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American Reportage and Propaganda in the Wars of Yugoslav Secession
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of International Affairs in University College The Rhetorical Assault: American Reportage and Propaganda in the Wars of Yugoslav Secession by Sarah Wion A thesis presented to University College of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts St. Louis, Missouri TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction: Media Spin at the Sochi Olympics 1 II. Propaganda: A Theoretical Approach 6 Propaganda in a Contemporary Conceptual Construct 8 Case Studies of Propaganda in the Media 13 III. Propaganda: A Diachronic Analysis 16 IV. Yugoslavia a State in the Crosshairs of Public Opinion 23 Yugoslavia: A Cold War Companion 24 Serbia: A Metaphor for Russian Dismantlement 27 V. Recycled Frames and Mental Shorthand 31 Milosevic: A Modern-Day Hitler 33 TIME Magazine and Bosnian Death Camps 41 VI. Sanctions and Safe Areas: Antagonistic Aid 47 VII. Case Studies of Victimization in Krajina and Kosovo VIII. Conclusion: Balkan Coverage – A New Paradigm ii DEDICATION To the peoples of the former Yugoslavia – may every inquiry bring a greater sense of justice and peace to the region. v ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS The Rhetorical Assault: American Reportage and Propaganda in the Wars of Yugoslav Secession by Sarah Wion Master of Arts in International Affairs Washington University in St. Louis Professor Marvin Marcus, Chair The contemporary political paradigm for democratic states is precariously balanced on the metaphoric scale of public opinion. As such, policy consensus is, in theory, influenced and guided by the public; however, publications like The Crisis of Democracy poignantly illustrate the reluctance of political elites to relinquish control over the state agenda, especially with respect to foreign affairs. -
Cultural Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution
Cultural Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution Introduction In his poem, The Second Coming (1919), William Butler Yeats captured the moment we are now experiencing: Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity. As we see the deterioration of the institutions created and fostered after the Second World War to create a climate in which peace and prosperity could flourish in Europe and beyond, it is important to understand the role played by diplomacy in securing the stability and strengthening the shared values of freedom and democracy that have marked this era for the nations of the world. It is most instructive to read the Inaugural Address of President John F. Kennedy, in which he encouraged Americans not only to do good things for their own country, but to do good things in the world. The creation of the Peace Corps is an example of the kind of spirit that put young American volunteers into some of the poorest nations in an effort to improve the standard of living for people around the globe. We knew we were leaders; we knew that we had many political and economic and social advantages. There was an impetus to share this wealth. Generosity, not greed, was the motivation of that generation. Of course, this did not begin with Kennedy. It was preceded by the Marshall Plan, one of the only times in history that the conqueror decided to rebuild the country of the vanquished foe. -
Same Soil, Different Roots: the Use of Ethno-Specific Narratives During the Homeland War in Croatia
Same Soil, Different Roots: The Use of Ethno-Specific Narratives During the Homeland War in Croatia Una Bobinac A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: Master of Arts in International Studies, Russian, Eastern European, Central Asian Studies University of Washington 2015 Committee: James Felak Daniel Chirot Bojan Belić Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Jackson School of International Studies 2 @Copyright 2015 Una Bobinac 3 University of Washington Abstract Same Soil, Different Roots: The Use of Ethno-Specific Narratives During the Homeland War in Croatia Una Bobinac Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor James Felak History This work looks at the way interpretations and misrepresentations of the history of World War II changed and evolved and their ultimate consequence on the Homeland War in Croatia from 1991 to 1995 between the resident Serb and Croat populations. Explored are the way official narratives were constructed by the communist regime, how and why this narrative was deconstructed, and by more ethno-specific narratives prevailed that fueled the nationalist tendencies of the war. This paper is organized chronologically, beginning with the historical background that puts the rest of the paper into context. The paper also discusses the nationalist resurfacing before the war by examining the Croatian Spring, nationalist re-writings of history, and other matters that influenced the war. The majority of the paper analyzes the way WWII was remembered and dismembered during the late 1980’s and early 1990’s by looking at rhetoric, publications, commemorations, and the role of the Catholic and Serbian Orthodox Churches. Operation Storm, which was the climax of the Homeland War and which expelled 200,000 Serbs serves as an end-point. -
