Index

Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures and those in bold refer to tables and boxes

abacavir (ABC) 116 acute inflammatory demyelinat- alveolar hydatid disease 232 abdomen, fever 27, 187 ing polyneuropathy ascariasis 209, 210 abdominal pain 3–4, 44 (AIDP) 262–3 cestode infections 206 abortion, malaria 61 acute motor axonal neuropathy cutaneous larva migrans 318 abscess (AMAN) 263 cysticercosis 206 amoebic 186, 187 acute pneumonia 234 filariasis 144, 145 guinea worm 326 differential diagnosis 235–6 giardiasis 200 melioidosis 309 signs 234–5 hookworm 211 paratyphoid 286 symptoms 234 hydatid cyst disease 229 pyogenic 188 acute pulmonary loiasis 147 spinal epidural 265 histoplasmosis 328 strongyloidiasis 324 typhoid 282 acute schistosomiasis 162–3, 166–7, treatment of immigrants 371 see also liver abscess, amoebic 168 trichuriasis 212 Acanthamoeba species 185 Addison’s disease 34, 340 tropical pulmonary achlorhydria 195 adrenaline 343, 344, 357 eosinophilia 244–5 aciclovir 260 adult respiratory distress syndrome visceral larva migrans 213 acidaemia, malaria 64 (ARDS) 307 abuse 225 Actinomycetes 330 Aedes 142, 295, 299 hypertension 352–4 actinomycosis 91, 314 Aedes aegypti 296, 299 alcoholic psychosis 378 active immunization 269 Aedes albopictus 296 allergens activity, reduced 353 Aedes mosquitoes 245, 260, 287, asthma 355–6 acute bacterial pneumonia 14 288, 296, 299 avoidance 356 acute Chagas’ disease 155 affective (mood) changes 362 alpha-fetoprotein 225 acute dermatolymphangioadenitis aflatoxins 223, 228 alveolar hydatid disease see (ADLA) 142 African histoplasmosis 329 Echinococcus acute disseminated African Programme for multilocularis histoplasmosis 328 Onchocerciasis Control amikacin 98, 331 Acute Filarial Lymphangitis (APOC) 139–40 aminoglycoside 278, 331 (AFL) 142 African typhus 305 aminophylline 357 acute flaccid 261 clinical features 305 aminosidine 78 acute inflammatory demyelinating treatment 305 amitriptyline 362 polyneuropathy 262–3 AIDS amodiaquine-artesunate 66 acute motor axonal economic impact 107 amoebapores 186 neuropathy 263 COPYRIGHTEDmalabsorption 4 MATERIALamoebiasis 185 anterior horn cell damage mortality 98 amoebic dysentery 185, 358 causing 262 surveillance 104 amoebic liver abscess 187–8 clinical presentations 261–3 see also HIV infection antigen detection and definition 261 AIDS defining–opportunistic polymerase chain enterovirus 71 262 infections 109 reaction 188–9 immune-mediated causes 262–3 AIDS–dementia complex 266 clinical features 186–8 Japanese encephalitis virus 262 AIDS-related complex (ARC) 104– cysts eradication 189–90 conduction studies 263 5, 109 developments 191 pathophysiology 261–3 ALA 187 endoscopy 189 262 complications 188 epidemiology 185 acute infection 323 albendazole 201, 203, 206, 327, 360 imaging 189

380 Index

immunosuppression, interactions angiotensin converting enzyme -borne virus see with 190 (ACE) arboviruses intestinal amoebiasis 186–7 hypertension 354 Ascaris 244 invasive amoebiasis 189 angular stomatitis 376 Ascaris lumbricoides (ascariasis) investigations 188–9 Anopheles mosquitoes 142, 287 191, 208, 209 life cycle 185–6 anterior horn cell damage 262, clinical features 209–10 management 189–90 263 epidemiology 209 microscopy 188 antibiotic resistance 239 investigations 210 parasite 185–6 antibiotics life cycle 209 pathogenesis 186 for cholera 197 management 210 practical points 190 for dysentery 193 parasites 209 prevention and public health for malaria 64 prevention and public health aspects 190 for 302 aspects 210 serology 189 for tropical ulcer 312 ascaris pneumonitis 209 amoebic abscess 187 for tuberculosis 92 Ascaris suum 209 amoebic colitis for typhoid fever 284 ascorbic acid see vitamin C differential diagnosis 187 antidepressants 362, 364 aseptic meningitis 307 amoebic hepatitis 187 antiemetics 9, 206 aspirin 338 amoebic liver abscess 27, 187–8, antigen detection and polymerase assassin bug see triatomine bugs 236 chain reaction 188–9 asthma 14, 15, 235, 355–9 amoeboma 187, 190 antihistamine 344 beta-blocker amoxicillin 237, 251, 285 antipsychotics 362 contraindications 354 amoxicillin clavulanate 310 antipyretics 26 care organization 357–9 amphotericin B 77, 112, 190, 203, antiretroviral drugs causes 356 237, 251, 255, 329 HIV therapy 115–16 complications 356–7 cryptococcal meningitis 255 antivenom diagnosis 355–6, 356 histoplasmosis 329 marine 346 education 357–8 liposomal 77 snake bites 343–4 epidemiology 355 visceral leishmaniasis 77 spider bites 345 exacerbations 357 amputation appendicitis 3 guinea worm 326 Madura foot 331 ascariasis 209 intestinal parasite load in tropical ulcers 311, 312 arboviral encephalitis 256 children 356 anaemia 36–9 arboviruses 287 management 357 aplastic 38 chikungunya 287 nurse-led treatment 358, 359 blood transfusion 39, 39 clinical syndromes 287–8 pneumonia, differential breathing difficulties 12 288 diagnosis of 235 clinical diagnosis 36 dengue virus 288 prevalence 356 haemolytic in typhoid 282, 283 fever–arthralgia–rash (FAR) treatment use 357 history and examination 36 arboviruses 287–8 urban 356 hookworm 210, 211, 212 hosts 287 asylum seekers 370 iron deficiency 338 O’nyong nyong 287–8 health assessment 370–1 laboratory investigations 37–8 ross river 288 health issues 370 macrocytic 37–8 vectors 287 atovaquone–proguanil malaria 57 Arenavirus 291 malaria prophylaxis 69 management 38–9 arsenic, chronic 34 malaria therapy 68 megaloblastic 340 artemether 65 Australian elapids 342 microcytic 37 Artemisia annua 65 autoimmune disorders 340 normocytic 38 artemisinin drugs azithromycin 193, 202, 283, 285, pernicious 340 malaria therapy 65–6 305, 307 severe in P. falciparum malaria 60 schistosomiasis 168 Ancylostoma braziliense 318 artesunate 65 31 Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworms) arthritis 239 bacillary dysentery 192 208, 210 guinea worm 326 clinical features 192–3 angina 354 typhoid 282 epidemiology 192

