages than consumer Mauchly, Consulting Engineer; Dean Harold Pender, Moore School of School. Dr. Brainerd who was in products. They also advised us to use Electrical Engineering, University of charge of getting projects for the standard tubes because they never got Pennsylvania; General G.M. Barnes, School was now pleased with the idea. all the bugs out on special runs. They Chief of the Ordnance Research and The three of us wrote a proposal and said it took 100,000 tubes before they Development Service; Colonel Paul delivered it to Aberdeen on April 9th, were working right. I asked, "What do N. Gillon, Chief, Research Branch of 1943 (my 24th birthday). Dr. Brainerd you do with the first 100,000." They the Army Ordnance Research and and Dr. Goldstine presented the pro­ said, "We sell them." Development Service. posal to Colonel Gillen and Dr. De­ My education had prepared me to terick, a civilian scientist. During the lead an engineering design team. At presentation, Mauchly and L sitting in Penn Charter, I had a phenomenal Actuarial Society. When Carl grew up the next office, wrote the technical math teacher who had put ten of us in a his father wrote the exams and would appendices backing up the proposal. fast track studying solid trig, college give Carl the summer job of grading When the group emerged, we asked, algebra, differential calculus, and them if he could pass it. And he always "What happened?" Goldstine said, enough other material so that on test­ could. So he was also a fine statisti­ "We gave them the story and Deterick ing at Penn I had completed the first cian. When I got a D in something like said, I've got to go to another meeting year or so of engineering mathe­ nineteenth century English novelists, I but it seems pretty good and Simon matics. Although I was admitted to went to him. And he said, "That's ok. I agreed to give you the money." After MIT, my parents thought it would be did the same myself. In fact, I figured if we caught up on our sleep, we started better if I stayed closer to home and I got too good a grade on something I to work right away even though the went to Penn. My father wanted me to didn't like, I was spending too much contract did not arrive for several study at the Wharton School of Fi­ time on it. " Carl taught me the im­ months. Actually, the ENIAC project nance, but I left after a short time be­ portance of very careful design. I did started on April 10, 1943. cause I hated it. I then went to the some circuit design for him and he al­ Herman Goldstine was a great physics department but I couldn't get ways had me test it for all the var­ help getting us classified documents in because they were full and that's iations possible. For the ENIAC, I im­ on counters built by RCA and NCR. how I ended up in electrical engineer­ plemented that idea with a These counters were used by the ing. vengeance. I didn't like the idea of Ballistic Reseach Laboratory to Carl Chambers, my advisor at ever making a failure by not doing it measure the speed of shells as they the Moore SchooL was a mathemati­ quite right; that can set progress back left the guns. I built both circuits and cian, engineer, a former employee of a step instead of forward. The Wright by modifying the RCA counter arrived RCA, and had a father who, at one brothers were quite good in this way. at a very stable design. We then de- time, was president of the American They decided that Dr. Langley's equa-

4 The Computer Museum Report/Summer 1986 tions that were available were prob­ so it would still be perhapslOO times knobs fell off. We "high potted all the ably not quite right even though his faster than any other machine. So we wiring", that is we put it out on high little plane had gone 4,000 feet pow­ didn't worry about it. voltage to check for weak spots in any ered by a steam engine. They decided The big surprise to us was that insulation. to do something no one had done; programming would turn out to be so I had had experience with mice build a wind tunnel first to test the enormously difficult. That was a shock eating some forms of wire. So we got wing designs. That's the real story be­ to everyone. At the beginning, every some mice, put them in a cage, starved hind Kitty Hawk. It's like the ENIAC: time the machine came up with a them for a while, and then put in var­ they didn't invent the engine or the wrong answer, we blamed it on a ma­ ious kinds of wire that we were con­ idea of a wing or even the idea of an chine failure. We soon learned to sidering using. Sure enough, they engine and a wing assembly. Another blame it on a programming error . We loved some of the kinds of tubing we example is FM. In 1924, John Carson, were incredibly careful in designing were planning to use. Then we used who worked for Thornton Fry at Bell the machine. I took a slide rule and only wiring that passed the mouse Labs, wrote a paper that worked out rechecked every circuit that was de­ test. the equations for FM. He showed that signed at least to a rough approxima­ People often thought I was a nut in the normal ten kilocycle band tion. I found that I had to do this or the because I was so fussy about stan­ width, FM would result in equally as rules that we had set were not being dards, but I was only implementing much noise as AM. They also reasoned stuck to. We realized that we had the concept behind the famous state­ that building an FM detector was har­ about 4,000 knobs on the machine. We ment of William Thompson, Lord Kel­ der than AM and therefore they bypas­ started to wiggle a few test knobs and vin that Colonel Gillen had prom­ sed it. He was exactly right in all his found that they could come loose. inently hanging in his office. It stated, mathematics, but of all the engineers Someone suggested that we use hard­ " When you measure what you are who read it not one tried it. Then Major ened set screws with a hole in the speaking about and express it in num­ Armstrong came along and thought switch shaft. We tested them and no bers, you know some things about it. about it. saw that wide bands were available by then, and made FM work.

When we were building the Feb. 4, 1964 J. P . ECI(ERT. JR .. ET AL 3,120,606 ENIAC, the only other company I know ELECTROl IIC IfV1JF.RICAL I1ITE:GRATOR AIID COUPLITER who had experience building a ma­ Fllod Jun. 26. 1917 chine with a large tube count was The 91 Sh.ets- Sh.et 1

Hammond Organ Company. They /"LOOR PLA N built about l.000 Novachords, fully electronic · musical instruments (syn­ thesizers). each with 170 vacuum tubes. Eventually I bought an obsolete one for $100 from a men's drinking soci­ ety. I refinished the cabinet, repaired some circuits, and replaced all l.000 /f 'C~-;:;:'~'J 1f 7 14-

.A CCUM UU'fro_ ~ 0 resistors. When I retired my machine PC/\/O,,(J""'9TOlf - 13 ~ cc U"" UI~101f Ie ~/r INTEIf I I ' / Z five years ago, all the 144 tubes (op­ S QU4A£ HOOT II -4CCtM-tu.utTVIf r , TU.lVCT7O.N TAII L £ 2 erating at about 5 volts versus the spe­ o.G\o,Itl/ J.I'frD/f - 17. PA.VCL 1 JQ UA~rIfOorI cified 6.5) in the tone generating part were original. If the tubes gave any A',.;(/U:~':/::'r~O:~ /1 trouble then we lightly sandpapering the pins and they would work again; the surface of the pins deteriorate but nothing else. At the time we were hassled by a number of scientists for relying on ACC(DAUt..A7'01f ~ 7 vacuum tubes. Enrico Fermi knew an CO.v.Jl'IVT 35 TJ';«V.JMI 7 rrH electrical engineer named Willy Hig­ ~'. ' ·EL .J CtlV.J/,";"1NT ginbottam working on a ISO vacuum ) t- T'/fI'PK.J.ttl rrrJf /'\~'4Q I tube counter at Los Alamos. Fermi C()"V.J TANT 3''' m ,f l'l_(.W} T£~ assumed that the level of engineering .,..·V,f'J.. :J perfection that we used was the same ~8 ~~;r '~

as Higginbottam who had a much sim­ /'rr'1.Y TCH CYCL IN& "".IVEl ~ pler problem. We knew what we were UNI T

up against and had to have long life INlrl/'fT IN~ from the tubes. Fermi. a great statisti­ VN/T cian and physicist. ran statistics on Higginbottam's counters and told Dr. John von Neumann that with the num­ ber of tubes in our machine it perhaps would only run 5 minutes without stop­ !='~;t l ping. Since the ENIAC was l.000 times 'J. . #J<.~Ws. .:tf~(u..

