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Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ GÖLBAŞI’NA ENDEMİK CENTAUREA TCHIHATCHEFFII FISH. & MEY. (SEVGİ ÇİÇEĞİ) TOHUMLARININ ÇİMLENMESİ ÜZERİNDE ARAŞTIRMALAR Aslı GÜNÖZ BAHÇE BİTKİLERİ ANABİLİM DALI ANKARA 2008 Her hakkı saklıdır ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi GÖLBAŞI’NA ENDEMİK CENTAUREA TCHIHATCHEFFII FISH.&MEY. (SEVGİ ÇİÇEĞİ) TOHUMLARININ ÇİMLENMESİ ÜZERİNDE ARAŞTIRMALAR Aslı GÜNÖZ Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Doç. Dr. Yeşim OKAY Araştırmada, günümüzde sadece Ankara–Gölbaşı’nda sınırlı bir alanda yaşamakta olan endemik bitki Centaurea tchihatcheffii Fish.&Mey. (Sevgi Çiçeği) tohumlarının çimlenmeleri üzerine; suda bekletme (10 saat ve 24 saat), GA3 çözeltisinde bekletme (10 ppm ve 100 ppm’lik çözeltilerde 24 saat), 3, 4 ve 5 ay süre ile 0 °C’de katlama ortamında bekletme uygulamalarının ve tohum çimlenme ortamındaki farklı pH derecelerinin (6.5 pH, 7.5 pH ve 8.5 pH) etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, Ankara-Gölbaşı’ndan 2005 ve 2006 yıllarında toplanan C. tchihatcheffii tohumları kullanılmıştır. GA3 çözeltisinde bekletilen ve 4-5 ay katlamada tutulan tohumlarda çimlenme oranları yüksek bulunmuştur. 8.5 pH derecesindeki ortamlarda ve 2005 yılı tohumlarında çimlenme oranları daha düşük düzeylerde belirlenmiştir. Haziran 2008, 89 sayfa Anahtar Kelimeler: Centaurea tchihatcheffii, tohum, çimlenme, endemik, suda bekletme, GA3, katlama i ABSTRACT Master Thesis RESEARCHES ON SEED GERMINATION OF ENDEMIC CENTAUREA TCHIHATCHEFFII FISH.& MEY. (SEVGİ ÇİÇEĞİ) IN GÖLBAŞI PROVINCE. Aslı GÜNÖZ Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Horticulture Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yeşim OKAY The research aims to investigate the effect of soaking in water (10 hours and 24 hours), in GA3 solution (10 ppm and 100 ppm concentrations for 24 hours), stratification for 3, 4 and 5 months at 0°C and effect of different pH in seed germination medium (6.5pH, 7.5pH and 8.5pH) on seed germination of endemic plant C. tchihatcheffii Fish.& Mey. (Sevgi Çiçeği) growing nowadays only in a limitted environment around Ankara- Gölbaşı. In the study, C. tchihatcheffii seeds obtained from Ankara-Gölbaşı in 2005 and 2006 were used. Seed germination rate of seeds at GA3 solution and seeds stratified for 4-5 months were high. Seeds maintained in medium at pH 8.5 and seeds collected in 2005 revealed low levels of germination rate. June 2008, 89 pages Key Words: Centaurea tchihatcheffii, seed, germination, endemic, soaking in water, GA3, stratification ii TEŞEKKÜR Tezin hazırlanmasında ve her aşamasında büyük emeği geçen, maddi ve manevi yardımlarından dolayı sevgili hocam Doç. Dr. Yeşim OKAY’a (Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü), viyol, torf ve perlit temini ve besin ortamlarının hazırlanmasındaki katkılarından dolayı Sayın Doç. Dr. Köksal DEMİR (Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü) hocamıza, laboratuvar temini ve malzemelerin kullanımında gösterdiği yardımlarından dolayı sevgili hocamız Prof. Dr. İbrahim DEMİR’e (Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü), yardımlarından dolayı Sayın Prof. Dr. Ayşe BOŞGELMEZ (Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Biyoloji Bölümü) hocamıza sonsuz teşekkür ederim. Materyal temininde yardımlarını esirgemeyen sevgili arkadaşım Ayşegül Elif SAVCI’ya (Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Biyoloji Bölümü), çalışmalarımda yardımcı olan sevgili arkadaşlarım Burcu Begüm KENANOĞLU (Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü Yüksek Lisans öğrencisi), Tuba ÇELİKKOL (Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü Yüksek Lisans öğrencisi), Sevinç ÜSTÜN (Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü Yüksek Lisans öğrencisi) ve Mehmet TÜRKOĞLU’na (Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü Laboratuvar Görevlisi) teşekkür ederim. Her zaman destekçim olan eşime ve aileme teşekkür ediyorum. Aslı GÜNÖZ Ankara, Haziran 2008 iii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. i ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... ii TEŞEKKÜR ................................................................................................................... iii ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ ...................................................................................................... vi ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ ................................................................................................ x 1. GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. KAYNAK ÖZETLERİ ............................................................................................. 