The Serbian Paradox: the Cost of Integration Into the European Union
The Serbian Paradox: The Cost of Integration into the European Union Preston Huennekens Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In Political Science Yannis A. Stivachtis, Chair Besnik Pula Glenn R. Bugh April 17, 2018 Blacksburg, VA Keywords: Serbia, European Union, historical memory, nationalism, Balkan politics The Serbian Paradox: The Cost of Integration into the European Union Preston Huennekens Abstract This project addresses the Republic of Serbia’s current accession negotiations with the European Union, and asks how the country’s long and often turbulent history affects that dialogue. Using Filip Ejdus’ concept of historical memory and Benedict Anderson’s “imagined community” theory of nationalism, this paper discusses how Serbia has reached a critical moment in its history by pursuing European integration. This contradicts their historical pull towards their longtime ally Russia. What role does historical memory play in these negotiations, and is integration truly possible? Additionally, how is Serbia’s powerful president, Aleksandar Vucic, using the Europeanization process to strengthen his hand domestically? Abstract (General Audience) This thesis addresses the Republic of Serbia’s current accession negotiations with the European Union, and asks how the country’s long and often turbulent history affects that dialogue. I argue that Serbia is at a crossroads in its history: on one hand, it wishes to join the European Union, but on the other is continually pulled to the east with their historical ally, Russia. I argue that President Aleksandar Vucic is using the EU negotiations to enhance his own power and that if the EU admits Serbia into the body they will be trading regional stability for Serbian democracy. -
The Relationship Between Space, Resources, and Genocide
Ruling the Bloodlands: The Relationship between Space, Resources, and Genocide Connor Mayes Advisor: Dr. Kari Jensen, Department of Global Studies & Geography Committee: Dr. Zilkia Janer, Department of Global Studies & Geography, and Dr. Mario Ruiz, Department of History Honors Essay in Geography Fall 2017 Hofstra University Mayes 2 Contents Part 1: The Meaning of Genocide................................................................................................ 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3 Positionality and Purpose ......................................................................................................... 5 Definitions: Genocide, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity, and war crimes .......... 6 Part 2: Genocide and Resources ................................................................................................ 10 Material Murder: The Link between Genocide and Resources ......................................... 10 Land .......................................................................................................................................... 13 Natural Resources ................................................................................................................... 19 Human Resources .................................................................................................................... 25 Cultural and Urban Resources ............................................................................................. -
Centralisation of Serbia, 1987-1990
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The unfinished trial of Slobodan Milošević: Justice lost, history told Vrkić, N. Publication date 2015 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Vrkić, N. (2015). The unfinished trial of Slobodan Milošević: Justice lost, history told. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:28 Sep 2021 It was never in the spirit of the Serbian and Montenegrin nation to bow before adversity, to demobilise when they need to fight, to demoralize when times are tough. Slobodan Milošević, Speech at Kosovo Polje, 24 April 1987 Chapter IV: Centralisation of Serbia, 1987-1990 This chapter will explore the goal to centralise Serbia by describing the methods Milošević used to revoke the autonomy of the two autonomous provinces in Serbia, as well as analysing the extent to which the grievances of Kosovo Serbs were instrumentalised in order to politically mobilise Serbs and justify and legitimise changes to the status of Kosovo and Vojvodina. -
Secession and Survival: Nations, States and Violent Conflict by David S