The Computer Museum Report/Summer 1986 5 But when you cannot measure it, ex­ accuracy, but only with hard work and press it in numbers, your knowledge is that was the end of the curve. Further ENIAC·s of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind. It room for improvement would have to may be the beginning of knowledge be electronic. We thought that we but you have scarcely in your thoughts might take the shafts that came into Birthday advanced the stage of science." the integrator, put little pinwheels The other principle that I went on, with stripes on them, look at them with On February 13, 1986, The Computer was that one ought to be liberal about photocells and get pulses out that told Museum celebrated ENIAC's 40th new ideas but be conservative on their how the shafts were spinning around. birthday with a champagne-and-cake execution. In later years, we had a big These would be fed into some coun­ gala complete with 1940's orchestra to sign in one of our labs and it said, ters, multiply these counters, accumu­ remind revelers of the era which gave "Principle or execution. " What it late them in another counter, and then birth to the machine. meant was, when something didn't use another pinwheel on the output ENIAC's Big Birthday Bash was work was it due to the principle or to its shaft and feed it back through a conceived and sponsored by Ann Roe­ execution. servomechanism to make it track the Hafer, Marketing Director for Bit­ I sometimes see articles that say thing. This was a mechanical in­ stream, Inc. of Cambridge. Starting in John Mauchly was the idea man and tegrator whose guts were sort of a dig­ 1985, Bitstream dubbed February 13th Pres Eckert the implementer. This is a ital system. We decided that was the beginning of the Digital Year with vast over simplification. In the begin­ crazy, if we were going to have all a special calendar. The 1986 edition of ning, John had built some counters these pulses then we should shoot the calendar was given to each and I had worked on the differential them directly and get rid of all the attendee. analyzer. I had learned to use a desk gears. Then we thought this counting Many aspects of the event paid calculator, but I didn't know as much pulses is crazy, to count a million you tribute to ENIAC's significant impact about them as John. Mauchly knew need a million, but in the binary code it on the evolution of the computer. The how desk calculators worked inside. I only takes twenty pulses. And even in invitation to the Birthday Bash was de­ had never integrated an equation by a decimal system that can be based signed and produced using computer difference calculus. John taught me from a punch card machine, it will only generated graphics featuring the alot about the problems to be solved on take 60 pulses. So we decided we special effects of digital fonts. ENIAC the ENIAC. I had designed a lot more would code numbers and shoot them received the most fantastic birthday circuits than John. When we started around that way in our machine. And card ever produced by a computer for a the ENIAC, John introduced me to his that's about the extent to which the computer, thanks to the Fantastic An­ concepts for a subroutine in the ma­ differential analyzer influenced the imation Machine. They created a com­ chine. It was one of the big principles ENIAC. Later Dr. Floyd Steel de­ puter generated animated video birth­ of the ENIAC. Using a straight line pro­ veloped the Digital Differential An­ day greeting that was displayed gramming as in the Harvard Mark I. I alyzer that had some popularity for throughout the evening, and has now figured the ENIAC would have had some time. been added to the Museum's per­ over a million tubes instead of 18,000. I The best way to dismiss Atana­ manent collection. The 20-second long was told later that Babbage may also soff is to say the machine really never piece required about 100 hours of com­ have had the idea of subroutines. Our worked and he didn't have a system. pute time and would normally cost idea was to have nesting of sub­ That's the big thing about an inven­ about $3000 per second of finished routines. If Babbage had the idea out­ tion: it's that you have a whole system vide~ labor of love to honor ENIAC lined, then Aiken probably would that works. De la Rue tried to build a and a show of support for The Compu­ have used subroutines on the Mark l. lamp in 1820, Starr in 1845, Swan in ter Museum. We introduced Aiken to the idea of 1880, and Edison built a whole system subroutines. What you can say is that that related to the generator that was John worked more on software and I only developed five years before. Ev­ worked more on hardware. ery one of Edison's ideas had been I think that I have enough evi­ used before. Edison was a system's en­ dence to show that I developed the gineer and made it all work. The idea of internal storage or the stored ENIAC was built as a system that has program. I proposed the idea to led directly to today's computers. I look Mauchly. Arthur Burks, in an article in back at the scenario and ask you to the Annals of Computer History, over consider the following question: How and over again tries to compare the would you like to see your life's work .' EN lAC to the Differential Analyzer. I end up on a tenth of a square inch of think this is strange because I don't silicon? see any comparison. If there is a con­ nection it is this: before Mauchly wroteup the ENIAC idea for Brainerd, we said the worst feature of the Dif­ ferential Analyzer was the inaccuracy of the integrators. We had worked to achieve a one-hundredth of a percent accuracy from the previous tenth of a percent, but we decided we were at the top of an S curve. The machine might achieve a thousandth of a percent Presper Eckert and Kay Mauchly.

6 The Computer Museum Re port/Summer 1986 Maurice Wilkes, Gwen Bell, Mike Parker, Presper Eckert and Kay Mauchley.

The birthday cake for sao guests was fashioned after a Bitstream font spelling out E-N-I-A-C. A tastier type there will never be. Among the de­ corations was a ten by one foot digital sign in the Museum elevator carrying a continuous birthday message. To insure many happy returns of the day, eight "ENIAC Enthusiasts", AT&T, International Typeface Corporation, NCR Corporation, Michael Parker, John Poppen, XRE Corporation, Herman Zap£, and Zeni th Data Systems, each contributed $10 for every year of ENIAC's age to support the event and subsequent Museum projects. The tribute to ENIAC was really a Eckert was in memory of John W . tribute to those who had created her. Mauchly. What turned this celebration into a The Sperry Corporation, which momentous occasion was the talk by absorbed the Eckert Mauchly Compu­ her co-inventor, Dr. J. Presper Eckert. ter Company, is producing a video Dr. Eckert's appearance drew a full tape of the lecture and the 1946 film house with close to sao guests seated clips for the Museum's collection. and standing in the auditorium, and The ENIAC birthday celebration watching on closed circuit T. V. in the drew the attention of the media nation­ galleries.· wide: it was featured on the CBS Morn­ Bitstream president, Michael ing News, National Public Radio's All Parker was Master of Ceremonies for Things Considered, WNEV-TV's Sci­ the evening. He first presented Ber­ Tech Spot and Cable News Network, nard Gordon, President of Analogic, to and it was the subject of articles in introduce Dr. Eckert. Bernard Gordon, TIME Magazine, the New York Times, who had worked for Eckert Mauchly the Boston Globe, the Boston Herald, Computer Company, introduced Dr. and the Baltimore Sun. Also picked up Eckert as, "the greatest engineer and by both the Associated Press and role model I've ever known". In his United Press International wire ser­ opening remarks, Dr. Eckert expressed vices, the story ran in over SO news­ his regret that co-inventor John W. papers across the country- from the Mauchly was not there to share his Honolulu Advertiser in Hawaii to the stories or be a part of the celebration. Tribune in Scranton, Pennsylvania, However, he noted that Kay Mauchly from Investor's Daily in Los Angeles, Antonelli, Mauchly's widow, and a California to the Daily Southern Econ­ programmer on the ENIAC, was in at­ omist in Chicago, Illinois! tendance. Ann Roe-Hafer at the ENIAC function Ushered in to the world with After Dr. Eckert's talk, a film com­ table, wearing the Eckert-Mauchly special press conferences, the compu­ posed of the only existing original foot­ medallion. ter continues to hold public fascina­ age of the EN lAC from 1946 was tion with its growth from childhood to viewed. It was met by the audience maturity. with both awe and amusement, and was a perfect transition from the in­ spiring talk by Dr. Eckert to the official toast and cake cutting. Michael Parker, back on the podium, offered the first toast to the "41st digital year". The next toast "to the ENIAC" was given by Professor Maurice Wilkes, who studied the EN lAC before building the EDSAC. Kay Mauchly Antonelli toasted "the young ladies in the film", her fellow programmers. The closing toast by Dr.

The Computer Museum Report/Summer 1986 7 VisiCalc and Solt-ware Arts: Genesis To Exodus

Daniel Bricklin

Bob Frankston, who wrote the first spreadsheet has noted, "In the early part of the century, with the growth of telephones, experts said that everyone in the world would be a telephone operator by the nineteen fifties." People laugh and say, "That's not true." But it turns out. it is true. By 1950 everyone had a dial phone and knew how to "be an operator." Similarly, a few years ago, For­ tune Magazine and others were pre­ dicting that a million programmers would be needed by the nineteen eighties. Now with a million users of VisiCalc, two million users of 1-2-3, apd with another million users of other spreadsheets, four million people are programming on spreadsheets alone. The prediction is true. People just don't know they are programmers. Ben Rosen once said, "You com­ municate with VisiCalc in English." What he meant was that you com­ municate in a way that feels natural. but it isn't English. It feels natural. but Bob Frankston and Dan Bricklin. it's also a programming language. FORTRAN was also quite natural for TECH Square at the now defunct Mul­ wanted to do what the professor did on people who worked with formulas. Un­ tics Project. We learned about good his blackboard: he would erase one fortunately FORTRAN, when used to code and products that either did not number and Louis up in the back of the do other kind of programming, is capture people's imaginations or were room would give him all the calcula­ strange and unnatural. Different kinds not marketed well. After MIT, I went to tions that he had done all night to re­ of programming languages are Digital where I was project leader of calculate everything. I wanted to keep needed for different applications. The the WPS-8, their first commercial word the calculations and just erase one programming language is not impor­ processor, and I also worked on com­ number on my paper and have every­ tant. but it is important that people puterized typesetting. This gave me a thing recalculated. program. In fact, a single computer lot of experience with screens and I had my little TI calculator that I language restricts a person to one way editing. Bob was writing BASIC on a would rest my hand on and imagine of thinking. If people learn spread­ consulting basis for a small company, that it was a mouse-like object con­ sheets and word processing, then they ECD Corporation, that was making a trolling a head up display similar to are on their way to programming. machine called the MicroMind (may it that of an airplane pilot. Then I could In the early seventies, it was pre­ rest in peace). look ahead and say, "15% would be dicted that the first personal com­ I wanted to start a small business ok." Going with that metaphor I knew I puters would be used to control the with Bob, so I decided to go to Harvard wanted to move all kinds of things watering of the lawn, store recipes and Business School to learn the "secrets" around. Getting more practical I do other household tasks. Personal of doing this. I spent a lot of time in thought it could be done on a micro like computers are still not used for these Aldrich 108 with 80 other first year stu­ a Z80 with a screen and also a mouse. tasks, but are used, among other dents. Sitting there in the spring of The first machine that I considered things, to run spreadsheets. In fact. 1978, I came up with the idea of the was the PDT from DEC, an LSI-II when new personal computers are an­ electronic spreasheet. With all those based machine that didn't sell very nounced a spreadsheet program is other classmates to contend with the well. Having heard about it. I learned part of the package. professor, there's lots of time for day­ that it would be on display at the an­ dreaming, especially if you sit in the nual shareholders' meeting. By hold­ GENESIS front row and the professor looks out ing one share of stock, I was able to go Bob Franston and I met in late 1969 or above you. I invariably made simple and see it. They were not very agres­ early 1970 at MIT when we worked at addition mistakes in my homework. I sive in trying to sell it to me. In the

