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Descendants‟ Organizations, Historical UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE RECLAIMING THE PAST: DESCENDANTS‟ ORGANIZATIONS, HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS, AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN KIOWA SOCIETY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By MICHAEL P. JORDAN Norman, Oklahoma 2011 RECLAIMING THE PAST: DESCENDANTS‟ ORGANIZATIONS, HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS, AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN KIOWA SOCIETY A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BY __________________________ Dr. Daniel C. Swan, Chair __________________________ Dr. Morris Foster __________________________ Dr. Gus Palmer, Jr. __________________________ Dr. Sean O‟Neill __________________________ Dr. Richard Lupia © Copyright by MICHAEL P. JORDAN 2011 All Rights Reserved. To my Mother, JoAnn Batte Jordan, and the memory of my Father, Paul Nelson Jordan ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe a tremendous debt to the people of the Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma, whose generous assistance made this project possible. Since my first trip to southwestern Oklahoma as an undergraduate in 1998, countless Kiowa people have taken the time to share their knowledge with me. I am especially thankful for the many community members who assisted me with my dissertation research. Space prevents me from acknowledging each of them by name, but I would particularly like to thank the members of the Chief Satanta (White Bear) Descendants, the Old Chief Lonewolf Descendants, and Satethieday Khatgomebaugh. Without their help this project would not have been possible. Dr. Daniel C. Swan invested tremendous time and energy in my scholarly development. I am thankful for all that he has taught me, including what it means to be a mentor. Dr. Morris Foster has always been a source of sound advice. He provided invaluable guidance during my first years in the department. I wish to thank Dr. Sean O‟Neill for introducing me to linguistic anthropology and the ethnography of communication. Dr. Gus Palmer, Jr. has been an enthusiastic supporter of my research and has provided encouragement every step of the way. Dr. Joshua Piker served as my outside committee member during most of my doctoral studies. He provided valuable advice not only during the development and course of my research, but also as I entered the job market. Dr. Richard Lupia kindly agreed to step in when Dr. Piker was unable to continue as my outside committee member. iv In addition to the members of my committee, I am beholding to a number of other scholars. Dr. Jason Baird Jackson of Indiana University lent his considerable talents and energies to this endeavor, providing invaluable guidance during the development of the research design and grant proposals. Dr. Candace Greene of the Smithsonian Institution generously shared her insights into Kiowa society past and present. I have been inspired by her work on the graphic art of the people of the Plains since I was an undergraduate. I am indebted to her for providing me with an internship in the summer of 2004, and the opportunity to work directly with the Kiowa drawings in the collection of the National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Clyde Ellis of Elon University has provided a steady stream of encouragement since I first met him years ago. Dr. Luke Eric Lassiter has always offered kind words and encouragement as well. I was very fortunate to receive support for my research from several entities. My ethnographic fieldwork was supported by a Wenner-Gren Dissertation Fieldwork Grant, a National Science Foundation Dissertation Improvement Grant, and a grant from the Whatcom Museum Foundation‟s Jacobs Research Fund. Additional funding was provided by the University of Oklahoma Department of Anthropology and the University of Oklahoma Graduate Student Senate. Archival research was supported by a grant from the American Philosophical Society‟s Phillips Fund for Native American Research. The National Science Foundation supported my doctoral work in other ways as well. I was the recipient of two National Science Foundation EPSCoR scholarships, which provided funding for my initial work in the Kiowa community. Subsequently, I was afforded an opportunity to attend the National Science Foundation‟s Summer Institute in Research Design, where I received valuable training in research design and v methodologies from Dr. Jeffrey C. Johnson, Dr. H. Russ Bernard, and Dr. Amber Wutich. I also wish to thank my fellow graduate students in the Anthropology Department. I am proud to call John Lukavic, Candessa Morgan, Amber Neely, Jessica Walker, and Abby Wightman not only colleagues, but friends. Each has contributed to my intellectual development in his or her own way. I will miss our conversations and camaraderie. My life is much richer for the times that we have shared. At the University of Oklahoma, I benefited from the assistance of many individuals who were willing to share their expertise and lend a helping hand. I wish to thank the staff of the University of Oklahoma Writing Center, particularly Evan Chambers, Talisha Haltiwanger, and Jessie St. Amand, who read and commented on a draft of my dissertation. Their suggestions greatly improved this work. The staff of the College of Arts and Sciences Computing Services, Gary Bates, Aaron Biggs, and Ryan LaBouve, provided technical assistance throughout my time at the University of Oklahoma. This past spring, they went above and beyond the call of duty when my laptop was crippled by a virus. They swiftly fixed it and restored my files, allowing me to return to work. I owe a huge debt to my family. I cannot thank my mother and father enough for all the love, support, and encouragement that they have provided throughout my life. They always stressed the importance of an education and sacrificed to ensure that I had opportunities that they did not. As I was writing my dissertation, my brother, Steve, called me often to encourage me. He never failed to cheer my spirits and put a smile on vi my face. My wonderful nieces, Amanda and Kimberly, were also frequent sources of encouragement. My father-in-law and mother-in-law, Buddy and Sandy Cox, have always supported my decision to pursue a doctorate and for that I am very appreciative. Seven years ago, as I prepared to go back to graduate school, they helped my wife and I pack up our home in Texas. They even drove the moving truck to Oklahoma for us. More recently, they spent weeks helping us pack up our home in Norman and prepare to move back to Texas. I wish to thank my wife, Marie Cox, without whose love and support the completion of this work would not have been possible. She is the love of my life, my best friend, and my most steadfast supporter. She has made it possible for me to pursue my dreams. I hope that I am now in a position to do the same for her. Finally, to my son, Emmett, the hardest part of writing this dissertation was the time I had to pass apart from you. I promise that in the future we will spend a lot more time together. I love you. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures………………………………………………………………………….....ix Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 – “All they did was battle.” : Historical Consciousness ................................... 40 Chapter 3: “We‟re Kiowa, we‟re not just a face in the crowd.” : Kiowa Descendants‟ Organizations ............................................................................................................ 108 Chapter 4 – “If they didn‟t sacrifice for us, none of us would be here.” : Cultural Performance Events .................................................................................................. 162 Chapter 5 – “It‟s a family name.” : Kiowa Intellectual Property.................................... 210 Chapter 6: Conclusion..................................................................................................... 283 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 297 Appendix 1: Figures ........................................................................................................ 316 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Portrait of Setangya (Sitting Bear) .................................................................. 316 Figure 2: Portrait of Séttháide (White Bear) .................................................................. 317 Figure 3: Portrait of Guipago (Lone Wolf) .................................................................... 318 Figure 4: Poor Buffalo on an expedition against the Pawnee. ....................................... 319 Figure 5: White Horse. .................................................................................................... 320 Figure 6: Tipi with Battle Pictures .................................................................................. 321 Figure 7: Tohausan, wearing a war bonnet and carrying his shield, a bow, and arrows, reaches for his lance .................................................................................................. 322 Figure 8: Séttháide at a Jáifègàu dance ........................................................................... 323 Figure 9: White Horse captures a Navajo boy ............................................................... 324 Figure 10: White Horse in an engagement with Mexican teamsters .............................. 325 Figure 11: Jáifègàu meeting inside Séttháide‟s Red Tipi
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