NAGORNO KARABAKH LA VERA STORIA Traduzione Dal Russo Di Indice Daniele Franzoni E Svetlana Solomonova

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NAGORNO KARABAKH LA VERA STORIA Traduzione Dal Russo Di Indice Daniele Franzoni E Svetlana Solomonova Ramiz Mekhtiev NAGORNO KARABAKH LA VERA STORIA Traduzione dal russo di Indice Daniele Franzoni e Svetlana Solomonova Editing Andrea Tomassi INTRODUZIONE 7 Redazione Roberta Rega I. RETROSPETTIVA SULL’ETNOGENESI DEGLI ARM ENİ 17 Impaginazione II. A PROPOSITO DEL TOPONIMO AZERBAIGIAN 22 Marisa Di Donato Ш. ANTROPOLOGIA DEGLI AZERİ 25 Copertina Erik Ingvert IV. LALBANIA CAUCASICA E L AZERBAIGIAN 29 V. IL MITO DELLE ORIGINI CAUCASICHE DEGLI HAY 32 VI. LA MIGRAZIONE DEGLI ARMENI Titolo originale NEL CAUCASO MERIDIONALE 36 Нагорный Карабах. История, прочитанная по источникам VII. GLI ALBANI CAUCASICI E GLI ARMENI 39 Copyright О 2016 Eurasian Books VIII. LARTSAKH E IL KARABAKH 45 Tutti i diritti sono riservati Qualsiasi forma di riproduzione, se non autorizzata, e vietata IX. LO SPOSTAMENTO DEL CATHOLICOSATO E LA MIGRAZIONE 50 ISBN: 9788899124083 X. L’ESPANSIONE DELLE GRANDI POTENZE E IL FATTORE ARMENO 53 XL I KHANATI AZERI FRA IL MARTELLO RUSSO E L’INCUDINE IRANIANA 58 XII. L’ULTIMO KHAN DEL KARABAKH 63 XIII. UN TRAGICO ARRIVO 69 In copertina XIV. LE PRESUNTE ORIGINI CAUCASICHE DEGLI ARMENI 77 Scudo azerbaigiano del Khanato del Karabakh, Museo Nazionale d ’Arte di Baku. XV. IL NUOVO CAUCASO MERIDIONALE 88 XVI. CRONOLOGIA DI UN’ESPANSIONE SILENZIOSA 98 XVII. IL CREMLINO E LA CRISI DEL KARABAKH 109 INTRODUZIONE XVIII. COSA SI NASCONDEVA ALL’OPINIONE PUBBLICA? 115 XIX. I FATTI DI SUMGAIT COME STRUMENTO IDEOLOGICO 120 XX. IL TERREMOTO DI SPITAK COME PUNTO DI SVOLTA 124 XXI. 1990, UN GENNAIO DI SANGUE 128 XXII. L’ECO DI KARAKEND A KHOJALY 135 XXIII. GUERRA NEL GRANDE GIARDINO 139 XXIV. QUESTIONI DI DIRITTO INTERNAZIONALE 144 Un esame della storia del Caucaso meridionale offre una retrospettiva XXV. IL PROCESSO DI PACE E I SUOI OSTACOLI 154 di processi di vitale importanza nella storia mondiale. Com’e noto, la regione fu oggetto di contesa fra Roma e i Parti; fra Bisanzio, i Sasani- CONCLUSION! 161 di e gü Arabi; fra İTmpero safavide e la Turchia ottomana. Una svolta radicale nei destini del Caucaso fu la firma il 14 maggio 1805 del trat- tato di Kurekchay, che siglo il passaggio del khanato del Karabakh e della relativa popolazione azera, stanziata in quelle zone fin dall’an- tichitä, sotto la giurisdizione dellTmpero russo. Nel 1813, sempre nel Karabakh, si decise il destino dei restanti khanati dell’Azerbaigian: il trattato di pace di Gülistan, siglato alla fine della prima guerra russo- iraniana, assegnö alla Russia il Daghestan, la Georgia, l’Abchazija, e i khanati di Baku, Ganja, Shirvan, Sheki, Derbend, Kubi e Talyshi. A quel tempo, la stragrande maggioranza della popolazione del territo- rio era costituita da etnie musulmane, in particolare da turchi azeri, mentre la percentuale di armeni era insignificante. Essi comparvero in maniera significative solamente quindici anni dopo, ossia dopo la seconda guerra russo-iraniana del 1826-28. II Caucaso, a cui viene assegnato l’appellativo metaforico di “plesso so- lare” dell’Eurasia, perche a cavallo fra due continenti, due civiltä, due religioni, ha sempre occupato un posto di rilievo nei progetti geopolitici delle grandi potenze. In un certo senso il Karabakh e la chiave per la regione, poiche ha da sempre avuto un ruolo decisivo per il controllo dell’intero Caucaso, in particolare di quello meridionale. II conflitto del Nagorno Karabakh e quello armeno-azero sono stati ampiamente trattati nella letteratura scientifica e nella manualistica: in materia, sono stati scritti molti saggi, che riflettono svariati punti di vista, a volte diametralmente opposti, sulle cause scatenanti. II fatto che que- sta guerra sia costata molte vite umane e che ad oggi resti irrisolta e una veritä incontestabile. Se la composizione politica del problema 7 RAMIZ MEKHTIEV INTRODUZIONE continua a protrarsi, e a causa di una contrapposizione ideologica di ideologico, etno-psicologico, civile, culturologico e infine storico. Inoltre, vecchia data, nella quale gioca un grosso ruolo l’interpretazione delle indipendentemente dall’ampiezza e dalla multiformitä del potenziale cause e delle conseguenze osservabili di questo conflitto. globale, e necessario attenersi a una selezione scrupolosa del materiale, La maggioranza degli autori che hanno tentato di far luce sulle pe- osservare una rigorosa sequenzialitä del corso degli eventi, e analizzare culiaritä della controversia fra Armenia e Azerbaigian, о presenta con cura ogni dettaglio che postuli una svolta nel processo storico. Solo approcci preconcetti, e pertanto giunge a conclusioni affrettate о as- cosi si poträ avere una rappresentazione completa del passato e del surde, oppure interpreta erroneamente gli eventi storici, basandosi su presente