8 The Comp uter Museum Re port/Summer 1986 summer of 1978, I made a decision that Dan with it, and we got some very good when I graduated in 1979 I would pur­ terms. Two-thirds of the profits, 35.7% sue creating the electronic spread­ of the gross, went to us. In those days, • sheet on DEC equipment and maybe Dan's company, Personal Software, sell it door-to-door on Route 128. was in an apartment in Allston. Before I left for the summer of Then sitting in a Kentucky Fried 1978, I went to various professors for Fish place, Bob and I came up with the advice. I went to my finance professor, name of our company, Software Arts. \fist but he was busy and couldn't see me. I That falL I prototyped the product went to my production management in 200 lines of BASIC to simulate the professor and he said, "WelL that's electronic spreadsheet. I wanted to really a good idea. People really use have a mouse, but the machine that blackboards and they will use two Fylstra had that was available to use, roomsfull of them to set up the num­ the Apple II. didn't have one. The bers for manufacturing production Apple did have game paddles to turn schedules. If you could do that electro­ the dial and move things sideways. So nically and connect them, then it I modified it to behave like a mouse would save .time." But he was too busy and position things. Unfortunately the How did you ever to help me. Nevertheless I was encour­ cursor moved too slowly using the pad­ aged by what he said. Then I went to dles so I switched to the two arrow do without it? an accounting professor. He told me, keys, one going right and one left, and "Improving the human interface to any used the space bar to go up and down. system would be good." Finally, I got Then it ran much faster. © 1979 PS Inc. to see my professor of finance. Looking The final version of the original up from his FORTRAN listings, he VisiCalc was written on the MULTICS said, "There are many financial system at MIT which we paid dearly tially made personal computers sell so forecasting tools already. The idea for out of our pockets. We used well. will never sell. People have every­ timesharing at night. Bob would get up In June 1979, Software Arts moved thing they need. But why don't you ask at 3 PM when I would get back from from Bob's attic to a basement in Cen­ one of my students, Dan Fylstra, and school and work until 6 or 7 in the tral Square, purchased our own Prime he'll tell you why you can't sell per­ morning. Since MIT took three months 550 timesharing system, and an­ sonal computers to real estate agents to bilL we also had a little float. nounced the product. Since I had just to do their calculations." That's how I The name VisiCalc was conjured graduated and Bob was living like a met the person who eventually pub­ up at "Vic's Egg on One" outside of student, we had simple requirements. lished VisiCalc. Porter Square on Mass Ave. Early one We borrowed from friends and family Dan Fylstra, a second year busi­ morning, Frankston and Fylstra, des­ to purchase the Prime. We didn't re­ ness school student, was running a parate to come up with a name, were ceive pay for about a year - and we small home computer publishing com­ having breakfast and each claimed to used lots of float on Master- and Visa­ pany called Personal Software. He had have come up with the name. I claim cards. just signed up a chess program called they just looked at the menu that said Microchess. "Vic's" - and were inspired. Frank­ "ALL HAIL VISICALC" ston threw together the first working The first mention of VisiCalc in the STARTING SOFTWARE ARTS version of VisiCalc in two to three New York Times appeared on the first Frankston and I got together and de­ weeks. page of the second section in a cided we would work on an electronic In January 1979, Fylstra went off humorous article entitled, "A Lay­ spreadsheet in Bob's attic in Arlington, to Apple and Atari to show them the man's Trip into the Mega-mega Land Mass. product. Markulla at Apple said, "Hm, of Computers." In giant letters, the au­ One of the most difficult and im­ interesting checkbook program you thor said, "All hail VisiCalc." He portant ideas was how to label where market it yourself, we're not inter­ thought it was funny. We thought we something was. It was clear to me that ested." Atari was very interested but could now say, New York Times says, the simplest way was a grid coordin­ their machine was not ready. The first "All hail VisiCalc." ate system. Since people usually think VisiCalc ad appeared in the May 1979 In the winter of 1979, Software in letters and numbers, I labelled the issue of BYTE. That same month, Tl's Arts moved again. Later, Julian Lange, top with letters and put numbers down personal computer was delayed and a professor at Harvard, was hired and the side. My background had been on Radio Shack had 50% of the PC market. eventually became President. Visi­ interpreters, on Multics I had im­ The year before, Apple had shipped Calc was then moved onto a large vari­ plemented APL twice and VisiCalc is 20,000 systems and IBM sold 5,000 sys­ ety of machines. After a year, the origi­ an interpreter. I used these skills and t~ms in the PC market. nal version was no longer sold, but viewed VisiCalc as a programming We sent copies of VisiCalc to in­ replaced by an upgraded version. language. Instead of the program be­ fluential people, including an analyst We won Adam Osborne's White ing verticaL it was in two dimensions. at Morgan Stanley in New York, Ben Elephant award for changing the In the fall of 1978, we made a deal Rosen. Ben liked his copy (the one that course of industry. Our first cover shot with Dan Fylstra that we would pro­ is now archived at the Museum) and was on the Boston Computer Society's duce this electronic spreadsheet and wrote about it, saying, "Someday this Computer Update. he would publish it. We went to a may be the software tail that wags the Then we had our first real compe­ Chinese restaurant out by Fresh Pond, hardware dog." And he was apparent­ tition. The Osborne I was announced Bob and I ordered without msg and ly right, because the spreadsheet par- with hardware and software bundled

The Computer Museum Report/Summer 1986 9 together to give the user no choices. ter four days in court. it became clear Osborne had to have a spreadsheet that Software Arts would win the law and convinced someone to write Su­ sui t a few years later. One day the next perCale. June, I was called back from the West I received the Grace Murray Hop­ Coast and we laid off half the em­ per award from the ACM, for some­ ployees to save money. That was thing I had done under the age of 30. abou t the most down day of my life . We (Since I was no longer under 30, it made me feel good.) ""Four million people are Personal Software, riding on the programming on spreadsheets wave of VisiCalc, published other alone."" things named "visi", like VisiTrend and VisiPlot. written by Mitch Kapor, finally hammered out an agreement their product manager for spread­ with VisiCorp where we received all sheets and other business products. the rights to VisiCale and a check for Mitch met the people at Personal Soft­ half a million dollars. It cost both sides ware through Bob and me. a substantial amount of money and Bob and I appeared on the cover management time. Don't ever do it if of Inc. Magazine, where, Software Arts you can help it. was reviewed as a company for the Despite this, Software Arts came first time. The rivalry with the pub­ out with updated versions of VisiCale lisher, Personal Software (eventually and TK!Solver for the Macintosh, and renamed VisiCorp) was mentioned. Spotlight, a desktop manager pro­ gram. But the company was under­ VISI-WARS financed and we were still trying to Because of the rivalry with our pub­ sell it. lisher, Software Arts started to look During this depressing time, toward scientific markets. TK!Solver Frankston and I turned up in Esquire's was developed to do this and an­ list of special people under 40. It was nounced on the top of the John Hancock really getting very bad and we finally building in 1981. At this time, Micro­ switched to a bankruptcy expert for a Finance inc., a little company down lawyer. the street, changed its name to Lotus Development Corp. EXODUS Software Arts was growing so In the spring of 1985, I decided to go to much that it needed more space and Softcon and ran into MItch Kapor, moved out to 128 in Wellesley Hills Chairman of Lotus, at the airline coun­ where an old warehouse space was ter. He said, "Hey, Dan, how ya doin?" renovated. We spent lots of resources I said, "Lousy." developing products for new PC's that "Not really." weren't successful. such as the DEC "Ya, lousy." 350 and TI's personal computers. The Then Mitch asked, "Do you want company spread its resources very to talk?" thin. We announced an Advanced I went from my seat in steerage VisiCale on the Apple III, with every­ up to first class and Mitch and I talked thing everyone wanted, except we about the Software Arts situation. chose the wrong machine. Mitch said since Lotus was starting a Lotus 1-2-3 and TK!Solver shipped scientific division they might be inter­ wi thin a few weeks of each other. I was ested. A day or so later, Software Arts the youngest distinguished lecturer at made a presentation to Lotus. Within MIT until Steve Jobs gave his talk. At 48 hours a letter of intent to purchase this time, VisiCale was still the most some of the assets was signed. Frank­ popular program on the IBM PC and ston moved over to Lotus and I was the Apple III. given an office. In the spring of 1983, we realized Then Lotus decided they would that TK!Solver was not bringing in no longer sell VisiCale, and the press enough revenue to pay for our develop­ wrote nice things about it. ment projects. We decided Software Now, I work at home in my office Arts either needed additional funding at my new company, Software Gar­ or to be acquired. den, named after the Garden city of Returning from the airport after Newton Massachusetts, where I live. midnight in September 1983, I was My product is a "slide show" type of greeted by the information that I was program that lets you create a simula­ being sued by VisiCorp. You can't sell tion that tries to appear indistinguish­ a company when you are being sued! able from a real running program. It's Almost everything stopped for months a real program for the creators of while the lawyers took depositions. Af- vaporware.