Secession and Survival: Nations, States and Violent Conflict by David S. Siroky Department of Political Science Duke University Date: Approved: Dr. Donald L. Horowitz, Supervisor Dr. David L. Banks Dr. Alexander B. Downes Dr. Bruce W. Jentleson Dr. Erik Wibbels Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Political Science in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 abstract (Political Science) Secession and Survival: Nations, States and Violent Conflict by David S. Siroky Department of Political Science Duke University Date: Approved: Dr. Donald L. Horowitz, Supervisor Dr. David L. Banks Dr. Alexander B. Downes Dr. Bruce W. Jentleson Dr. Erik Wibbels An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Political Science in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 Copyright c 2009 by David S. Siroky All rights reserved Abstract Secession is a watershed event not only for the new state that is created and the old state that is dissolved, but also for neighboring states, proximate ethno-political groups and major powers. This project examines the problem of violent secession- ist conflict and addresses an important debate at the intersection of comparative and international politics about the conditions under which secession is a peaceful solution to ethnic conflict. It demonstrates that secession is rarely a solution to ethnic conflict, does not assure the protection of remaining minorities and produces new forms of violence. To explain why some secessions produce peace, while others generate violence, the project develops a theoretical model of the conditions that produce internally coherent, stable and peaceful post-secessionist states rather than recursive secession (i.e., secession from a new secessionist state) or interstate dis- putes between the rump and secessionist state. -
The Role of Religion in the Yugoslav War by Mohamed Elzarka
The Role of Religion in the Yugoslav War by Mohamed Elzarka Introduction of religion in the region, we will identify how the In the early 1990s, the Southeastern corner of close association of religious identity with ethnic Europe exploded in a firestorm of war and violence identity divided and polarized different religious between the different republics of the Socialist groups against one another for several centuries. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Civil war broke out paper will then explore how the polarization of these as tensions flared between different religious and groups was compounded by economic and cultural ethnic groups, and the republics that comprised differences, which further exacerbated the tensions the nation declared their independence. Starting and how these tensions translated into historical with Slovenia’s initial declaration and succeeded conflict over the course of the 20th century. Finally, by similar decrees in Bosnia, Croatia, Kosovo, and commentary on the historical pressures in the elsewhere, one nation was transformed into seven at Balkans will be unified with a discussion of some of the expense of nearly a decade of violence. According the rhetoric and political actions that immediately to the International Center for Transitional Justice preceded the war to determine how differences in (2009), the conflict included “widespread attacks religious and ethnic identity were used as motivators against civilians, population expulsions, systematic for war and how the political tensions between the rape and the use of concentration camps.” Most of different Yugoslav republics increased as a result. the massacres occurred in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Kosovo and, by the war’s end, “over Historical Perspective on Religious and Ethnic 140,000 people were killed and almost 4 million Divides others displaced” across the region (International In order to comprehend the conflict in greater Center for Transitional Justice, 2009). -
THE DISSOLUTION of YUGOSLAVIA (1990) Chaired by Jake Morris
THE DISSOLUTION OF YUGOSLAVIA (1990) Chaired by Jake Morris Session XXII The Dissolution of Yugoslavia (1990) Topic A: The End of Communism in Yugoslavia Topic B: E thnic Conflict in the Balkans Committee Overview Parliamentary Procedure As Yugoslavia enters the 1990s, The Parliamentary Procedure used communism is collapsing across Eastern in this committee will be uniform Europe and by January 1990, the throughout the entire conference, although Communist Party of Yugoslavia ceases to because it is a crisis committee, sometimes exist. It is up to you the determine the parliamentary procedure may be future of Yugoslavia, a federal republic that overlooked to keep the fast pace of the has just lost the only party that has led it committee. In the event of crises, delegates since World War II. Will you usher in a new may change Parliamentary Procedure to era of liberal democracy or will you attempt reflect the urgency of said crisis. to bring back the Communist party? Especially if democracy is the goal, how will you reconcile the different hopes and dreams of the many ethnic and religious groups within Yugoslavia? Sensing a looming crisis in the Balkans, the Americans and Soviets have invited you to a special summit to determine the future of Yugoslavia on February 1st, 1990. Besides the tensions surrounding the collapse of the Communist party, many are worried about ethnic and religious conflict destroying the fragile state. Your job is to work diligently to preserve peace while also protecting your political ideology and ethnic/religious group. Delegates should prepare for foreign interference, economic calamity, and other unforeseen challenges. -
Politics and the Life Sciences
