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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 381 472 SO 024 893 AUTHOR Botsch, Carol Sears; And Others TITLE African-Americans and the Palmetto State. INSTITUTION South Carolina State Dept. of Education, Columbia. PUB DATE 94 NOTE 246p. PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom Use (055) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Area Studies; *Black Culture; *Black History; Blacks; *Mack Studies; Cultural Context; Ethnic Studies; Grade 8; Junior High Schools; Local History; Resource Materials; Social Environment' *Social History; Social Studies; State Curriculum Guides; State Government; *State History IDENTIFIERS *African Americans; South Carolina ABSTRACT This book is part of a series of materials and aids for instruction in black history produced by the State Department of Education in compliance with the Education Improvement Act of 1984. It is designed for use by eighth grade teachers of South Carolina history as a supplement to aid in the instruction of cultural, political, and economic contributions of African-Americans to South Carolina History. Teachers and students studying the history of the state are provided information about a part of the citizenry that has been excluded historically. The book can also be used as a resource for Social Studies, English and Elementary Education. The volume's contents include:(1) "Passage";(2) "The Creation of Early South Carolina"; (3) "Resistance to Enslavement";(4) "Free African-Americans in Early South Carolina";(5) "Early African-American Arts";(6) "The Civil War";(7) "Reconstruction"; (8) "Life After Reconstruction";(9) "Religion"; (10) "Literature"; (11) "Music, Dance and the Performing Arts";(12) "Visual Arts and Crafts";(13) "Military Service";(14) "Civil Rights"; (15) "African-Americans and South Carolina Today"; and (16) "Conclusion: What is South Carolina?" Appendices contain lists of African-American state senators and congressmen. An index is included. Contains 371 references.(EH) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document, * *******************ua************************************************** ear.eiltio, S '1 U DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Off oce ot EcluCalKonsl ftetearch awl ImpAOrrnen1 EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER tERICI *his document has been reproduced as rocented from the person or Organaah0n Ongnhlitong it Minor changes have been made to improve tprOduction Quality Points of sew or oponsons stated In th6110Cu went 60 not INCOSSnly represent officup OE RI position or policy "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MA ERIAL S BEEN GRANTED BY .41111111110, - 4 Acrempww N. TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERICI rosrss4 I -4111T, n.' *Rs s erh t us, b._ 1 African-Americans and the Palmetto State Special thanks to Southern Bell for giving the South Carolina State Department of Education permission to use artwork from the South Carolina African-American History Calendar on the cover of this book. All portraits were created by Southern Bell Graphic Artist Jeffery R. Strange. 4 African-Americans and the Palmetto State Authors: Dr. Carol Sears Botsch Public Administration Consultants Dr. Robert E. Botsch Professor of Political Science University of South CarolinaAiken Dr. James 0. Farmer Professor of History University of South CarolinaAiken Dr. W. Calvin Smith Professor of History University of South CarolinaAiken The Project was developed under the auspice ofthe State Department of Education Dr. Barbara S. Nielsen, Superintendent State Department of Education Dr. Luther W. Seabrook, Senior ExecutiveAssistant Curriculum and Instruction Division Dr. William Chaiken Director, Technical Assistance Edna Crews Director, Office of Education Design Willie L. Harriford Jr. Education Associate, African-American History Margaret Walden Education Associate, Social Studies (0 Copyright 1994 by South Carolina State Department of Education.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted inany form or by any means electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording,or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Manufactured in the United States of America. Soul!: Carolina Stale Department of Education Columbia SC 29219 Acknowledgements Many people gave generously of their time and expertise toguide us in our preparation of this book. Many others shared pictures andartwork with us. We would like to thank all of those who helped. Spaceonly allows us to acknowledge a few individually. We would particularly like tothank Dr. Constance Shulz of the University of South Carolina,Harriet Green of the South Carolina Arts Commission, Dr. Howard Woody ofthe University of South Carolina, Lynn Nelson-Mason and