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Genetic Improvement and Root Pruning Effects on Cherrybark Oak (Quercus Pagoda L.) Seedling Growth and Survival in Southern Arkansas Joshua P

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Genetic Improvement and Root Pruning Effects on Cherrybark Oak (Quercus Pagoda L.) Seedling Growth and Survival in Southern Arkansas Joshua P Genetic Improvement and Root Pruning Effects on Cherrybark Oak (Quercus Pagoda L.) Seedling Growth and Survival in Southern Arkansas Joshua P. Adams, Nicholas Mustoe, Don C. Bragg, Matthew H. Pelkki, and Victor L. Ford Associate Professor, School of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA; Forester, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Fishlake National Forest, Richfield, UT; Research Forester and Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Monticello, AR; Professor and Associate Director, Arkansas Forest Resources Center, University of Arkansas at Monticello, Monticello, AR; Director and Professor, Southwest Research and Extension Center, University of Arkansas Research and Extension, Little Rock, AR Abstract (Wharton et al. 1982). Among hardwoods, red oaks (Quercus subgroup Erythrobalanus) are ecologically Cherrybark oak is a highly desirable hardwood and economically valuable. Despite the high desir- species across the Southeastern United States. Sil- ability of red oaks, natural regeneration failures in vicultural techniques for establishment have been stands historically dominated by these oaks has been carefully studied, but advances in tree improvement well documented (Clatterbuck and Meadows 1992, have yet to be realized. Cherrybark oak seedlings of Hodges and Janzen 1987, Lorimer 1989, Oliver et al. genetically improved and unimproved stock were 2005). The lack of natural oak regeneration on many tested in field plantings in southern Arkansas and in sites has resulted in some landowners planting oaks a controlled pot study for root pruning effects. After to ensure this taxa remains viable for future genera- 2 years, initial growth advantages of improved stock tions, provides wildlife habitat, conserves the natu- were no longer present; however, improved stock ral environment, and produces high-value products averaged 19 percent higher survival compared with (Michler et al. 2005). For example, oak afforestation unimproved seedlings. The improved stock also had by planting is an increasingly common, if sometimes greater resprouting after top dieback, indicating more risky, practice to restore mid-successional forests. resiliency. In the root pruning study, seedlings with In recent years, numerous silvicultural techniques pruned roots were easier to plant, had better survival, have been developed to improve the survivorship and and exhibited less transpiration and stomatal conduc- growth rates of planted red oaks, including the use of tance. Also, larger roots of the improved stock were tree shelters, competition control, and a range of site more apt to be uncovered by erosion, potentially preparation techniques (Burgess et al. 1990, Hansen killing the tree. Larger roots systems are considered and Tolsted 1981). In spite of these efforts, oak seed- more desirable, but caution must be taken when plant- ling production in the Southern United States is only a ing. The larger root systems of genetically improved fraction of overall seedling production but has in- cherrybark oak seedlings make proper planting more creased over the years from 17.8 million oak bareroot challenging. However, pruning may offer a remedy seedlings and 154,000 containerized seedlings in the making the seedlings easier to plant and more drought 2008 and 2009 seasons (Enebak 2011) to more than hardy initially. 23 million seedlings overall in 2016 (Hernández et al. 2017). As oak seedling planting will likely continue Introduction at a high level into the foreseeable future, managers should adopt field planting practices using the best Bottomland hardwood forests are important con- quality nursery stock available while balancing costs tributors of ecological richness, mast for wildlife, and risks with gain potential. and wood products in the Southern United States Volume 61, Number 2 (Fall 2018) 65 Although most of the research effort related to arti- mine if the added expense of improved cherrybark ficial regeneration of oaks has been on mechanical oak seedlings can be realized by increased returns. site practices or competition treatments (Collins and Some questions regarding nursery practices and Battaglia 2008, Holladay et al. 2006, Leonardsson et genetic improvement (and their interactions) can be al. 2015), more attention recently has been directed addressed even at an early stage. The objective of to the biological component of planting, including our research was to evaluate the growth and survival nursery practices (e.g., lifting depth and seedling characteristics of a genetically improved variety of sizes), which