10 The Computer Museum Report/Summer 1986 INDEX TO THE COMPUTER MUSEUM REPORT

Vol. 5. Summer 1983 (out of print) Vol. 9. Summer 1984 Contents of each issue The Director's Letter - Gwen Bell - 1 The Director's Letter - Gwen Bell - 1 Issues still in print are available for Illiac IV - R. Michael Hord - 2 Computer Engineering Attidues from $3 each. Installing the Illiac IV - Jay Patton - S Eckert-Mauchly to Analogic - Collecting, Exhibiting and Bernard Gordon - 2 Archiving - Jamie Parker - 7 IBM System/3S0 - Bob O. Evans - 8 Vol. 1. 1982 Collections of The Computer Museum News - 19 The Director's Letter (The Founding Museum - 8 of the Museum) - 1 The Year's Programs in Review - Vol. 10. Fall 1984 Collections of the Museum - 4 Christine Rudomin - 18 Lecture Series - 11 The Director's Letter - Gwen Bell - 1 The Computer Historian's The Collection - 4 Bookshelf - 20 The Apple I - Brenda A. Erie - 11 Vol. 2. Fall 1982 (out of print) Pre-Preview Party - 13 The Director's Letter - Gwen Bell - 1 IBM System/3S0 - Bob O. Evans - IS The Apollo Guidance Computer; A Vol. 6. Fall 1983 (out of print) Designer's View - Eldon Hall; A The Director's Letter - Gwen Bell - 1 Creating archives for the History of Vol. 11. Winter 1984/5 User's View - David Scott; The Director's Letter - Gwen Bell - 1 Comments - Dr. Charles S. Information Processing Draper - 2 Symposium Report - 3 Exhibits - 4 The Computer Museum's Video The Integrated Circuit: Origins and Whirlwind before Core - Jack Impacts - Robert N. Noyce - 13 Gilmore - 8 Archives - 4 Portrait of a Board Member, C. The Museum's Video and Film Lester Hogan - 9 Collection - 5 Vol. 12. Spring 1985 Museum News - 10 The Origin of Spacewar -J. M. The Director's Letter - Gwen Bell - 1 The Computer Historian's Graetz - S Howard Hathaway Aiken: The Life of Bookshelf - IS Developing Univac's Plated Thin a Computer Pioneer - Gregory Film Metal Recording W. Welch - 2 Tape - Ted Bonn - 13 A Conversation with The Vol. 3. Winter/Spring 1983 Captain Grace Hopper on the Hackers - 13 Companion to the Pioneer Computer Harvard Mark 1 - 14 Timeline - Gwen Bell - 1 Spring Events - 14 Vol. 13. Summer 1985 (out of print) Bell Telephone Laboratories Modell Pray Mr. Babbage . .. A Character Complex Calculator - 2 The President's Letter - Gwen Bell - 1 Study in Dramatic Computer Animation in the Zuse Z1. Z3 - 3 Form - Maurice Wilkes - IS ABC, Atanasoff Berry Computer - 4 Museum - Oliver Strimpel - 4 The Story of the COBOL IBM, ASCC (Harvard Mark I) - 4 Colossus - 5 Vol. 7. Winter 1983/4 Tombstone - 8 ENIAC - S The Director's Letter - Gwen Bell - 1 Recollections of Memories from RCA EDVAC -7 Computers: A Look at the First in the Fifties - lAS Computer - 8 Generation - Paul Ceruzzi with Jan Rajchman - 10 EDSAC - 9 Rod McDonald and Gregory Honeywell Animals Find a New Manchester University Mark 1 - 10 Welch - 2 Habitat - 14 Pilot ACE - 11 The Core Process: How Ferrite Cores Questions about New Exhibits - IS National Bureau of Standards SEAC were made for Computer and SWAC - 12 Memories - 8 Vol. 14. Fall/Winter 1985 (out of print) Whirlwind - 13 The Evolution of Software - Alan 1. The President's Letter - Gwen Bell - 1 The Pioneer Computers: Perlis - 10 The Evolution of "C & C", A Comparative Statistics - 14 Museum Receives University of Japanese Aspect - Additional Source Material - IS Illinois Collection - 12 Dr. Koji Kobayashi - 3 Kurzweil Reading Machine - 13 The Collection - 7 Members Visit Museum Wharf - 14 Blue Room Blues - IS Vol. 4. Spring 1983 Yard Sale - 15 The Director's Letter - Gwen Bell - 1 Museum Slides - IS D. H. Lehmer's Number Vol. 15. Spring 1986 Sieves - Richard Rubinstein - 2 The President's Letter - Gwen Bell - 1 Inside The Soul of a New Vol. 8. Spring 1984 (out of print) The Museum Mouseathon - Oliver Machine - Tracey Kidder and The Director's Letter - Gwen Bell - 1 Strimpel - 2 Tom West - 5 The TX-O: Its Past and Present - 2 From the First IS-bit Mini to Fault Recollections of the Watson Computing at the Burndy Tolerant Computers - Scientific Laboratory, Corporation - Gregory Gardner Hendrie - S 1945-50 - Herbert Grosch - 8 Welch - 12 See How They Ran: A Set of Classic Field Trip to North Bay Fall Programs - 14 Film Clips Showing Computing Canada - Gordon Bell - 13 The Members' Association and Move from 1920 to 1980 - 10 to Boston - IS Museum News - 14

The Computer Museum Re port/Summer 1986 11 Illustrations noted by bold type. A ABC - see Atanasoff-Berry Computer Bensky, Lowell IS/6 Dickinson, Halwey 4/9 ACE Notebook 3/1 1 Bessell Functions 12/6,9 Digital Equipment Corparation 112-3; Acoustic Memory, see Memory Best, Dick 8111 8/8, II; IS/6; Adage Graphics Terminal 13/4 Berry, Clifford 3/4; 4111 see also, PDP and VAX. Adams, Charlie 218 Bigelow, Julian 3/8,10 modules S/7 Aiken, Agnes Montgomery I2IS Billingsley, John IS/2-5 Digitor 11 14 Aiken, Howard 3/4-S; 6114; 7/3; 12/Cover, BINAC 9/2-3 Diodes 3112; 7/3-7; 11113 2-13 Bletchley Park 117; 3/S, II Dirks 3/3 Aiken, Louise I2IS Bloch, Erich 911S Draper, Charles Stark 217 Aiken, Mary 12111 Bloch, Richard 12/8 Draper Laboratory 2/3-7 AIMCO (Air Material Command "Blick" S/l3 Drucker, Daniel C. 7112 Compiler) 13/8 Blickensderfer, George S/13 Dual-in-line integrated circuit Air Almanac 418-9 Blumenthal, Ed 9/6 packaging S/I O Allen, John 8/8 Boston English High School 218 Duff, Tom 13/7 Allen, Paul 1411S Boston Technical High School 218 Dummer 211 Altair 9/end bit; 1119; 14/8, IS Bouncing Ball 6/8 Dunwell, Steven 9113 Altair Users Newsletter 14115 Brady, Pete 8/5,8; 121 14 Durfee, Benjamin N I2IS, 6,7,9 Amdahl 470V/6 1417 Brainerd, John 1113 AmdahL Gene 5118-9; 717; 9111,12,16; Brigham Young University 15113 Computer Controls Corporation (CCC) 1118; 1417 Bromberg, Howard 13/8-9 9/6-7 American Astronomical Society 4/8 Brooks, Fred 9118 DDP-241S/6 American Cyanamid 1417 Brown, Theodore H. 1215 DDP-116, 316, 416 , SI6 IS/7 E American Mathematical Society 3/2 Bryce, J.W. I2IS Micropac IS/7 Eastlake, Donald I2I13-S American Totalizator 9/3 Buck, Dudley 13113 Computer Displays Inc 14110 Eberlin, Kris 2Iend bit Analogic Corporation 9/3-7 Burkhardt, Henry 1116 Computer graphics 111 10-2 Eccles-Jordan flip flop 4/9 Anderson Jacobson Acoustic Data Burks, Arthur 11 13; 3/6,7,8; 717; IS/ IO Computer engineering 4/S-7 ECHO IV 14/end bit Coupler 10/7 Burndy Corporation 8112-3 Computer Research Corporation Eckert, J. Presper, Jr. , 3/6,7; 6113; 9/2-7; Anderson, Robert 14110 Burr, H. Page 6/end bit CRC 101 Digital Differential 1116; 13110Eckerl, Wallace 4/8-12; Andre and Wally B. 13n Burroughs Analyzer 7/6 1219 Annals of the Computation Laboratory B-6700 SIS CRC 1027/6 Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation of Harvard University, A Manualof B-SOO lOIS Computing Scale Company 9/9 6113; 9/2-7 Operation for the Automatic E-IOI S/II Computing Tabulating-Recording Eclipse, see Data General Sequence Controlled Calculator 1217 IWAC IV S/2-6 Company 9/9 Edwards, Dan 6/7,9-12 ANIFS Q-7 (SAGE Computer)3113; UDEC # 2 Sill Comrie, L.J. 4/8 Edwards, David 1113; 311 0 4113-4; 1115; 13111 Bush, Vannevar 3/4 Consolidated Engineering 717 EDSAC 112; 3/3, 9, 14-S, end bit; 4/3,9; Alto S/l9 Byhavens 4111 Cook, Rob 1317 7/S,7; ISIII-2EDVAC 3/6, 7,8,9,14-5; APL 711 1 Coombs, Allen 1011 0 7/5,7 Apple I 10/11-2; I2IIS Conant, James Bryant I2IS, 6,7 Egeland Air Force Base 8/8 Apple 2 1419 Control Data Corporation (CDC) 1118 Eggers, Tom I2I13-S Apollo Guidance Computer 213-7; 611S; c "Little Character" 1118; IS/end bit Election predictions Sil l 1119; IS/8 LEM simulation 13/4 160 IS/6 EMACS 1211 4 Archives 6/3-S Calculators 118; SIIS; 10/8-9 ; 14/ 12-3 1604 1118 Engineering Research Associates (ERA) Argonne National Laboratory 3/8 Calculex SII 5 6600 liS; 1118 , IS 1118 Armco Corporation 13112 CALDIC 7/6 7600 1118 "Abel" 7/4 Assembly programs 218 Calvin, Donald 1218 Corbato, Fernando 9116 "Logistics Computer" 7/8 Astronomy 4/8-12 Cambridge University 3/9 Core memory, See memory 11037/5-7; 8/8; 11/8 Atanasoff-Berry Computer 3/4, 14-S Campbell, Robert V.D. 1218 Crago, Robert 4113 lI03A 7/S Atanasoff. John 11 12; 3/4 Canadian National Film Board 13/S Crawford, Perry 3/4 ENIAC 1/13; 3/3,S, 6, 7,14-5; 4/3,9; 7/3-7; Atari 12115 Canadian National Research Council Cray Research 1414; Atlas Computer, Manchester 13/4 13/S Cray-I 4/3; 1118 ISIIO, II, 12 Atomic Energy Commission 318 Carla's Island 13/5-6 Cray-2 1118 Enigma 117; 3/5 Auerbach, Al 9/3-7 Carmen, Carl 417 Cray XMP 11110 English Electric DEUCE drum 5/3 AUTOMATH, Paris14/3-S Carpenter, Loren I2IS; 13/7 Cray, Seymour liS; S/7; 717; 911S; 1118; EPSCO Inc. 9/5 Carr, John 218 IS/6 Eratosthenes 4/3 Catmull, Ed 13/7 CRT display 41l3; 6/6-12 ; 7/S ETL Mark I 1413,4 Centurion Industries, Digitor 14114 Crystal Globe 14111 ETL Mark II 14/3, 4 Character recognition 8/8 Cullinane, John IIl3 ETL Mark III 1413,S B China 14/3 ETL Mark IV 1413,S Cinematronics 1211S B. Altman & Co. 717 Circle Computer 7/6 "B-lines" 717 Clark, Wesley 111 1; 8/2,3, 7 Babbage, Charles 3/S; 4/8; 6/16-23 ; 1214 Clippinger, R. F. 3/6; 4/1 4 D Bachman, Charles 111 3; 41 14; SII 8 COBOL 13/8-9 Backus, John 4112 COBOL Tombstone 13/8-9 Darlington, Syd 211 Bally Corp. 1211S CODASYL Committee 13/8 DARPA S/2-6 Baraniuk, Steven 1317 Cohen, Harold 11 11 Dartmouth College 3/2 Barlik, Jean 9/6 Colossus 1113; 3/5, 14-S Data General 4IS-7; IS/7-8 Basche, Charles SII 8 Columbia University Eagle 4IS-7 BASIC 7Ill; 9IEnd bit; 14/9 T. J. Watson Astronomical Eclipse C330 11/9 interpreter for the Altair 1411 5 Computing Bureau 4/8 Micro-NOVA IS/8 Batch processing 1117 Watson Computation Laboratory NOVA 2Iend bit; 1116 Beeler, Mike I2I13-S 1219 Datapoint IS/8 Bell, Gordon 111.1 3; 7/ 12; 8/5,9; 9/1 7; Compilers 14/5 DATRAC 9/S 12113-5 Comptometer 118 Davies, Donald 10/10 Bell, Gwen 15/5 Communications and computers 9116; Davis, Joe 9/S Bell Laboratories 212,9; 4110,11114; 12114; 1413-6 Debugging 11 12; 3/9; 6/7 13113; 14/3-4 Computek 14110 DDT(Digital debugging tape) 8/6; Relay calculators 1112 Computer-aided design 111Il; 1411 1 12115 Model I 312,4, 14-S Computer animation 13/S-7; 14/9 DEC 330 Scope 14111 Model V 7/3,7 Computer architecture S/3-6, 10; 7/6-7; DECUS (Digital Equipment Computer Model VI 7/3 IS/6-9 Users Society) 61ll; 8111 Tradic 7/4 Pipeline S/3 deCastro, Edson 417; 1116 Bendix Corporation SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Dennis, Jack 6/7, II ; 8/2-11 D-12, Digital differential analyzer 717 Datastream) 5/4 Dettman, Morris 13114-5 G-157/4,S,7 Computer assembly 1119 Dibley, Alan IS/3