381 Index bacillary dysentery (Continued) 342–4 breathing investigation 193 spider bites 345 assessment 22 management 193 bithionol 227 coma 19 microbiology 192 blackflies 135 breathlessness 11 prevention and public health blackwater fever 61 bronchiectasis 11, 12, 91 aspects 193–4 Blastocystis hominis 191, 202, 203 bronchitis 356 bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) blindness bronchodilators, oral 357 leprosy 176 bronchospasm 236 Buruli ulcer 315 onchocerciasis 136–7 Brucella abortus 275, 276, 277 hookworm prevalence 212 blood Brucella canis 275 leprosy 181 cultures in respiratory Brucella melitensis 275, 276, 277 Bacillus fusiformis 311 disease 13–14 Brucella suis 275, 276 bacitracin 203 HIV transmission 105–6 Brucellae 275 bacterial meningitis 246 prescribing 39 brucellosis 27, 275 steroids use 251–2 blood clotting test 343, 343 clinical features 275–6 bacterial pneumonia 15 blood pressure 353 control 278 Balamuthia mandrillaris 185 see also hypertension diagnosis 276–7 Balantidium coli 191, 202, 203 blood transfusion 39 epidemiology 275 banana spiders 345 HIV transmission 105 follow-up 278 bancroftian filariasis malaria 64 pregnancy 278 clinical effects 142, 143 body cavity myiasis 317 public health aspects 278–9 life cycle 142 body lice 321 treatment 278 barbiturate 268 borderline lepromatous Brugia malayi 140, 143, 244 BCG vaccination 96 leprosy 176 Brugia timori 140 bed nets, impregnated borderline leprosy (BB) 176 Bulinus 160 filariasis 140 borderline tuberculoid (BT) 175–6 bullae 34 malaria 72 Borrelia (relapsing fever) 301, 302 Bunyaviridae 294 bedbugs 218 pathology 302 Burkholderia pseudomallei 309, 310 bedsores 260 Borrelia duttonii 301 Burkitt’s lymphoma benzhexol 362 Borrelia hermsii 301 malaria endemic areas 63 benzimidazole 156, 227 Borrelia hispanica 301 burns benzyl benzoate 320 Borrelia persica 301 drug eruptions 34 benzylpenicillin 111, 112, 237, Borrelia recurrentis 31, 301 epilepsy 360 251, 273 Borrelia turicatae 301 buruli ulcer 311, 313 beriberi 378 Borrelia venezuelensis 301 background 313 beta-2 agonists 357 bot fly 316 clinical features 313–14 beta-blockers 354, 356 bowel carcinoma 338 differential diagnosis 314 bilharziasis see schistosomiasis bowel tumours 5 epidemiology 313 biliary cirrhosis 228 brain investigations 314 biliary colic 3 cysticercosis 205 management 314–15 ascariasis 209 midline herniation microbiology 313 liver fluke 227 syndromes 22 prevention 315 biltricide see praziquantel Plasmodium falciparum public health 315 Biomphalaria 160 malaria 59 bipolar affective tumours 359 Calabar swelling 146 disorder 362–3 brainstem calcium blockers 354 birth damage 21 Campylobacter 7, 9 HIV transmission 105 signs 23 Campylobacter jejuni 263 hypoxia/injury 359 Brazilian wandering spider see Candida 107, 109, 113 birth weight, low in malaria 69 banana spiders candidiasis bites and stings breast-feeding mouth 27, 113 marine envenoming 345–6 HIV transmission 105 oesophageal 3, 113 stings 344–5 leprosy 181 Capillaria philippinensis 166

382 Index carbamazepine 360 indeterminate and chronic refugees 370, 371 card agglutination test for trypano- phase 156 respiratory illness 12 somes (CATT) 151 life cycle 155 Reye’s syndrome 26 card indirect agglutination parasite 155 schistosomiasis 162 test for trypanosomes parasitological techniques 156 shigellosis 193 (CIATT) 151 pathogenesis 155 snake bite 344 cardiac syndrome treatment 156 swollen belly syndrome 322 leptospirosis 307 chagoma see cutaneous oedema tetanus vaccination 273 Casal’s necklace 378 chancre, trypanosomal 148–9, 151 Chinese paralytic syndrome see causal prophylactics 69 chancroid 46 acute motor axonal CD4 cells 107, 108 HIV infection risk 104 neuropathy (AMAN) counts 109, 115, 117 chemicals, ingestion of corrosive 3 chlamydia 46, 104 leprosy 172 chemoprophylaxis 239, 250, 251, HIV infection risk 104 CD8 cells 173 252 chloramphenicol 111, 112, 237, cefixime 283, 284 chest pain 12 250, 251, 283, 285, 302, cefotaxime 250, 283 chest X-ray 376 ceftazidime 310 pneumonia 239 African tick typhus 305 ceftriaxone 193, 250, 278, 283, respiratory disease 13 Haemophilus influenzae 302, 307 Cheyne–Stokes breathing 22 meningitis 251 cell-mediated immunity chiggers 316–17 louse-borne typhus 304 (CMI) 171, 217, 374 chikungunya 287 meningococcal disease 250 central (CNS) child protection 370 pneumococcal disease 250–1 HIV infection 114 children resistance 305 infections 23–5 anaemia 38–9 305 schistosomiasis 165 iron deficiency 339 chlorguanide 69 space occupying lesions 19 ascariasis 209 chloroquine 65, 66, 67, 190 trypanosomiasis 150, 151 breathlessness 14 amoebiasis 189 cephalic tetanus 273 brucellosis 276 malaria prophylaxis 69, 70 cephalosporins, third-generation Chagas’ disease 155 malaria therapy 65, 66, 67 Haemophilus influenzae cholera 195 chlorpromazine 344, 362 meningitis 251 fever 26, 28 chlorpropamide 350, 351 meningococcal disease 250 hepatitis B vaccination 221 cholangiocarcinoma, oriental liver pneumococcal disease 250–1 HIV infection 30, 105, 106 fluke 228 cercariae 162 prevalence 104 cholangitis cercarial penetration, effects of 162 transmission reduction 106 ascariasis 209 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) intestinal parasite load 356 oriental liver fluke 228 brucellosis 276 leprosy 181 cholecystitis 3 in CNS infections 24–5 malaria 38 cholera 5, 195 cryptococcosis 254 cerebral 60 antimicrobial agents 197 Japanese encephalitis 257 malnutrition control 197–8 pyogenic meningitis 249, 250 aetiology 373 diagnosis 196–7 trypanosomiasis 151 classification 374 diarrhoea 196, 197 cervical erosion 104 clinical features 374 epidemiology 195–7 cervical neoplasia 108 community-based maintenance Chagas’ disease 155 therapeutic care 377 hydration 197 acute Chagas’ disease 155 HIV 377 microbiology 195 acute stage 156 investigations 374 pandemic 196 chronic Chagas’ disease 155–6 management 375–7 pathogenesis 195 clinical features 155–6 tuberculosis 377 prevention 197–8 control 156–7 pneumonia 233 rehydration 197 diagnosis 156 risk 234 treatment 197 epidemiology 156–7 pyogenic meningitis 246 vaccine 198 immunocompromise 156 pyrexia of unknown origin 31 cholera vibrios 9, 196