6 3. MATERYAL ve YÖNTEM ...................................................................................... 41 3.1 Materyal ................................................................................................................... 41 3.2 Yöntem ..................................................................................................................... 41 3.2.1 Tohumlarda yüzey sterilizasyonu ....................................................................... 42 3.2.2 Suda bekletme uygulamaları ............................................................................... 42 3.2.3 GA3 çözeltisinde bekletme uygulamaları ............................................................ 43 3.2.4 Katlama uygulamaları ......................................................................................... 43 3.2.5 Tohum çimlendirme denemeleri 44 3.2.6 Tohum ekim ortamlarının hazırlanması ve tohum ekimi ................................ 44 3.2.7 Deneme deseni ve istatistik değerlendirme ........................................................ 47 4. ARAŞTIRMA BULGULARI ................................................................................... 48 4.1 Tohum Çimlendirme Denemeleri .......................................................................... 48 4.1.1 Çimlenme oranı (%) ............................................................................................ 48 4.1.2 Çimlenme süresi (gün) ......................................................................................... 50 4.2 Suda ve GA3 Çözeltisinde Bekletilen Tohumların Farklı pH Değerlerindeki Yetiştirme Ortamlarına Ekilmeleri ...................................................................... 52 4.2.1 Çimlenme oranı (%).............................................................................................. 52 4.2.2 Çimlenme süresi (gün) ......................................................................................... 55 4.3 Katlamadan Çıkartılan Tohumların Farklı pH Değerlerindeki Yetiştirme Ortamlarına Ekilmeleri ........................................................................................... 58 4.3.1 Çimlenme oranı (%) ............................................................................................. 58 iv 4.3.2 Çimlenme süresi (gün) ......................................................................................... 63 4.4 Suda, GA3 Çözeltisinde Bekletme Ve Katlama Uygulamaları Gerçekleştirilen Tohumların Farklı pH Değerlerindeki Yetiştirme Ortamlarına Ekilmeleri ...... 66 4.4.1 Çimlenme oranı (%).............................................................................................. 67 4.4.2 Çimlenme süresi (gün) ......................................................................................... 68 5. TARTIŞMA ve SONUÇ ............................................................................................ 73 KAYNAKLAR ............................................................................................................... 81 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ................................................................................................................... 89 v ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ Şekil 1.1 Centaure tchihatcheffii Fish.&Mey. bitkisinin görünümü (Boşgelmez 2005) ………………………………………………………….... 3 Şekil 1.2 Centaure tchihatcheffii Fish.&Mey. çiçekleri (Boşgelmez 2005) ………….. 3 Şekil 1.3. Centaure tchihatcheffii Fish.&Mey. bitkisinin sınırlı sayıdaki korumaya alınmış yetişme alanlarından görüntü (Boşgelmez 2005) ……... 4 Şekil 2.1 Yayılışları özellik arzeden bazı Centaurea türlerinin Türkiye’deki dağılımı (Erik vd. 2005) …………………………………………………..10 Şekil 2.2 Devlet Opera ve Balesi’ne tahsis edilmiş ve sınırları koruma altına alınmış alanda gelişen C. tchihatcheffii bireyleri (Erik vd. 2005)…..11 Şekil 2.3 Orman İçi Dinlenme Tesisi’nde yetişmekte olan C. Tchihatcheffii populasyonu (Erik vd. 2005) …………………………………………..... 12 Şekil 2.4 Nadas alanlarında yaygın ve iyi gelişen C. Tchihatcheffii populasyonu (Erik vd. 2005, Erik vd. 2006) ……………………………. 12 Şekil 2.5. Yanardöner (Centaurea tchihatcheffii) bitkisinin görünümü ……………... 13 Şekil 2.6 Centaurea tchihatcheffii bitkisinde değişik morfoloji ve renklerdeki çiçek yapıları (Erik vd. 2005) ………………………………………...…. 14 Şekil 2.7 C. adpressa (Anonim 2008b) .………………………………..................... 16 Şekil 2.8 C. alpestris (Anonim 2008c) .……………………………………………... 16 Şekil 2.9 C. americana (Anonim 2008 a) ………………………...………………... 16 Şekil 2.10 C. aspera (Anonim 2008d) .…………………………………………….. 16 Şekil 2.11 C. atropurpurea (Anonim 2008e) .………………………………………. 17 Şekil 2.12 C. bella (Anonim 2008f) .……………………………………………….. 17 Şekil 2.13 C. calcitrapa (Anonim
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