12 The Computer Museum Report/Summer 1986 T H E C OMPUTER M USEUM REPO RT J Evans. Robert 0 . 9/8- 17; 10/18 Hark 8/4 J. Halden & Company. Calculex 5/15 Everett. Robert 111; 4/1 3; 8/11 Hartree. Mrs. Douglas 10/1 0 Jacoby. Marv 9/6 Expensive Planetarium 6/11 Harvard University 12/3-13 Japan 1413-6 Expensive Typewriter 6/9 Littauer Statistical Laboratory 6/7 Defense Agency Research Mark 13/3.4. 5.14-5; 4/10/ 6/14; Laboratory 1415 12/3. 5-9 Ministry of International Trade and Mark II 7/6; 1213.9 Industry (MfTI) 14/4; F Mark III 7/2.6; 1213. 10 Electro Technical Laboratory 1414-5 Mark IV 7/6; 1213. 10 ETL Mark I 1413-4 Fairchild Camera & Instrument 219; Hawkins. W.R. 8/12 ETL Mark II 1413-4 5/2-3; 11/14 HAX 6/8 ETL Mark III 1413.5 256 bit memory chip 5/2 Heinz. John 8/5.8 ETL Mark IV 1413.5 PLA (program array logic) 15/8 Hendrie. Gardner 15/6-9 Science Foundation 15/3 Symbol 5/10 Hewlett Packard L Japan Micromouse Association 15/2-5 Fano. Robert 9/16 150 1119 Japan System Design Co Ltd 15/3 Fault tolerant computers 15/8-9 7568B plotter 11111 Jay. Billy 9/6 Felkel. Anton 4/2 Hindenberg. Karl 413 Jo. Kenzo 1414 Ferranti Mark I 717 Hingham Institute 5/7-11 JOHNNIAC 5/16; 7/4.7; 13/ll-2 Film archives 6/3-4 Hoerni. Jean 11113 INTELCOM. Atlanta 14/6 Johnson. Harwick 212 Finland 15/2 Hogan. C. Lester 212. 9 International Business Machines Jones. Gilbert 9/13 Finn. George 4/11 Hollerith. Herman 9/9; 15/10 Corporation (IBM) Jones. John L. 13/8-9 Flexowriter 218.9; 6/7.8; 7/3.5; 8/6; 9/6 Hollerith machines 4/8 3/4; 418-12; 9/8-17; 1416.12; 15/10; Jones. Larry 9/6 Flight simulation 3/13 Home computer 14/end bit see also ANIFS 0-7. Harvard Mark I JOSS 717 FLIT (Microflit) 6/7-9; 8/6 Honeywell 9/16; 15/6-7 (ASCC) Jovial4114 Flowers. T. H. 11 13; 3/5; 10/1 0 animals 13/1 4-5 card accounting system 8/12-3 Flowmatic 13/8 Hopgood. F.R.A. 13/4 CPC 4111 Foldes. Peter 13/4-5 Hopper. Grace 3/5; 6/1 4; 7/7; 10/10; NORC (Naval Ordinance Research Forgie. lim 8/2 121Cover. Calculator) 418.11. 12 Forgie. Karma 8/2 6.7; 13/8-9 RAMAC (Random-Access Memory Forrester. Jay 1/1 2; 218-9; 3/13 House. Arthur 8/9; 12114 Automatic Computer) 9/1 1-2 K FORTRAN 9/15; 15/6.13 Hudson. Bob 8/2 SCAMP I. II. ill 9/14 Kapor. Mitchell 10/2.3 Fractals 11 /10 Hughes Aircraft 7/5 SLT (Solid Logic Technology) 9/15 Kidder. Tracy 415-7 Frankovich. John 8/2 Hughes Charactron tubes 4113 SMS (Standard Modular System) Kilburn. Tom 3/5.10; 10/1 0 Franz. Gene 5/12 Humphreys. Arthur 13/1 9/ 14 Kingsbury. Douglas 13/6 Fuji film Corp 1414 Hunger 13/4-5 SNA (Systems Network Architecture) Kinki Nippon Railways 1415 FUnC 1413.4 Hurd. Cuthbert C. 9/9-12 9117 Klein. August 13/1-2 Fujimu·ra. Osamu 8/5.8 Huskey. Harry 3/12; 4115; 7/4.5.7 SSEC (Selective Sequence Knowlton. Ken 13/4 Fujisaka. Hiroya 8/5.8 Electronic Calculator) 4/8-12; 10/6; Kobayashi. Key 15/3-5 Fujiwara. Eiichi 15/3-5 1219 Kobayashi. Koji 10/3; 1413-6 Fukuyama Club. Hiroshima Perfecture Stretch (7030)114; 5/19; 9/12-3; 15/1 3 Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co 1414 15/3 System 360 9/8-12; 10/18; 1417; 15/7 Kollmorgen Corporation 6/end bit; 7/13 System 370 1417 Kollsman Instrument 213 083 Sorter 8/1 2-3 Kotok. Alan 617-12. 8; 8/6.9-11; 12113-6 088 Collator 8/1 2-3 Knight, Tom 12113-5 G 405 Tabulator 4110 Kueffel & Esser planimeter 10/8 519 Reproducer 8/12-3 Kurzweil Reading Machine 7/12; 8/14 Gates. Bill 14115 557 Interpreter 8/1 2-3 Kyle. Bill 218-9 Gehring. Art 9/6 603 Calculating punch 419 General Data Communication 604 4111 Industries 14/8 608 7/4 General Electric 4111 6104/11 L General Motors A C Sparkplug Division 6505/4.5.7; 7/4; 9/12 Laboratory for Electronics 9/5 213 701 4/11; 5/11.18; 7/6.8; 9/1 0 Lake. Clair D. 1215.7.9 Germany 3/3 702 9/11 Lake wire contact relay 4110. 11 Gibson. John 9/15 7045/18; 617; 9/ 10-11 Langridge. Robert 8/1 4-5 Gilmore. John 8/2 7059/11; 13/8 Lasseter. John 13/7 Gilson circular slide rule 5/14 7099/11-2 Last. J. 11/14 Goldstine. Herman 3/8; 7/7 1401 8/1 2; 9/12.13.16; I In; 1415 Lawrence Livermore Laboratory 115; Good. Craig 1317 1410 9/14; 1117 9/9.12-3; 13/5-6 Good. I.J. 3/5 1440 1117 Learson. T. Vincent 9/13-4.16.18; 1216 Gordon. Bernard 8/1 5; 9/3-7 1460 1117 Leffler. Sam 1217 Gordon Institute 9/7 1620 9/12.14 Legendre. A. M. 413 Graetz. Martin "Shag" 6/7-12. 9; 8/8.10; 2205 14110 Lehmer. Derrick Henry 412-4.14 11112 7040 9/15 Lehmer. Derrick Norman 413-4 Goto. Eiichi 1414 7044 9/15 Lehovic. Kurt 11/14 Griffith. John 9/11. 12. 16 7070 9/11.13. 15-6 Lenz. John 4111 Grosch. Herbert 4/1 2-5 I 7072 9/15 Leontieff. Wassily 12/9 Gross. Dave 8/9 7074 9/15 lAS (Institute for Advanced Study) Levy. Steve 8/9; 12113-5 Grove. General 4/9 70809/11-12.15-6 Computer 3/7. 8.10.14-5; 7/5.7 Levitt. Si 9/6 Grumman Aircraft 213 7090 8/6.10; 9/1 2.15-6; 12111 IEEE Computer Society 15/2-5 Li. Francis 8/8 Gurley. Ben 8/7 7094414; 9/15; 1214; 14/11 Idani. Masaru 15/3-5 LINC (Laboratory Instrument Computer) ILLIAC I 5/3; 7/12 8000 series 9/13-4 11 11 ; 1119 International Computer Graphics Image ILLIAC II 5/3; 7/12 Lincoln Laboratory see MIT ILLIAC ill 5/3; 7/12 Contest, 1st Annual Winners 13/16 Light pen 8/4 International Time Recording Company ILLIAC IV 4/4. end bit; 5/2-6.7; 8/15 Loon. Hans Peter 4111 H 9/9 Image processing 11/10-2; 14111 Lovelace. Lady Ada 1214 Iowa State University "Symbol" 5/10 Hackers 6/7-12; 12113-5 Index registers 717 Livingston. Hugh 1218 "IT" 717 Hall. Eldon 112-7; 6/15 Institute for Numerical Analysis. Los LOGO 12115 Halle. Morris 8/9 Angeles 3/12 Los Alamos National Laboratory 3/8; Hamilton. Frank E 1215. 6.7 Integrated circuits 11/13-5 419; 9/9; 1118 Hamm. Ron 13/9 Intel Lowell Tech 219 Hammond. Joe 7/1 3 4004 14114 Lucasfilm 8/10 Hammond Typewriter Co. Multiplex 8008 1418; 15/8 Lucky. Robert 13/2-3 5/1 3 8080 9/end bit; 14/15 Lukoff. Herman 9/6