383 Index chromoblastomycosis cognitive behaviour therapy Councilman bodies 300 diagnosis 331 (CBT) 362 management 290 treatment 331 coinfection crithidia see epimastigotes chronic Chagas’ hepatitis D 221 Crohn’s disease 340 disease 155–6 colitis cromoglycate 357 chronic disseminated amoebic 187, 189 croup 12 histoplasmosis 328 colon crusted scabies 320 chronic neurological disorders 17 pseudopolyposis 164 cryptococcal meningitis (CM) 254 chronic obstructive pulmonary strictures in amoebiasis 187 clinical features 254 disease (COPD) 11, 14 colonoscopy in amoebiasis 189 diagnosis 254–5 asthma differential Colorado tick fever 288 organism and epidemiology 254 diagnosis 356 coma treatment 255 chronic pulmonary cerebral malaria 59 cryptococcosis 30, 254 histoplasmosis 328 hyperosmolar non-ketotic 350 HIV infection 109 chronic strongyloidiasis 323 P. falciparum malaria 58–9, 60 Cryptococcus 266 chronic ulceration 312 rapid assessment 19–23 Cryptococcus neoformans 108, 254, Chrysomia bezziana (Old World coma scale 20, 21 255 screw fly) 317 commercial sex workers 102, 106 Cryptosporidium hominis 201 Chrysops 146 community-based therapeutic care Cryptosporidium parvum 191, 200, chyluria 143, 145 (CTC) 367, 377 201, 202 cimetidine 205 Community-Directed Treatment Cryptosporidium spp. 201 66 with Ivermectin Culex 142, 260, 287, 288, 295 ciprofloxacin 8, 112, 203 (ComDT) 139–40, 146 Culex pipiens 258 bacillary dysentery 193 complex humanitarian Culex tritaeniorhynchus 256 pneumonia 237 emergencies (CHEs) 365 Culiseta mosquitoes 260 pyogenic meningitis 250 condoms 47, 106, 223 Cushing’s syndrome 353 relapsing fevers 302 Conn’s syndrome 353 cutaneous larva migrans 318 scrub typhus 305 consciousness, altered 58–9 clinical features 318 sexually transmitted contractures in viral parasitology 318 infections 42 encephalitis 260 prevention 319 typhoid carriers 285 convulsions in malaria 64 treatment 318–19 circulation in coma 19 copper 376 cutaneous oedema 155 circumcision Cordylobia anthropophaga (Tumbu Cyclops (copepod) 326 hepatitis B transmission 218 fly) 316 Cyclospora 203 HIV infection risk 106 corticosteroids 3, 28, 96 Cyclospora cayetanensis 191, 202 classical Guillain–Barré cosmetic surgery 181 Cyclospora oocysts 202 syndrome see acute inflam- co-trimoxazole 237, 376 cysticercosis 34, 205–6 matory brucellosis 278 epilepsy 360 demyelinating HIV infection and disease 98, cysts, eradication of 189–90 polyneuropathy (AIDP) 111, 113, 115 cytomegalovirus 108 classical histoplasmosis 328–9 Madura foot 331 clinical features 328 melioidosis 310 dairy products, brucellosis 275, 279 diagnosis 328–9 typhoid 283, 285 dapsone 178 treatment 329 cough 11–12 DDS syndrome 178 clofazimine 178, 180, 181 brucellosis 276 pregnancy 181 Clonorchis sinensis see Opisthorchis HIV infection 111, 112 DDS syndrome 178 sinensis immunosuppression 16 DDT 321 Clostridium difficile 7, 191 relapsing fevers 302 louse treatment 321 Clostridium tetani 272, 273 tuberculosis 90 malaria 71 co-artem malaria therapy 66 Councilman bodies 300 sandfly eradication 79 cobalamin see vitamin B12 deficiency coxsackie virus 262 decorticate posturing 22–3 coca-colonization 348 Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever deep tissue invasion 312 codeine phosphate 110, 113 (CCHF) 289, 294–5 deferiprone 335