Politics and the Life Sciences http://journals.cambridge.org/PLS Additional services for Politics and the Life Sciences: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Shaking the tyrant’s bloody robe Jordan Kiper and Richard Sosis Politics and the Life Sciences / Volume 35 / Issue 01 / March 2016, pp 27 - 47 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2016.7, Published online: 21 June 2016 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0730938416000071 How to cite this article: Jordan Kiper and Richard Sosis (2016). Shaking the tyrant’s bloody robe. Politics and the Life Sciences, 35, pp 27-47 doi:10.1017/pls.2016.7 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/PLS, IP address: 100.15.100.81 on 22 Jun 2016 Shaking the tyrant's bloody robe An evolutionary perspective on ethnoreligious violence Jordan Kiper, M.A.* and Richard Sosis, Ph.D.* *University of Connecticut ABSTRACT. Group violence, despite much study, remains enigmatic. Its forms are numerous, its proximate causes myriad, and the interrelation of its forms and proximate causes poorly understood. We review its evolution, including preadaptations and selected propensities, and its putative environmental and psychological triggers. We then reconsider one of its forms, ethnoreligious violence, in light of recent discoveries in the behavioral and brain sciences. We find ethnoreligious violence to be characterized by identity fusion and by manipulation of religious traditions, symbols, and systems. We conclude by examining the confluence of causes and characteristics before and during Yugoslavia's wars of disintegration. Key words: Collective violence, ethnic violence, identity fusion, intergroup conflict, religious system hen reproached for inspiring terror dur- to respond to the dynamic conditions of his times, to ing the French Revolution, Maximilien frame an emergent political struggle as a destined con- W de Robespierre reportedly responded that flict, and to justify violence morally. -
Commemorating the 25 Anniversary of the Srebrenica Genocide
Commemorating the 25th Anniversary of the Srebrenica Genocide Amsterdam, June 2020 Index 4) Introduction 6) Chronology 13) Historical Narratives - Introduction 16) Biographies - Ratko Mladić 18) Biographies - Radovan Karadžić 20) Op-Ed - The Power of Public Opinion 22) Biographies - Slobodan Milošević 25) Interview - Sir Geoffrey Nice 28) Op-Ed - Contextualising Hate 31) Historical Narratives - The United Nations 32) Historical Narratives - Dutchbat 33) Biographies - Thom Karremans 35) Biographies - Remko de Bruijne 37) Op-Ed - Lessons of History 39) Interview - Wolfgang Petritsch 43) Historical Narratives - The Untold Narrative 44) Biographies - Naser Oric 47) Biographies - Hasan Hasanovic 49) Interview - Adnan Ćerimagić 54) Biographies - Hatidža Mehmedović Remembering Srebrenica - 2 56) Interview - Sonja Biserko 61) Historical Narratives - The Religious Aspect 63) Interview - Hans Bloom 66) Conclusion 67) Index & Information Remembering Srebrenica - 3 Introduction Context This magazin has been writen and created by Bachelor Students of European Studies at the University of Amsterdam. As part of their course "European Studies at Work" the students were tasked with creating a unique and Writing Public History: comprehensive “Commemorating the 25th Anniversary account of the genocide of of the Srebrenica Genocide” Srebrenica through the perspective of "We spent two nights here in the fabric factory, those public history. More were the nights of terror and horror. I remember that information is during the daytime everything was normal and people available in the walked around, but with nightfall you would suddenly imprint. hear screams coming from somewhere.” Amsterdam, “Here was a mass grave, here. And I was laying down. June 2020 You see a meadow full of dead people. Over there exactly was a mass grave. -
DOOMED to FAIL? Kosovo and Serbia Conflict Through a Multicoloured Lens
DOOMED TO FAIL? Kosovo and Serbia Conflict through a multicoloured lens Word count: 22584 Cato Bequé Student number: 01503057 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Rozita Dimova Master thesis submitted to Ghent University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in East European Languages and Cultures Academic year: 2018 - 2019 Preface This dissertation has been written to complete the Master in Eastern European Languages and Cultures at Ghent University. I was engaged in researching and writing this dissertation in the second semester of the academical year 2018/2019. During the initial phase of my master's thesis, I actually had a slightly different subject, which dealt with the obstacles that Serbia must face before joining the EU. However, when I left for Serbia as part of an internship, I already noticed after a week that this would be too broad since there is still a lot that needs to be happened. Because of the same experience in Serbia, where I did an internship at the Embassy of Belgium in Belgrade, I was completely immersed in the final theme of this thesis. Although the conflict rarely reaches Western media and this year's high point is (already) celebrating its twentieth anniversary, the Kosovo issue is still alive and kicking in Serbia. I must admit that my knowledge of this subject was limited before the beginning of my research, but my interest in Eastern European politics and my curiosity in the Serbian culture have allowed me to deepen myself. First of all I would like to thank Prof. Dr.