The Computer Museum Report/Summer 1986 13 THE COMPU TER MUSEUM REPORT ""

Machine Language Programming for Mouse-maze problem 6/B; BIB Norden the 8008 14/B Multiwire Wiring Machine 6/end bit; BombSight S/end bit MACRO 6/7-9; B/1,6 7112 PDP-11/34M S/9 Magic 717 Murphy. Francis 4111 Norman. Chuck B/2 Magnavox I2IIS Murrow Edward R. 219 North American Aviation 213 Mahoney. John I2IB MUSHASHINO-I 14/3-4 Nova 2Iend bit; I Jl6 Major Computer Inc 14/7 Noyce. Robert N. 212; 10113; I JlI3-S Manchester University 3/S.B Number sieves 4/2-4 Mark I 3/1O .14-S Mandelbrot. Benoit II IID ; 13/S N Manhattan Project 419; 1219 NAMCO IS/3-S Mappy IS/3. 4 NARC (compiler) I4IS Marks. Cecil 10. 10 o NASA 213-7 Mason. Sam BIB Oak Ridge National Laboratory 3/B Massachusetts Institute of Technology NASA Ames S/3-6.7 National Bureau of Standards. see U.S. O·Connell. Michael 13/9 (MIT) 6/7 -12; B/2-1 I; 9116; 10/9 National Cash Register Company 9/9 O·Donnell. Frank I2IB Artificial Intelligence Laboratory National Computer Conference IS/3 Ohio State University 13/6 617.B; I2I13-S National Physical Laboratory (UK) 3111 Okazaki. Bunji 1414 Electronics Systems Laboratory 6110 Pinboard programming Sill Nationa l Security Agency 9/9 Olsen. Kenneth H. Ill; 717; B/2 Crystal Globe 14111 Piner. Steve 6/9 Naval Tactical Data system (NTDS) II/B ORDVAC 3/6; 717 Pipelined computers S/3 Instrumentation Laboratory 2/3.6 Osaka University 14/4.S Laboratory for Computer Science NEC Corporation 14/3-6 Pitts. Jim I2IIS DINA (Distributed Information Oscilloscope B/4; 14110 6111 Philco Corporation 9/3; 11113 Processing Network Ostby. Eben 13/7 Lincoln Laboratories B/2-11 Philco-Ford Corporation 213 Architecture) I4IS Otis King Pocket Calculator Blend bit LOGO Laboratory I2IIS Phillips. Charlie" 13/B-9 NARC (compiler) I4IS Project MAC 6111; 14/S. I I Planimeter 1018 NEAC 1101.2.3 14/3.S Plug board programming IS/6 Radiation Laboratory 9/S NEAC 1200 I4I3.S Servomechanisms Laboratory 3113 Poduska. John William Sr. 10/2. 3; 1119 NEAC 2200.1.2.31413-6 Tech Model Railroad Club 6110; Polish notation 9114 NEAX-61 14/S B/9-1O Porter. Tom 1317 SENAC-I 14/3.S Palevsky. Max 717 Matsumae. Shigeyoshi 14/4 Preliminary Discussions of the Logical Nelson. Donald 13/8 Palmer. Ralph 9/9.11, 12.14 Design of an Electronic Computing Mauchly. John 3/6.7; 6113; 9/6.7 Newell. Allen III Papian. William 3113 Max. Nelson 13/S Instrument 3/B Newell. Martin II1II Parametron 1414 McCarthy. John 6111 Prime 7S0 ISI7 Newman. Max 3/S; IOIID Pascal. Blasie JIB; 1214 PDP (Programmed Data Processor) McClelland. William 4112 Nippon Telegraph & Telephone (NTT) Pascaline 1/8 McDivitt. Ji m 216-7 Series Pendrey. Donald 41 12 McKenzie. John 6112; BI1- 11; 11112; 1413 PDP-I 112-3; 6/6-12 ; B/3.6.B; 11112 ; MUSASHINO-I 14/3. 4 Perlis. Alan 717; BII4 I2I13-S. I2I13-S Nomura. Masanori IS/3-5 Peterson. Phil B/2.6 Melroy. Doug B/6 PDP-26/B Nook. Charles SII3 Pilot ACE 1113 Mead. Carver 13/2-3 PDP-3 6/B; B/6.1O Meyer. Ron 219 PDP-S IS/6-7 Memory 3114; 7/4-S; 13/10-3 PDP-6 I2IIS Acoustic delay line 912-4 THE COMPUTER MUSEUM REPORT PDP-B liS; SIB; IS/6 Cathode ray tube 3/B. IO.13; 13/10 PDP-IO SIS Core 2I4-S; 3113; 7/B-9; 9/S; 13110-3 PDP-I I I2IIS NUMBER 10 FALL 1984 PDP-I 1134 S/9 Delay line 3/7. 9.13; 414; 7/4; 13110 Individual Founders; Charl.. W Adorn. Ken R. Adcock DaVid Ahl lohn Alelfond• • .on C Kendall AlIphm --' Gene M Amdahl j MLchael and Merry And.lmon Harlan E " Loi. And.r.an Applied Magnetics Corp. J MI. "Mr. Rolland B Arndt Dr John Programming 717 Direct View Storage Tube 14/10 AtancuoU I..,ot: L. Au.,ooch . AVX Corpc)lQtion . Charles and COII.,ane. Bachman . Jean-Loup Ba •• ::J Robert W. Boliey. Ph.D. . John Banning' '.,emy Borker. Steve f. Barnabey :J Harllt BaflKlmian ; John C Ba."ow Jordon and Rhodo Baruch' . Gordon" BClJixIIg Beeton Prokop. Jan 13/9 Drum 3110; Sill; 7/3-4 G C,S.lden. Jr. 'C_Gordan&GwenSttU :::::i JamesandRobertaBeIi Ch.. , •• SttII AlanG.BeIi. I WeldonBellv.lle ·D. I.eoLBe.c"'4Ik o Rog4I' .. Kay Be.ge. leffrey Bernstem 0 Allred M Benocchi . Grego.yC F Beu.ee . : Loma.C. Bev.1. Ir. Bltstream, Inc. u.ch" R.nee Pugh. Earle W. Jr .. B/S.9 Electron Beam Access Memory 10/4 Bloch Ocmd R, Block Ehrobeth Bolger 0 Ted Bonn a Allen H. 8.ady l John C B.gin. rd _ DaVId H. B,,::mdin Damel S. B.lcklin Rlchord A. Broc:kelmon . Dav.d A, Brown .J Gordon S. Brown "'" Lawrenee C Brown A.thu. ond Alic. Bu.h wlometl R. Bu. ley Mox Burn.t . . lim 8r Punch card data processing ISIIO Electrostatic 2IB Morgo •• t But Ie. 0 Mgrshgll D Butle. 0 Roge. C Cody Phlhp and BetMy Coldwell (J Wolte. M. Corlson Chorles T & Vllginia G. Co.crl. I Geo.geA. Chombedgmlll GeorgeA.Chompme AlonChmnock DonoldChris"onMn Peter Chlls,y and Cgrol Petetl J Or DonoldD Magnetic discs SIS Clark 0 John D. Clo.ke R,chard I. Clayton 0 Reginold 8t Lmo •• Cleveland Ceorg. Towne CILliord Ha'Qld Cohen . WilliQm H Congleton Cho.les W. Conn ( Fernando I. Corbato Ho.vey C.agon lim C.opuehettes . Thomas W. Crosby. Ir . . Henry I. CrouM Magnetic tape 5116 jamesG, Cudmo.e O Koren R Cunningham ;] Ken I K.CUIILS DavidN Cutler loeCyehosz ThomaIA.O·AulIa Randall Davis Clive Rope 215 :~~~:,o.l!.f dG~~~~ &!It:'~~~.ul;o: ~~:f;~~~!~M ~1'a~:nJWI~:'o~';l De~,:~e. :~I~ fie~:~e RM~c~~no.!:to.!:'tve&.av~~ DeWan Peter DeWolf RIchard Dickerman LJ Lloyd I Dickman . John d,Targ,ani L lohn Doem .. Henn G. Dol! 10me1l R. Donaldson Q Selectron S/ 16; 7/4; 13110- 1 DaVId Donaldson 0 Palllck M. Doninl Georgedna Donat Philip H Dorn A.S Douglos Doug Drane I. Alvin Dru'yor Greg Duckwo.th Roy Duncan 0 Sonford H. Duryee LJ IOHph I Eachul Rtchord El;-khouM . Prafesso. DaVId B. Edwcnds. Tom Egge.s M Semiconductor S/2. S-6; 13113 Gordon E:hrlich ] Dan L Eisner Dean Eline • .....: LUCIan I End.colt Ir lohn H £.tb.n Richord .. Stephen EI:lI Bob 0 Evons . Robe.1 R E"" ••tt 0 UII ond Helene Fagerqullt _ Andrew R farber DaVId I ond GC farber Robert A forme. Edward A fetgenbaum' Andrew QST I4IB Tape (card stock) 4/9 D f.it ~ Geallrey feldman & Sharon Lipp _ rae·yun Fe ng Sidn.y f ••nbaeh Edword AlVin feultel Mork S Fmeman Reod T fl.ming a Mory Jan. fOlbes ., Prolelso. Jay W forrester L PtlliLp E fox I Thomo' Frgnkhn. E.q . Clork frcu.ler Ed fredkm Petel freeman Thin film SIS N.iIFr.eman. AlonE. flllbie Henry Fuchs SamuelH Full.r Lon'nGoI. BernordA Galler RegmaH.Gorb .W.llardH Gardner a Donald A. Gaubatx ' . DorKIld H George Branko I c..ovoc Bruee GIJch"s, Mrs. DonoldB. GLlh" lohn T. Gilmo•• lr C Roee Ann Williams tube. see CRT GiordO"no a Robe., Glo.w.o ::::J P'"iLp Goembel Rober1 Galdmon Steve Golson . DaVId Goodman Berna.d M Gordon - Arlhul W Gotlmonn. MD . Roger S Gourd 0 I. M Shag- Graetz: lohn CriU,th SheIla Gl1nelJ . He.b.rt R l Grosch Stephen Grou: , Marie and Memory Test Computer 7/7.B-9 8rion GruZ:lnov·Henderson Dr Roberto A. Guotelli , RLI;ho.d H Gumperl% KOII M Gutlag lemer A Haddad L. W M Hall Lewil H Halprin Wilham R Hombrecht C J Scott Homilton . Sheryl Hondler Alam Hanover Richard M HOlk1n1 _ Ardath A. HOllier" James M Michaels. Charles 9/6 Short Michael Hathaway '--' Frank E. Heart Wilhom Hellne. . Andreal Herberg-er . Malgo.et A Herrlck '= Rlchord W HiII _ W,nllon R Hindi • . ,. Peter S Hlrlhberg- ,j Robert B. Hollmon C. Lelle. Hogoan : CommodoreGrace M Hoppe •. USNR r- Chllltoph HOlltmonn M E..... , Hube. A L. C, Humphre'fJI " Bill Hu~kl" ProllHIOI HallY HUlkey Richard I. HUllvedt . Rob.r' A. IannuccI. Inforonles, Inc Microbit Electron Beam Access Memory A.ron K & Merle S. In •• ~ u Intemallonol Maske, Resour<»l L R Jalper Alan leddeloh _ ML<:hoellerabek . Howcrrd W lohnton Radio Corporation of America (RCA) 10/4 Theodo.e G and Ruth T. Johnson . Chari" W lohn.an Nolan T lanes Lehman M lones : lohn Allen Ion" David W luer.' M Koper BISMAC 7/S.6; 9111; Micro-code B/4 io~n it~--' Ma~~~IK~.k~~~i~k q ~n~;'~i:~n ~~~dICWK~~t:l'r A~~:; ~eK~ow~:;~i:fPt;;y~~n~ ~!:~~~O 'g!10~~Br~'::t~tl~ll::nn Konlynlki 0 Do-vld I. A Kooglel r Mory 10 KOitya L. Alan Kotok Martan I. Kowalik, Edward A Krame. "l Sronley KugeU· . Louro Leinand clock 10/6 Microprocessor 11115 Benjamin Kuipell: Koneyukl Kurokawa· Robert L KUlik lohn Loeey Robert Loman. Hal Lamster u R L Lone. Glen G Langdon Ir .• Laboratories. Princeton 212; 714; p'~~~rt ~~:~~n! !1t1S.r~:r~~~I.!v:~~~h~ ~L!vyornG~Hwi~WRt:be.;C\~=.I!! ~R"7~~;JrLI~.l:~:'.t~YS:~~en ~i.;nr:: [" I~~: MIDAS debugger 6/7 Cunie Llttl. 0 C L & lone W. S L,u Theodote C. M Lo . M o. J W!1l1am H Long Corl D. Lowenllein W,lhom F. Luebbert 0 Arthur 13110-3 Luehrmonn ~ Edward P. LuwLlh COil Machover 0 Ian MacLennon 1 Tsugia MakLmota Dave Mollery Fronklin N Mann 0 luliul L. Millard. William 13/2-3 Marcul Tam MOI1JJ _ Robert f. Marsh 0 Rtchard 0 MalOn .J Andrew H Mason Robe.t H Motlhewl Ruth Moulucci Robert Maye •. Jr. SOl 9111; 13/B a Lou Mazzucehelh '1 T.on McConnell 0 Pamela McCo.duck Daniel 0 Mc:C.oeken f. Wonen McForlcrn 0 Henry McGil10n [j Hugh Minicomputers 4IS~ IS/S-9 MeGinneu a POlrick I. McGovern· . hm Mcintosh o Thamol Mclnly.. 10m., L. McKenney u lohn McKenZIe D W,l1tom and \Iesto Mcl.ean 0 Rajchman. Jan 3/4.10; S/16; 7/4; 13/10-3 lohn E. MeNomala [' George C, McQuilken U Thomal and ElilObeth McWIlllaml D Carver A Mead _, RW MeiSler Robert M MetcoUe 0 Minsky. Marvin 619; I2I13-S Matlhew Migu a Donald ond lean MIchie 0 Harold T. Mille. l Roberl C. MLile. 0 W,lIiom f. Miller [ . Richord G Mills 0 Chorles R Mlnle. Rand Corporation 3/B; S1I6; 7/4 D Reg S M,tchell 0 Robert Moe Thomal H. Moog- . Gordon E. Moo •• J Margon·Cramp.on Pub CJ Fronk E. Mornl [J lohn MOllilley In Mm. see Japan I. C.alg Mudge 0 Albert E. Mullin. Jr. Soburo Murog