384 Index dehydration diagnosis 349 tetanus and pertussis (DTP) in adults 6 WHO criteria 349 immunization 273 cholera 195, 196 diet 350 diphyllobothriasis 206 prevention 376 epidemiology 348–9 Diphyllobothrium latum see also oral rehydration solution; fibrocalculous pancreatic 350 (diphyllobothriasis) rehydration, cholera leprosy differential 206, 266 delayed hyperaesthesia 150 diagnosis 177 dipylidiasis 206 delirium, scrub typhus 305 malnutrition-modulated 350 Dipylidium caninum delta hepatitis see hepatitis D virus malnutrition-related 350 (dipylidiasis) 206 (HDV) management 350–1 direct agglutination test (DAT) 76 delusions 361–2 nurse-led care 352 direct observation of therapy demographic transition pneumonia risk 234 (DOT) 96–7 non-communicable diseases 348 prevalence 349 disseminated intravascular dengue fever (DF) 29, 296, 298 type 1 349 coagulation (DIC) 35 clinical features 296–8 type 2 349 malaria 61, 64 dengue haemorrhagic fever diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) P. falciparum 61 (DHF) 298 12, 350 splenectomy 51 pathogenesis 299 pneumonia differential disturbed behaviour 362 differential diagnosis 299 diagnosis 235 Dobrova virus 294 epidemiology 296 treatment 351 dogs fever in HIV infection 30 in resource-poor control 271 investigations 298 settings 351 hydatid disease 229, 231 leptospirosis differential diamorphine 268 leishmaniasis 78 diagnosis 302 diarrhoea 5–9 rabies 267 management 298–9 Campylobacter jejuni 263 dot immunoassay tests, HIV manifestations 299 cholera 196, 197 testing 103 prevention 299 clinical syndromes 5–7 doxycycline 197, 302, 307, 310 299 dehydration 6 African tick typhus 305 dengue haemorrhagic fever examination 5 brucellosis 278 (DHF) 35, 296, 298, 299 giardiasis 200 filariasis 144 dengue shock syndrome (DSS) 298 history 4–5 leptospirosis 307, 308 dengue virus 288 HIV infection 9, 113 louse-borne typhus 304 depressive disorder 362 host factors 5 malaria prophylaxis 69 288 investigations 7–9, 8 onchocerciasis 139 Dermatobia hominis (bot fly) 316 management 9 scrub typhus 305 dermatological presentations pneumonia 233, 234 dracunculiasis see guinea worm bullae 34 diazepam 260, 345, 360 infection creeping eruptions 32–3 Dicrocoelium dendriticum 191 Dracunculus medinensis (guinea papules 33 didanosine (ddi) 116 worm; dracunculiasis) 326 petechial rashes 34–5 diencephalon damage 21 drug users, injecting pigmentation, changes in 34 Dientamoeba fragilis 185 hepatitis B 220 skin itching 32 diet in diabetes mellitus 350 hepatitis D 221 skin nodules 33–4 diethylcarbamazine citrate HIV prevalence 104 skin ulcers 32 (DEC) 138, 146 HIV transmission 105 urticaria 34 provocative test 143–4 Duffy blood group antigen 62 desferrioxamine 335 tropical pulmonary dumb rabies 267 dexamethasone 28, 205–6, 243, eosinophilia 245 Durban’s sign 187 251 visceral larva migrans 213 dysentery 192 dextrose 376 diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis amoebic 358 diabetes mellitus 348–52 (DCL) 80, 81, 82 bacillary 192–4 care organization 351–2 diffuse encephalopathies 20, 21 trichuris 212 causes 349–50 diloxanide furoate 189 dysphagia 3 complications 350 diphtheria 19 HIV infection 30

385 Index dyspnoea 11 La Crosse virus 260 features 348 malaria 61 management 260 epilepsy 359–60, 361 relapsing fevers 302 Murray valley encephalitis care organization 360, 361 virus 258 causes 359 Eastern equine encephalitis 259 St Louis encephalitis virus 258 classification 359 Ebola Cote d’Ivoire 294 tick-borne encephalitis virus 258 complications 360 Ebola fever 35, 294 viral 299 cysticercosis 205 Ebola Reston 294 West Nile virus 258 diagnosis 359 Ebola Sudan 294 Encephalitozoon intestinalis 203 epidemiology 359 Ebola Zaire 294 encephalopathy 17 management 360 Echinococcus granulosus (cystic metabolic 299 prevalence 359 hydatid disease) 229–31 reactive arsenical 152 epimastigotes 148, 155 clinical features 229–30 endocarditis 239, 278 epinephrine see adrenaline investigations 230 Endolimax nana 185 epistaxis in brucellosis 276 life cycle 229 endoscopic retrograde cholan- Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) prevention and control 231 giopancreatography malaria endemic areas 63 treatment 230–1 (ERCP) 228 equine encephalitis viruses 260 Echinococcus multilocularis (alveolar Entamoeba dispar (amoebiasis) erythema nodosum 33 hydatid disease) 231–2 185, 188, 189, 190 erythema nodosum leprosum clinical features 232 Entamoeba gingivalis 185 (ENL) reaction 175, investigations 232 Entamoeba hartmanni 185 179–80 life cycle 231–2 Entamoeba histolytica erythromycin 111, 237, 302 treatment 232 (amoebiasis) 7, 188, 190, Escherichia coli 6, 185, 192 Echinococcus vogeli 229 191, 200, 358 Escherichia coli O157:H7 193 echovirus 262 life cycle 185–6 espundia 81 ectopic disease 241, 243 liver invasion 187 ethambutol 92 ectopic flukes 226 virulence factor 189 extended programme on eczema 32 Entamoeba moshkovskii 185 immunization (EPI) 221 education Entamoeba polecki 185 eye disease asthma 358 enteric fever 5 leprosy 176, 177 epilepsy 360 see also typhoid fever onchocerciasis 136–7 HIV infection 106 enterobacteriacae 280 eye worm see Loa loa hypertension 354 Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm; infection efavirenz (EFV) 116 threadworm) 191 eyes eflornithine 152, 153 Enterocytozoon bieneusi 191, 202, movements 21–2 elapids 342 203 spitting 344 electroconvulsive therapy 362 Enterotest capsule 324 electrolyte imbalance 9, 376 enterovirus 71 262 F75 (75 kcal/100 mL of milk) 376, elephantiasis, filariasis 142 envenoming 376 ELISA testing marine 345–6 F100 (100 kcal/100 mL of brucellosis 277 scorpion stings 344–5 milk) 376–7, 376 HIV testing 102 snake bite 342, 343 fasciola excretory–secretory empyema 27, 236 spider bites 345 (FES) 227 emtricitabine (FTC) 116, 220 enzyme-linked immunotransfer blot Fasciola gigantica (liver fluke) 226 encephalitis 19, 256–60 (EITB) 230 Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) 191, arboviral 256 enzymopathies 335 226, 227 causes 256, 257 see also glucose-6-phosphate Fasciolopsis buski (intestinal complications 260 dehydrogenase (G6PD) fluke) 228 epilepsy 359 deficiency febrile illness see fever equine encephalitis eosinophilia 166-7 feeding 376 viruses 260 epidemic polyarthritis 288 malnutrition 376 global distribution 259 epidemics, control 368–9 feeding programmes, Japanese encephalitis 256–8 epidemiological transition 348 selective/therapeutic 367