Kevin Tucker ofthe Columbia Museum of Art, Dr. Thomas Johnson of the South CarolinianaLibrary, Rowena Nylund of the South Carolina Department ofParks, Recreation and Tourism, Dr. Girma Negash of the University of SouthCarolinaAiken, and Rosie Berry of Schofield Middle School in Aiken. Wewould also like to thank David Botsch for giving us insights from his perspective as astudent who just finished middle school. All of these people and may morecontributed enthu- siastically. The State Department of Education would like to thankthe Legislative Black Caucus for their help and support in the creation, reviewing,revising, and publication of this book. Publication of this book could nothave occurred without their generous support. The department wouldalso like to thank the numerous organizations andindividuals that contributed to the publication of this book by reviewing the draft copy and returningtheir comments and suggestions for changes and additions. February 15,1994 To the Students, Teachers and Administrators of the Schools of South Carolina: I am pleased to send you a copy of the book, African-Americans and the Palmetto State.This book is the product of the research and writing of several South Carolina historians and political scientists, and a critical review of their work by numerous members of the South Carolina Community. The cover design uses persons from the African-American History Calendars produced by Southern Bell. This book is part of a series of materials and aids for instruction in Black History produced by the State Department of Education in compliance with the Education Improvement Act of 1984.It is designed for use by eighth grade teachers of South Carolina History as a supplement to aid in the instruction of cultural; politica4 and economic contributions of African-Americans to South Carolina History.It will aid teachers and students studying the history of our state by providing information abouta part of our citizenry that in the past had been excluded.The use of this book is not limited just to eighth grade teachers of South Carolina History, butcan be utilized as a resource by all teachers of Social Studies, English, and Elementary Education. This book will give children a better understanding of the history and culture of South Carolina's African-American citizens, and this understanding will createa better educational environment for all children. Sincerely, Barbara Stock Nielsen, Ed. State Superintendent of Edu ation VVV Contents Preface To the Teacher To the Students 1. Passage 1 A Day in the Life of Baroka 1 African Roots 2 Cultural Transmissions 5 Passage to South Carolina 10 2. The Creation of Early SouthCarolina 13 The Rice Culture 13 Gullah 15 The First Cowboys 16 Jockeys 18 Skills and Crafts 18 The Value of Enslaved Labor 21 Material and Cultural Heritage 22 3. Resistance to Enslavement 23 Conditions 23 Enduring Enslavement 24 Resisting Enslavement 24 Different Forms of Resistance 24 The Stono Rebellion 27 Resistance in the Era of the AmericanRevolution 28 Resists -ice in the 1800s 29 Escape to the North 30 The Abolitionist Movement 30 Ways to Survive Daily Life 31 When All Africans Could Fly 32 4. Free African-Americans inEarly South Carolina 33 How They Became Free Tom Molyneux: Boxing to Freedom 35 vii Restrictions on Freedom 35 Ways of Making a Living 37 Organizations 40 Future Leaders 42 5. Early African-American Arts 43 Literature 43 Music 43 Musical Instruments 46 Handicrafts 47 Food and Its Preparation 52 Architecture 55 Survival of Cultural Traditions 57 6. The Civil War 59 Learning About the War 59 Work Slowdowns and Stoppages 60 Fleeing Enslavement 61 Providing Information to Union Troops 62 Fighting For the Union 62 Robert Smalls 64 Susie King Taylor 65 African-Americans in the Confederacy 66 Revenge 67 Looking Toward Rebuilding 67 7. Reconstruction 69 The 1868 Constitution 69 Leaders 71 Policies of the Reconstructionist State Government 73 Public Education 73 Higher Education 74 Land Distribution 76 Life on the LandEnduring Against the Odds 76 The Penn Center and St. Helena Island 76 Promised Land 78 Rebuilding Families 79 The 1876 Election 81 Losing Political Rights 82 The Convention of 1895Six Lonely Voices 82 Reconsidering History 83 8. Life After Reconstruction 85 Coping with Discrimination 85 Educational Self-Help 86 Viii AFRICAN - AMERICANS AND THE PALMETTO STATE 10 Agricultural Self-Help 91 Daily Lives: Away from the Farm 94 Business, Skilled Crafts, and Labor 95 Professionals Who Beat the Odds 98 Emigration 99 Exodus to Liberia 100 Westward Ho! Pioneers and Cowboys 100 The Great Migration to Cities 101 The Story of the Reynolds Family 101 Lost Brain Power 102 Slowly Building For a Better Day 104 9. Religion 105 Conversions to Christianity 105 Religion
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