14 The Computer Museum Report/Summer 1986 Robie, I.I. 4111 Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital U.S. Bureau of Standards 6113 Wilkinson, James 11 13; 3/11; 1011 0 Rollwagen, John 1118 Computing Systems 1955 5/3-7 see also SEAC, SWAC Williams, Al 911S Rony, Peter 15/3, 4 Sutherland, Jim I4Iend bit U.S. Navy 3/3; 1213 Williams, F.C. 1113; 3/5,10,12; 1011 0 Rosen, Saul 5111 SWAC (Standards Western Automatic Naval Mine Warfare School 1215 Wilson, Lou 9/6 Rosenbaum, Susan 15/5 Computer) 311 2,14-5 Naval Observatory 4/S Winsor, Paul 9/6 Ross, Doug 615,8; 8/8-9,10; 10/9 Switzerland 15/3 Naval Proving Grounds, Dahlgren WlSC 717 Rotenberg, Jonathan 13/2-3 Symbol 511 0 7/S; 1219 Woodbury, Bill 4111 Russell, Steve "Slug" 617-12, 9; 12113-5 Syracuse University 4110 Office of Naval Research 3113 Woodfield, David 15/3 Rutherford Laboratories 13/4 U. S. Social Security Act 9/9 Woodger, Mike 411 4 USSR Government Minsk 2 logic board World Micromouse Contest, World THE COMPUTER MUSEUM REPORT lOIS Expo, Tskuba City 15/3 UNIX 12115 s Univac Corporation 5/7 LARC 6113; 9112-3 SAGE System 4113-4, 14/1S see also NTDS CP-642 5/7; IllS ANIFS 0-7 x Uniservo 6112 Salesin David 13/7 14/ 11; 6/13; 511 6; 7/4,5,7; 9/3; 1116; Xerox Corporation 15/6 Sampson, Peter 618-12 12111; 13/S Xerox PARC Alto 5/ 18 Sanders Corporation 12115 liDO 9112-3 Saunders, Robert 6/7-12 1105 13/S Scelbi Computer Consulting Inc 14/8 University of California, Berkeley 414 Scelbi SH 14/8 University of Illinois 3/S; 5/3-6 y Schreier, Helmut 314 University of Michigan 1417 Schreine, Ned 9/S MIDAC 717 Yamashita, Hideo 1414 Schweickart, Rusty 216-7 University of Pennsylvania, Yarnell, Gail 7/ 13 Schulz, Stan Sill; 11112 Army Ballistic Research Laboratory Science Museum, Ueno 1414 3/6 Scientific Data Systems (SDS) 15/6 Moore School of Electrical Scott, David 21S-7 Engineering 3/7; 5111; 6113; 13110; Scriptel Corp., Transparent Digitizing 15/11 z Tablet 1411 1 5DS-910, 920 15/6 Zajac, Ed 13/4 SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Zilog ZSO 15/3 Computer) 311 2,1 4-15; 7/3,5 Z80A 1419 v Zingg, Ray 5110 Seeber, Rex 4/ 10 Selectron tube, see memory Vacuum tubes 317,12; 4/2, 9; 7/3-7; S/7; Zuse, Konrad 1112; 3/3; 7/3; 1011 0 Z-I 114,12; 3/3,1 4-5 Z-2-4 3/3 Selfridge; Oliver 5/19 9/3; 11 /5 ; 13110 Semiconductor diodes 9/3-5 T van Baerle, Susan 13/6 van Dam, Andries S/15 Semiconductor industry 11113-5 Tabulating Machine Company 9/9 VAX SI1; 11/5,10,11; 12115; 13/7 Semiconductors 212; 11113-5; 14/4,5; TAC (Tokyo University Automatic 1517,S Computer) 14/3,4 Vector graphics 14110 Shannon, Claude Takahashi, Hidetoshi 14/4 Video archives 6/3-5 mouse SIS Tandem Computer Corporation 15/S-9 Voice recognition S/4 Vol Ubre 12/5 Shapley, Howard 1214,5,7 Tandy Radio Shack Corporation 1015 Shaw, Bob 9/3, 6 Tashiro, Hirofumi 15/3-5 Von Neumann, John 317, 8; 7/4,7; 9110; 13/10,13 Shepard, Brad 9/6 Tech Model Railroad Club see MIT Von Reppert Calculating Machine 1411 2 Shinohara, Noboru 1414 Tektronix Model 564 oscilloscope 14110 Von Reppert, Richard 14112 Sims, John 9/6 Telecommunications 14/3-6 Sinclair ZX -SO 1419 Teletype 312; 15/6,13 Sinclair ZX-SI 1419 tape 14115 Sinclair, Sir Clive 1419 Telex Corporation 9116 Slide rules, circular 5/ 14-5 Teller, Edward 4111; 9112-3 Slotnick, Daniel 5/3-6 w Texas Instruments 213; 5/3 Smith, Alvy Ray 13/7 Speak and Spell 511 2 Wada, Hiroshi 1415 Smith, Edward E. 617 Thomas, L.H. 4111, 12, 15 Wadsworth, Nat I4IS Smith, Mary Norton 4110 Thompson, Joe 218,9 Walker, Robert 6111 Smoliar, Gerry 9/6 Thornton, James IllS Wang, An 717; 9/5; 10/2-3 Smoot, Oliver 13/9 Tic-tac-toe 6/8 Ward, John 6/S; SIS; 14111 Snoot and Muttly 13/6 Timesharing SilO; 9116; 1415, II, 13 Watanabe, Hitoshi 14/4 Snyder, Betty 916 Timex/Sinclair 100 14/9 Watson, Thomas Jr. , 9110, II, 13, IS; 1216 Synder, James 7/2 Tohoku University 1415 Watson, Thomas Sr., 4/8-12 ; 9/9; SOAP 717 Tokyo University 14/4 1213,5, 6,7 Software definition 7110-2 PC-I,2 1413,4 Wayne State University 7/5 SpaceWar! 1/2; 6/6-12 ; SilO; 11112 Tomorrow: The Thinking Machine 6/5 UDEC #2 5111 Speech synthesis S/S-9 Toshiba Corp 1414 Webb Adder 14113 SPEEDCODE 7/7 Townsend, Ed 5/8 Wedilog 717 Sperry Corporation Transistor 116; 212; SI7; 11113; 14/4,5 Weik, Martin 7/3 Sperry Rand 9/5 Troxel, Don SIS Weiner, Jim 9/3, 7 Sperry Univac TRS-SO 1015; 14/9 Weiner, Norbert 12/7 NTDS (Naval Tactical Data System) TX-O 111-2; 6/5,7-S; S/1-1I ; 12113-4 Weizenbaum, Joseph 41 15; 717 IllS TX-I S/6 Welch, Frazer,9/6 Stad, Ben 9/6 TX-2 S/4,5,7 Wendell, Doug 9/6 Stahlman, Richard 12113-5 Turing, Alan 1113; 3/5, 11 West Germany 15/2 Stanford University 12115 West, Tom 415-7 Stockham, Thomas 617; S/6 Western Electric 9/3 Stevens, Kenneth SIS, S; 12114 Westinghouse Electric 5/4 Stibitz, Geroge 11 12; 3/2,3 semiconductor flat packs 15/7 Stovall, Reed 6113 u Wheeler, David 10110 Stored program concept 1/13; 3/3,5,6,7,S Whirlwind 218-9; 3112, 13,14-5; 41131 6/7,8; Stratus Computer Corporation 15/S UK 15/2-5 7/4, S; S/9; 1114; 15112 Stratus Computer 15/8 Underwood Corp 14112 White, Derwood I2IS Strimpe!, Oliver 15/5 Underwood, Fran 9111 Wiitanen, Wayne 6/7 Stromberg-Carlson 4020 1214 U.S. Army Wilkes, Maurice 1112, 13; 3/9, end bit; Subroutines 21S; 15111 Aberdeen Proving Grounds 3/6; 717; 5/18 ; 717; 9/3,7,10,16; 10/10 ; 13/2-3 ,10; Supercomputers 5/3-7 12110 15111