386 Index fever 26–31 supplements in sickle cell prevention 201 acute 28 disease 334 public health 201 African tick typhus 305 folic acid see folate gibbus 265 brucellosis 275–6 Fonsecaea pedrosoi GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) 146 chronic 29 (chromoblastomycosis) glibenclamide 351, 352 clinical problems 30–1 331 Global Alliance for the Elimination examination 26–7 food, humanitarian of Lymphatic Filariasis history 26 26 emergencies 366–8 (GAELF) 145–6 HIV infection 28, 30, 111, 112 food contamination Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative 315 investigation 27–8 paratyphoid 280, 286 Glossina fuscipes 153 louse-borne typhus 304 typhoid 280 glossitis 379 malaria 57 food poisoning 5 glucose, blood levels pathogenesis 26 foreign bodies, ingestion 3 malaria 64 respiratory illness 14 formol gel test (FGT) 75 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase scrub typhus 305 fungal infections 34 (G6PD) deficiency 61, 62, symptomatic treatment 26 chromoblastomycosis 331 68, 178, 335, 336 treatment 28–9 mycetoma 330–1 clinical features 335–6 fever–arthralgia–rash (FAR) nails 111 diagnosis 336 syndrome 296 skin 32 epidemiology 335 arboviruses 287–8 sporotrichosis 331 management 336 fibrocalculous pancreatic funnel-web spider 345 glucose–electrolyte solutions 197 diabetes (FCPD) 350 furazolidone 197, 201 glucose tolerance test (GTT) 349 filariasis 133 furuncle 33 gonorrhoea 46 bancroftian 142, 143 HIV infection risk 104 brugian 143 gastritis 3 ground itch 211 control 145–6 see also stomach growth retardation, whipworm 212 diagnosis 143–4 gastrointestinal infections in refu- Guillain–Barré syndrome 19, 261, lymphatic 140–2, 141 gees/asylum seekers 371 262, 263 management 144 gastrointestinal presentations guinea worm infection treatment 144–5 abdominal pain 3–4 clinical features 326 filariform larvae 142, 211 diarrhoea 4–9 control 327 Filovirus 294 dysphagia 3 diagnosis 326 finger clubbing in tuberculosis 90 haematemesis 3 distribution 327 fish, venomous 345 malabsorption 4 life cycle 326 fish tank granuloma 331 see also named regions treatment 327 fish tapeworm 206, 266 generalized tetanus 272 fisherman’s itch 162 Geneva Convention 365 haematemesis 3 flaviviruses 256, 262 genital herpes simplex 104 haematinic deficiencies flexible gastroduodenoscopy 324 genital mutilation, female 370 cobalamin deficiency flucloxacillin 111, 251 genital ulcer disease 40, 41, 45, 46 clinical features 340 fluconazole 83, 113, 114 gentamicin 112, 251, 278, 376 investigations 340 cryptococcal meningitis 255 Giardia 199, 200, 201 management 340 histoplasmosis 329 Giardia duodenalis 199 folate deficiency HIV prophylaxis 115 Giardia intestinalis 199 clinical features 339 flucytosine 255, 331 Giardia lamblia 4, 199, 200 investigations 339–40 fluoroquinolone 193, 252, 278, giardiasis 199 management 340 283 clinical features 199–200 iron deficiency fluoxetine 362, 364 differential diagnosis 200 clinical features 338 flupenthixol 362 epidemiology 199 investigations 338–9 fluphenazine 362 investigations 200 management 339 fluroquinolones 113 life cycle 199 haemoglobin folate 37, 376 management 200–1 genotype 63 deficiency 339–40 parasite 199 measurement 38

387 Index haemoglobin (Continued) helminths, soil-transmitted see antiretroviral therapy 115–16 sickle 333 soil-transmitted helminths asylum seekers 371 haemoglobinopathies 333 hemiparesis 22 clinical problems 110–14 β thalassaemia 335 hemispheric signs 23 control strategies 106–7 clinical features 334 HemoCue Hb 301 system 37 cough and fever 111–12 diagnosis 334 Henoch–Schönlein purpura 35 cutaneous leishmaniasis 82 epidemiology 334 hepatitis disease mechanisms 107–8 management 334–5 amoebic liver abscess differential early disease 109 protection against malaria 334 diagnosis 188 economic impact 107 sickle cell anaemia 333 dengue 299 epidemiology 103–4 haemoglobinuria, malaria 61 fever 27 epilepsy 359 haemolytic anaemia 178, 282 viral 215 fever 30 haemolytic uraemic syndrome 193 hepatitis A virus (HAV) 216, 223 HIV-1 101–2 Haemophilus ducreyi 104 hepatitis B virus (HBV) HIV-2 101–2 Haemophilus influenzae 14, 111, 216–20, 217, 218 late disease 110 237 asylum seekers 371 latent phase 109 Haemophilus influenzae type b immunization 220–1 leishmaniasis coinfection 75 (Hib) 239, 246 hepatitis C virus (HCV) 222–3 malaria 62 epidemiology 248 asylum seekers 371 natural history 109–10 management 251 hepatitis D virus (HDV) 221–2 pathogenesis 107 vaccines 248 hepatitis E virus (HEV) 223, 224 prophylaxis 114–20 haemoptysis 12 hepatocellular carcinoma public health 40 haemorrhage 187 (HCC) 216, 223, 225 refugees 368 haemorrhagic fever with renal hepatoma see hepatocellular respiratory illness 15–16 syndrome (HFRS) 290, carcinoma seroconversion 109 294 hepatomegaly 27 seroprevalence 104 haemorrhoids 338 fever 27 skin problems 110 hairy string test 324 leishmaniasis 74 staging 108–9 hallucinations 361 liver fluke 226 surveillance 103–4 halofantrine 68 oriental liver fluke 228 and TB 89, 90–1, 98–9, 377 haloperidol 361, 362 relapsing fevers 302 testing 47, 102–3, 103 Hansen’s disease 171 hepatosplenomegaly, scrub toxoplasmosis 114 see also leprosy typhus 305 transmission 104–6 Hantaan fever 290, 294 herpes simplex 104 infected blood 105–6 Hantaan virus 294 herpes viruses 266 risk 104–5 hantavirus pulmonary herpes zoster 110–11 sexual 104 syndrome 294 hiatus hernia 338 vertical 105 HBeAg 217, 218 highly active antiretroviral therapy viruses 101 HbF 37, 333 (HAART) 17, 31, 75 see also AIDS HbS 333, 334 Histoplasma capsulatum var HIV myelopathy 266 HBsAg 216, 217 capsulatum 328, 329 hookworm endemicity 219 Histoplasma capsulatum var clinical features 211 head injury 359 duboisii (African epidemiology 210 head lice 321 histoplasmosis) 328 investigations 211–12 headache 19 histoplasmosis 328 iron deficiency 338 Heaf test 86 African histoplasmosis 328–9 life cycle 211 health care, in humanitarian classical histoplasmosis 328–9 management 212 emergencies 368 disseminated 328 parasites 211 health care workers HIV infection 329 prevention and public health HIV prophylaxis 115, 117, 118 pulmonary 328 aspects 212 HIV transmission 105–6 HIV-1 101–2 hookworm folliculitis 318 heart failure, hypertensive 354 HIV-2 101–2 house dust mites 356 Helicobacter pylori 3, 191, 199 HIV infection 101–20 human herpes virus 8 113