can improve the growth and survival cherrybark oak compared with unimproved seedlings performance of most hardwoods (Collins and Batta- 2 years after planting at two field sites. Because the glia 2008, Farmer and Pezeshki 2004). Perhaps more large root size in the improved stock was a hindrance importantly, using genetically improved hardwood during planting, three distinct root pruning treatments seedlings has the potential to be as important as for were examined for both improved and unimproved stock quality as silvicultural practices such as irriga- cherrybark oaks in a parallel study. These two studies tion, fertilization, weed control, and root culturing were intended to provide one of the first field assess- practices in plantation and nursery settings (Jacobs ments of genetic improvement in cherrybark oak. 2003). The potential for gains in survival and growth through hardwood tree improvement has yet to be Methods greatly explored. Although desirable, these gains are elusive because of many challenges, including long generation and reproductive cycles, intermittent seed Field Planting Study crops, difficulty in controlling pollination, overall During the winter of 2011–2012, two sites were pre- higher production costs, and greater monetary risk pared for this study in South Arkansas. Sites were on in the case of planting failure (Dickmann et al. 1980, the University of Arkansas at Monticello’s Teaching Lantz 2008). Limitations to using improved hardwood and Research School Forest in Drew County (Monti- seedlings are gradually changing. Starting in 2012, cello site) and at the University of Arkansas’s Southeast the Arkansas Forestry Commission began offering im- Research and Extension Center in Hempstead County proved (second generation) cherrybark oak (Quercus (Hope site). The Monticello plantings were installed pagoda Raf.) seedlings to the public. Cherrybark oak on two formerly pine-dominated stands slightly east is one of the most widely distributed and prized of the of the city of Monticello (N 33° 37’ 12.31”, W 91° 44’ red oaks in the Eastern United States, desired for its 0.38”). The previously pine-dominated stands had been fast-growing, high-quality wood and abundant hard salvaged and cleared following a tornado in 2010. The mast for wildlife (Ezell and Hodges 1994, Putnam Hope location (N 33° 43’ 9.76”, W 93° 31’ 49.92”) was 1951). In addition, research has shown that cherrybark formerly an abandoned pasture that was cleared and oak may be particularly amenable to tree improvement brush-hogged prior to planting. The Monticello site programs. Adams et al. (2007) found cherrybark oak was on Grenada and Henry silt loams (cherrybark oak had high family heritability for height (0.5 to 0.7) SI50 = 24 - 26 m), and the Hope site was on a Una silty and diameter (0.55 to 0.7), which opens the door for clay loam (SI50 = 27 m) (USDA NRCS 2017). improvement. These results are in line with previous studies on heritability for other oak species such as In March 2012, 1-year-old, bareroot, open-pollinat- Nuttall oak (Quercus texana Buckley) and are high- ed (half-sib) second-generation improved cherrybark er than the 0.36 heritability estimated for white oak oak seedlings and 1-year-old unimproved woods-run (Quercus alba L.) height growth (Gwaze et al. 2003, cherrybark oak seedlings grown at Arkansas Forestry Rink 1984). Commission’s Baucum Nursery (North Little Rock, AR) were planted by hand with a hardwood dibble on Although improved cherrybark oak seedlings may a 2.43 by 3.04 m spacing at both sites (figure 1a). The offer significantly better volume growth over unim- overall study design was a randomized complete block proved seedlings, this improvement comes at pre- at two sites: Monticello and Hope. Each site had two mium—improved seedlings sell for $400 per 1,000 blocks within which improved or unimproved seedlings seedlings, or twice the cost of unimproved seedlings were randomly assigned to plots. Following planting, a (Adams et al. 2015). More study is needed to deter- pre-emergent sulfometuron methyl herbicide (Oust XP, 66 Tree Planters’ Notes DuPont, Wilmington, DE) was applied over the top of to planting, at the beginning of the first growing sea- seedlings at a rate of 146 ml ha-1. Manual vegetation son (May 2012), at the end of the first growing season control was conducted during the first 2 years to reduce (October 2012), at the beginning of the second grow- woody competition (mainly from “volunteer” loblolly ing season (May 2013), and at the end of the second pine [Pinus taeda L.]) (figure 1b). growing season (October 2013) (figure 1c). Seedling survival was measured in October 2012 and June 2013. Ground line diameter (GLD; measured to the nearest Some seedlings flagged as dead in the October 2012 0.1 cm) and seedling height (measured to the nearest assessment were actually only top killed and resprouted cm) were recorded for a subset of
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