The Computer Museum Report/Summer 1986 15 A Special Exhibit Colors 01 Chaos April 11- September 8 1986 Oliver Strimpel The pictures of Colors of Chaos are the set to zero everywhere. Each formula result of using computer graphics as a being iterated has only one of these tool for research in complex dynamics. pictures. A point is a member of the set a branch of mathematics and physics. if it never escapes to infinity under The goal is to understand what hap­ iteration. pens to simple mathematical formulae The first formula investigated by when they are iterated. Benoit Mandelbrot in 1975 was simply The pictures are built up in the the squaring of the complex number in following way: each point is iterated which one iteration step consists of using the mathematical formula under squaring the number and adding a investigation. For example. if the for­ constant. By varying this constant over mula is the trigonometrical function the plane as the parameter. Man­ cosine. this corresponds to entering delbrot discovered a cardioid shaped the number corresponding to a point in set with a hairy boundary-the Man­ the picture into a calculator. and delbrot set. To the mathematicians' pressing the cosine button again and surprise. this shape appears to be uni­ again. The point in the picture is then versal in that it crops up. albeit some­ colored depending on what happens. what modified in detaiL when many In some of the pictures. the color shows other formulae are iterated. When the how quickly the point "escapes" to in­ boundary of the Mandelbrot set is ex­ finity. leaving black those points that amined in fine detaiL baroque swirls. 'never escape. In others. the colors spirals and tendrils appear. including show where points end up under itera­ some that lead to offshoots containing tion. with the shades indicating how smaller replicas of the Mandelbrot set quickly they get there. Thus the colors itself. It is this fascinating structure at represent the dynamics of the itera­ the boundary of the Mandelbrot set tion. that is vividly represented in the Col­ ors of Chaos images that came from Julia Sets and Mandelbrot Sets the Bremen group. Two types of picture can represent the Julia sets and Mandelbrot sets iterative process. In the Julia set. the can take a lot of computing. Firstly. initial value of the complex number at each point of the picture has to be iter­ the start of the iteration is varied over ated separately (unless one uses a pa­ the plane. The parameters of the itera­ rallel machine). so the time taken to tion are fixed. A point is in the set if it create an image is proportional to the lies on the boundary of the points that total number of pixels computed. become larger and larger as the itera­ Secondly. the number of iteration tion proceeds. Each set of parameters steps required per point can be as high creates a whole different Julia set. One as several thousand. The closer to the of the remarkable discoveries re­ boundary of the Mandelbrot or Julia set vealed in Robert Devaney's images is you go. the longer it takes a point to that the Julia set can change dramati­ 'make up its mind' as to where it is cally. even evaporate completely. for really attracted. Each iteration step very small changes in the parameters takes several floating point multiplies of the iteration. The picture shown on or the evaluation of a trigonometrical the front cover is a still image from a function. Robert Devaney has just film showing the dramatic change in used 72 hours of the Cray supercompu­ the structure of the Julia set for the sine ter at Digital Productions to make a function as the parameter is varied. new spectacular film showing Julia The black region shows points that sets of cosine. It will be added to the have not escaped to infinity after 35 video showing in the exhibit. iterations. while the colored regions show escaped points. Red points tend Images in the Colors of Chaos Exhibit to infinity the fastest. followed by A series of twelve pictures shows Julia points colored in orange. yellow. Sets and Mandelbrot Sets generated function by Robert L. Devaney from the green. blue and violet. by the iteration of polynomial func­ Department of Mathematics at Boston The Mandelbrot set is an ex­ tions and ratios thereof by a team from University. ample of the second type of picture. the University of Bremen led by Heinz­ Here. it is the value of the parameter Otto Peitgen and Peter Richter. Why do this? that is varied over the plane and the A second series shows Julia sets Because it's there! The beauty of the initial value of the complex number is of sine. cosine and the exponential images continues to spur along ever

16 The Computer Museum Report/Summer 1986 that all offshoots would have to be con­ nected to the main set and that the set's surface has barely been scratch­ ed. According to John H. Hubbard. Pro­ fessor of mathematics. Cornell Univer­ sity. who was the first to make detailed computer images of the Mandelbrot. it is "the most complicated object in mathematics" . The iteration of complex func­ tions also models the way many non­ linear natural systems evolve. Simple iterative laws can predict very com­ plex. chaotic behaviour. Examples in­ clude the growth and decline of the population of a biological species. the motions of the planets. the changes in the weather and even the daily fluc­ tuations of the stock market.

The Mandelbrot set. courtesy of Benoit MandelbrotlIBM

Further Reading: The Beauty of Fractals by H-O Peitgen and P. H. Richter. Springer­ Verlag 1986 This new release contains approx­ imately 75 color and 65 black and white illustrations. including many of the images on display in the ex­ hibit. The text appeals to both lay­ man and expert. and ranges from philosophical background to sugges­ tions on how to generate your own fractal images. ($33.95 postpaid. $30.95 members)

The Fractal Geometry of Nature by Benoit B. Mandelbrot. W. H. Free­ man. 1983 ($38.95 postpaid. $35.45 members)

Introduction to Chaotic Dynamical Systems by Robert L. Devaney. Ben­ jamin Cummings. 1985 ($33.95 post­ paid. $30.95 members)

The above books are available from The Computer Museum Store. Also available are a set of 8 color post­ more detailed explorations of these terns and stimulate the progress of cards of the Bremen images. includ­ newly discovered objects. But the com­ mathematics. They are also important ing several on display in the exhibit putation of Julia sets and Mandelbrot in the new field of fractal geometry. ($4.00 + 1.00 postage). sets can also be viewed as numerical Indeed the boundary of the Man­ experiments in complex dynamics. delbrot set is a fractal. Mandelbrot Scientific American Computer Re­ When combined with mathematical conjectures that it may have a fractal creations column by A. K. Dewdney. intuition. they uncover universal pat- dimension of 2. which would mean August 1985 issue

The Computer Museum ReportlSummer 1986 The End Bit 0000000001

The first computer-generated land use map produced in May 1959 on the TX-O at MIT. It shows the assessed land value of a 1000 x 1000 foot area of central Boston. Boylston Street and the Boston Common form the right edge of the map. The triangle shaped block is the Sheraton Plaza Hotel. The three shades of grey represent land value, with white the highest. The data was amassed from various records and gridded in to 20 x 20 foot cells by hand. After input into the TX-O, maps were displayed on the CRT and photographed with a specially mounted Polaroid camera. Map produced by Gwen Bell for Harvard's Graduate School of Design master's project; program by Gordon Bell.

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