388 Index human resources/training, epidemiology 352–3 interleukin 1 26 humanitarian management 354 interleukin 2 172 emergencies 369 prevalence 353 interleukin 6 26 human T lymphotrophic risk factors 353 intermittent presumptive virus type 1 (HTLV-1) 266 hypertensive crisis 354 therapy (IPT) 69 humanitarian emergencies 365–9 hypertrophic lichen planus 34 internally displaced persons communicable diseases hyperventilation 22 (IDPs) 365 control 368–9 hypnozoite 55 international normalized ratio coordination 369 hypochlorhydria 5 (INR) 215 emergency phase 365, 366 hypoglycaemia intestinal amoebiasis 186–7 epidemics control 368 diabetes mellitus 350 intestinal cestode infections food 366–8 malaria 64 cysticercosis 205–6 health care 368 P. falciparum 61 diphyllobothriasis 206 human resources and training 369 malnutrition hymenolepiasis and initial assessment 366 prevention 375–6 dipylidiasis 206 measles immunization 366 hypothermia prevention 376 life cycle 204–5 mid-upper arm circumference 367 management 206 nutrition 366–8 imipramine 362 parasites 204–5 post-emergency phase 369 immunosuppression prevention 206 public health surveillance 369 amoebiasis 190 intestinal flukes 228 in resource-poor countries 365 cough 16 intestinal obstruction 3 shelter and site planning 368 HIV 108–9 ascariasis 209 water and sanitation 366 malaria 63 intestinal parasite load 356 Hyalomma 294 impetigo, bullous 34 intestinal protozoal infections 201 hydatid cyst disease see Echinococcus indirect fluorescent antibody test Balantidium coli 202 granulosus (IFAT) 63 Blastocystis hominis 202 hydatid disease 229 infants clinical features 201 Echinococcus granulosus 229–31 exposure to sandfly bites 83 Cryptosporidium parvum 201 Echinococcus multilocularis 231–2 hepatitis B virus 218 Cyclospora cayetanensis 202 hydralazine 354 vaccination 221 investigations 202 hydrocele, filariasis 142 low birth weight in malaria 69 Isospora belli 201–2 hydrocephalus 205 infections life cycle 201 hydrophobia 267 asylum seekers 370 management 202–3 hydroxycobalamin injections 340 asylum seekers 371 microsporidia 202 hygiene diabetes mellitus 350 parasite 201 amoebiasis prevention 190 log–normal distribution 161 intestinal TB 4 ascariasis 209 malnutrition 376 intracranial pressure, raised asthma 356 multidrug-resistant 371 cerebral malaria 60 giardiasis 201 refugees 371 cryptococcal meningitis 255 helminth infections 208 see also fungal infections lung fluke 243 shigellosis 193–4 infectious mononucleosis viral encephalitis 260 hymenolepiasis 206 fever 27 intravenous magnesium 273, 346 Hymenolepis diminuta 206 infectious neurological diseases 17 invasive amoebiasis 189 Hymenolepis nana 191, 204, 206 inflammatory diarrhoea iodoquinol 190 hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma clinical features 6 iron chelation 335 (HNK) 350 pathogens in 7 iron deficiency hyper-reactive malarial insect bites 32 clinical features 338 splenomegaly 50–1 see also bites and stings investigations 338–9 hypertension 352–5 insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) 72 management 339 care organization 354–5 insulin 351 iron-deficient red cells 38 causes 353 Integrated Management of Childhood isoniazid 92, 115 complications 353–4 Illness (IMCI) strategy 14 tuberculosis 92 diagnosis 353 interferon-γ (IFN-γ) 172 preventive therapy 96

389 Index

Isospora 113, 202, 203 clinical features 323 prevention 78–9 Isospora belli 190, 201–2 rash 324 serological evidence 75–6 Isospora oocysts 202 larva migrans 32 splenic aspirate 76 itching, skin 32 cutaneous 318–19 splenomegaly 74 itraconazole 83, 329, 331 hookworm 211 vector elimination/ ivermectin 213, 319, 320, 324–5 ocular 213 avoidance 79 loiasis 146 prevention 318–19 viscerotropic 75 microfilariae 144, 145 visceral 213 leishmaniasis recidivans (LR) 80, 82 onchocerciasis 138–9, 140 laryngotracheobronchitis 12 leishmanin test 82 ticks 258 Lassa fever 35, 290, 291 Lemierre’s syndrome 29 management 293 lepromatous leprosy (LL) 82, 173, Japanese encephalitis 262 latrines, refugee camps 366 176 clinical features 257 Latrodectus (widow spiders) 345 leprosy 19, 27, 171–81 epidemiology 256–7 left ventricular hypertrophy 354 anaesthesia 173, 175 future developments 258 Leishmania80 BCG vaccine 181 investigations 257 lifecycle 73–4 borderline 176 management 257 Leishmania chagasi 73, 80 borderline lepromatous 176 prevention and public Leishmania donovani 73, 76, 80 borderline states 173 health 257–8 Leishmania infantum 73, 75, 80 borderline tuberculoid 175–6 transmission cycle 258 Leishmania tropica 73, 75, 80 cell-mediated immunity Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction 302 leishmaniasis, cutaneous 80–4 171, 173 jaundice 188, 335 clinical features 80–2 chemotherapy 177 causes 216 diffuse 81 children 181 malaria 57 investigations 82 classification 175–6 jellyfish, venomous 345–6 management 82–3 clinical features 173–5 jiggers see chiggers nodules 34 clofazimine 178 K39 test 76 prevention 83–4 control 181 Kaposi’s sarcoma 34, 82, 101, sporotrichosis differential dapsone 178 113–14 diagnosis 331 delayed hypersensitivity nodules 34 treatment 83 reaction 179 pulmonary 111 leishmaniasis, lupoid 81 diagnosis 176–7 Katayama fever 26, 162, 165 leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous differential diagnosis 177 oriental liver fluke (similar 80, 82 disability prevention 180–1 syndrome) 227 leishmaniasis, mucosal 80 elimination 181 Kérandel’s sign 150 leishmaniasis, post-kala-azar der- epidemiology 171 keratomalacia 378 mal 34, 78 eye 176 Kernig’s sign 17, 21 leishmaniasis, visceral 73–9 foot care 180 ketoacidosis see diabetic ketoacidosis circumstantial evidence 75 forms 176 ketoconazole 83, 331 clinical features 74 granuloma formation 172 kissing bugs see triatomine bugs epidemiology 73 hand care 180 Koplick’s spots 27 fever 27 immune response 172–3 kraits 344 hepatomegaly 74 immunological features 172 kwashiorkor 373, 377 HIV coinfection 73, 75 incidence 171 pneumonia risk 234 host elimination 78 lepromatous 176 investigations 75–6 leprosy provision, in general La Brea 222 life cycle 73–4 health services 181 La Crosse encephalitis 259, 260 lymphadenopathy 74 management 177–80 labetolol 273 management 77–8 microbiology 171–2 lactase deficiency 4 massive tropical multibacillary disease 175, lagophthalmos 176, 180 splenomegaly 49–50 178–9 lamivudine (3TC) 116, 220 parasite 73–4 children 181 Lantana camora 153 parasitological evidence 76 multidrug therapy 178–9 large bowel, diarrhoea 5, 7 post-kala-azar dermal nerve damage 173–5 larva currens 33, 318 leishmaniasis 78 neuritis 179, 180