del conflitto. argomentazioni superficiali e aleatorie. In ogni caso le deduzioni della Sulla guerra del Nagorno Karabakh e stata scritta una mole stermina- maggioranza degli storici e degli esperti di gestione dei conflitti sono ta di materiale, sia analitico, sia informativo, per il quale gli speciali­ costruite su dati raccolti a campione, i quali, di conseguenza, non ri- sti stanno mostrando un interesse crescente. Nelle ricerche effettuate, flettono la situazione nella sua interezza. Per questa ragione molti stu- l’indice quantitative si rivela inadeguato per una comprensione quali­ di non possono essere considerati rigorosamente scientifici e obiettivi. tative degli studi. Nell’interpretazione della maggior parte degli stu­ In questo libro vengono utilizzate molte fonti, al fine di permettere al diosi, le deduzioni e le conclusioni purtroppo non danno la possibilitä lettore di trarre delle conclusioni e di formarsi un’opinione persona- al lettore libero da preconcetti di capire il conflitto nella sua essenza. le logicamente dedotta. L’accento posto sulle fonti armene e straniere Perciö un “profano”, che si viene a trovare in balia di un tale flusso di vuole dimostrare che la posizione diffusa oggi in larghi strati della informazioni, a volte puo imbattersi in un vortice di giudizi e conclu­ comunitä scientifica, secondo cui i documenti antichi, i ricercatori eu- sioni soggettive se non apertamente distorte. L’ approccio contrastante ropei e quelli russi confermerebbero la visione storica dell’Armenia e a determinati fatti verificatisi in passato, la falsificazione palese od oc­ quindi la fondatezza delle sue rivendicazioni territoriali nei confron- culta della storia, l’approccio selettivo nell’interpretazione del processo ti dell’Azerbaigian, e del tutto inesatta. E noto che i dati portati da storico, confondono il quadro globale, spingendo fuori strada il lettore. una delle parti coinvolte in un conflitto sovente non sono esenti da Seguire la logica alia lettera, approfondire la materia in maniera co- egocentrismo. Si hanno delle eccezioni positive solo nel caso in cui la erente, cercare un risposta a tutte le domande, senza eccezioni, e la cronologia degli eventi venga redatta in maniera imparziale, e di con­ metodologia piu ragionevole e accettabile nella selezione del materia­ seguenza sia corredata da conclusioni che poggiano su basi solide e le. Un simile approccio, basato sull’assenza di preconcetti, puo dare probanti. Una simile impostazione permette di ricostruire un quadro un’idea globale delle premesse e spiegare il conflitto, aiutando coloro completo delle cause e degli effetti, contribuendo quindi a esporre in che sono desiderosi di comprendere il problema. E importante essere maniera esauriente i presupposti principali che si trovano all’origine scrupolosi in merito alia moltitudine di eventi che non sono ancora sta­ del conflitto. L’occupazione dei territori azeri del Nagorno Karabak ti studiati e alia mancanza di chiarezza che questo provoca, rifuggendo rende evidente il problema della coesistenza di due Stati, l’Armenia al contempo dall’applicare un principio selettivo ai detti eventi. Ogni e l’Azerbaigian, che appartengono a civiltä differenti e che vivono in fatto, elemento, dettaglio, contribuisce a determinare l’evoluzione del situazioni socio-economiche diverse. II presidente azero, Ilham Aliyev, problema, portando con se un carico logico. Al fine di comprendere l’es- in molti dei suoi interventi ha evidenziato l’enorme divario che divide senza delle radici, delle cause e dell’attuale congiuntura del conflitto i due paesi, il quale si e formato a causa della mancata partecipazione armeno-azero, il piu sanguinoso fra quelli che si sono scatenati nello dell’Armenia ai progetti regionali. L’Azerbaigian sta pianificando uno spazio post sovietico, e necessario un approccio accademico. sviluppo strategico per i prossimi decenni, mentre gli armeni tentano La classica domanda che il lettore non informato pone sul conflitto di sopravvivere. Tuttavia nemmeno un’impostazione incontestabile del Nagorno Karabakh e alia quale bisogna rispondere e la seguente: come quella appena indicata permette di affermare che un conflitto quanto la sua natura di contrapposizione interetnica risponde alia teo- fra due Stati sovrani resta uno degli atti caratteristici di uno scontro ria del conflitto di civiltä di Samuel Huntington? Molti studiosi, sia ar­ di civiltä. Quest’interpretazione e adottata da quasi tutti gli studiosi meni, sia stranieri, hanno categoricamente affermato che se due Stati armeni, i quali, al contempo, cercano di mascherare la palese aggres- sovrani si trovano su una linea di rottura, la quale separa un areale şione ai danni dell’Azerbaigian. musulmano da uno cristiano, e una prova inconfutabile che le due ci­ E degno di nota il fatto che l’interpretazione preconcetta portata da- viltä sono
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