390 Index

nodules 33 complications 188 diagnosis 243 paucibacillary 175, 177 differential diagnosis 188 distribution 242 children 181 drainage 190 ectopic disease 241, 242 pigmentation change 34 pneumonia differential life cycle 241 polar 175 diagnosis 236 lung disease 241 pregnancy 181 treatment 189, 190 treatment 243 prevention 181 ascariasis 209 lung function testing 14, 244 of disability 180–1 liver cancer, lungs/lung disease 89 reactions and nerve cholangiocarcinoma 228 histoplasmosis 238 damage 179–82 see also hepatocellular carcinoma hookworm larval migration 211 reconstructive surgery 180–1 liver failure, dengue 299 hydatid cyst disease 230 rifampicin 177–8 liver flukes 226 leptospirosis pulmonary skin lesions 173 clinical features 226 syndrome 307 slit skin smears 177 epidemiology 226 lung fluke 241 tuberculoid 171, 172–3 investigations 227 pathology 188 tuberculoid leprosy 175 management 227 pneumonia risk 234 type 1 reactions 179 oriental 227–8 schistosomiasis 164 vaccines 181 parasites and life cycles 226 trans-thoracic aspirate 236 women 181 prevention and public health lupus vulgaris 82 see also erythema nodosum aspects 227 lymphadenitis, tuberculosis 89, 90 leprosum (ENL) Loa loa infection 133, 139, 140, lymphadenopathy reactions 145, 146 African tick typhus 305 Leptospira 306, 307 localized tetanus 273 brucellosis 276 Leptospira bireflexa 306 Löffler’s syndrome 209 fever 27 Leptospira interrogans 306 log–normal distribution 161–2 filariasis 140 leptospirosis 306 loiasis 133 leishmaniasis 74 aseptic meningitis diagnosis 146 scrub typhus 305 cardiac syndrome treatment 146–7 lymphatic filariasis (LF) 140–2 clinical features 306–607 lopinavir/ritonavir 116 distribution 141 diagnosis 307 louse 301 individual and community epidemiology 306 body 301, 304, 321 chemotherapy 140 microbiology 306 head 301, 321 lymphoedema pathogenesis 306 infestation in refugees/asylum management 145 prevention 308 seekers 321 lymphoma 266 pulmonary syndrome pubic 321 fever 27 treatment 307–8 louse-borne relapsing fever massive tropical Weil’s disease (LBRF) 31 splenomegaly 49 leucopenia 298 clinical features 302 primary CNS 108 leukaemia38 diagnosis 302 chronic myeloid 49 epidemiology 301–2 macrocytic anaemia 37–8, 266 levamisole 210, 212 fatality rate 302 macrolide 42, 237 Lhermitte’s sign 266 pathology 302 macrophages 74, 107, 281 lice 321 prevention 303 Madura foot see mycetoma lichen planus 34 treatment 302–3 Madurella mycetomatis liposomal amphotericin B louse-borne typhus 304, 321 (mycetoma) 330, 331 (AmBisome) 77 clinical features 304 magnesium 273, 346 Liv-52 215 treatment 304 magnetic resonance imaging live attenuated oral vaccine lower respiratory tract infection (MRI) 189 (Ty21a) 285 (LRTI) 14, 233 malabsorption 4 liver 67, 74, 150 Loxosceles (recluse spider) 345 diarrhoea 7 schistosomal fibrosis 164–5 lumbar puncture (LP) 23–5, 27, 28 malaria 55–72 liver abscess pyogenic meningitis 249 anaemia 59 amoebic 27, 112, 187, 236 lung fluke 241 asylum seekers 371 aspiration 190 clinical features 241 cerebral 59–60

391 Index malaria (Continued) supportive 64 measles 27, 28 protective effect of unstable 71 immunization 366 ascariasis 208 untreated 58 pneumonia risk 234 chemoprophylaxis 69–70 Malarone 68 mebendazole 209, 210, 212, 213, children 38, 39 malathion 321 232 clinical features 57 malnutrition alveolar hydatid disease 232 complicated 58, 59 in adults 377–9 ascariasis 210 congenital 62 vitamin A 378 hookworm 212 control 71–2 vitamin B1 (thiamine) 378 trichuriasis 212 diagnosis 63–4 vitamin B6 (niacin or nico- visceral larva migrans 213 diarrhoea 5 tinic acid) 378 mefloquine drug resistance 68 vitamin C (ascorbic malaria prophylaxis 70 epidemiology 70–1 acid) 378 malaria therapy 67–8 fever27, 28, 30, 57 vitamin D 378–9 mega-oesophagus 3 classical stages 57–8 vitamin deficiencies meglumine antimonate G6PD protection 335 manifestations 379 (Glucantime) 77 global eradication 71–2 in children 373–7 melarsoprol 152, 153 HIV infection 30, 62 aetiology 373 melioidosis hyper-reactive malarial classification 374 clinical features 309 splenomegaly 50–1 clinical features 374 diagnosis 309 immune disorders 62–3 community-based epidemiology 309 immunity 62–3, 71 therapeutic care 377 pathogenesis 309 immunosuppression 63 HIV 377 prognosis 310 importance and distribution 55 investigations 374 treatment 310 individual precautions 72 management 375–7 meningism 17, 20 intermittent presumptive tuberculosis 377 coma 23 therapy 69 definition 373 pneumonia 234 jaundice 57 humanitarian emergencies 365 meningitis 19 leptospirosis differential humanitarian emergencies 366–7 aseptic in leptospirosis 307 diagnosis 307 oedematous 373 cryptococcal17, 28, 246, 248 life cycle 55–7, 56 tuberculosis 89 HIV infection 255 massive tropical viral encephalitis 260 pyogenic meningitis splenomegaly 49–50 malnutrition-modulated diabetes differential diagnosis measuring in community 70–1 mellitus (MMDM) 350 248 morbidity 70 malnutrition-related diabetes raised intracranial mortality 70 mellitus (MRDM) 350 pressure 255 peculiarities 58–61 Malta fever see brucellosis epilepsy 359 placental 69 Mansonia 142, 143 meningococcal 250, 252 precautions 72 Mantoux test 86 control of epidemics 252 pregnancy 61–2 marasmus, pneumonia risk 234 pneumonia 234 intermittent presumptive marburg haemorrhagic pyogenic 246 therapy 69 fevers 294 clinical features 248 protective factors 62 marine envenoming complications 251–2 quartan 57 jellyfish 345–6 diagnosis 249–52 refugees 371 venomous fish 345 differential diagnosis 248 relapse 69 mass chemotherapy 169–70 empirical therapy 251 severe 58, 61, 65 massive splenomegaly 49–50 epidemic control 252 splenomegaly 57 mature flukes 161, 226 epidemiology 246–8 stable 71 Mazzotti reaction 138, 144, 146 management 249–52 subtertian 57 mean corpuscular haemoglobin vaccination 247 tertian 57 (MCH) 339 tuberculosis 265 treatment 64–8 mean corpuscular haemoglobin typhoid 282 chemotherapy 64–8 concentration vaccination 248 combination therapy 68 (MCHC) 339 meningitis belt 246, 247

392 Index meningococcal disease Montenegro test 80 culture 91 in Africa 247 mosquitoes delayed-type hypersensitivity empirical therapy 251 anopheline55, 56 reaction 86 epidemic control 252 arboviral encephalitis 256, 258, microbiology 85 epidemiology 246–7 260 purified derivatives management 250 arboviruses 287 (PPD) 86, 92 vaccines 248 control 145–6 Mycobacterium ulcerans (Buruli meningococcus 252 dengue fever 296, 298 ulcer) 313 meningoencephalitis 262, 302 filariasis vector 142 Mycobacterium vaccae 315 brucellosis 276 Japanese encephalitis 256 mycoplasma pneumoniae 265–6 louse-borne typhus 304 yellow fever 287 myelitis 19 menorrhagia 211, 338 motor axonal neuropathy, acute myelodysplastic syndrome 38 mental illness 361–4 (AMAN) 261, 263 myelofibrosis 49 assessment 361 motor neurones, spastic myiasis 316 bipolar affective disorder 362–3 paralysis 264 body cavity myiasis 317 care organization 364 mouth bot fly 316 depression 362 fever 27 chiggers 316–17 post-traumatic stress Kaposi’s sarcoma 113–14 furuncular 33 disorder 363–4 see also candidiasis nasal 317 schizophrenia 361–2 moxifloxacin 99 Tumbu fly 316 treatment 362 mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) 81, Médecins Sans Frontières mercaptoethanol 276 82, 83 (MSF) 365 Merck & Co. Inc 146 multidrug therapy 178–9, 181 meropenem 251 mumps 249, 276 Naegleria fowleri 185 merozoites 55–6, 57 Murray valley encephalitis nails, fungal infections 111 mesenteric adenitis 3 virus 258, 259 nasal myiasis 317 metabolic acidosis 12 mycetoma natural disasters 365 cholera 197 clinical features 330 Necator americanus (hook- P. falciparum malaria 58 diagnosis 330–1 worms) 208, 210 metacercariae 227, 228 epidemiology 330 neck flexion 266 metformin 250, 351, 352 treatment 331 neck stiffness 21 methyldopa 354, 355 mycobacteria needlestick injuries metriphonate 168 atypical infection 331 HIV prophylaxis 115 metronidazole 189, 190, 200, 203, faecal 113 HIV transmission 105–6 273, 327 other than tuberculosis Neisseria gonorrhoea 41 microbicides, vaginal 107 (MOTT) 85–6 Neisseria meningitidis 246 microhaematocrit (MHCT) 151 Mycobacterium avium see also meningococcus micronutrient deficiencies 376 complex 30 neonatal anaemia 335 microscopic agglutination Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy) 171, neonatal tetanus 272–3 (MAT) 277 172, 173, 175, 177, 178, nephropathy, diabetic 350 Microsporidia 202 179, 181 nephrosis, malarial 62 mid-upper arm circumference cell-mediated immunity 171 nephrotic syndrome 234 (MUAC) 367 delayed hypersensitivity nerve damage 173–5 migrants reaction 179 nerve tissue vaccines 270 louse-borne typhus 304 detection 177 neuritis, leprosy 179, 180 urbanization 348 microbiology 171–2 neurocysticercosis 205, 359, 360 milk, brucellosis 275 Mycobacterium marinum (fish tank neurological disorders 17–25, 27 miltefosine 77–8, 83 granuloma) 331 assessment 19–23 minianion exchange column Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes 18, 19 technique (MAEC) 151 (tuberculosis) 85, 93, 108, chronic 17 minocycline 179 112, 119, 233, examination 20–2 mite typhus 305 236, 249 lumbar puncture, mites, scabies 320 Mycobacterium tuberculosis MTB indications and contraindi- mononeuritis multiplex 19 complex 85 cations for 23–5

393 Index neurological disorders (Continued) non-steroidal anti- Oncomelania 160 pathology 19 inflammatory drugs Opiates 345 space occupying lesions 19 (NSAIDs) 3, 338 Opisthorchis felineus 227 syndromes 17, 19 asthma trigger 356 Opisthorchis sinensis (liver neurological injury 12 non-typhi Salmonella (NTS) 108, fluke) 227 neurological signs, focal 19, 248, 112 Opisthorchis viverrini (liver 256, 257 normochromic anaemia 152 fluke) 227, 228 coma 23 norovirus 191 oral chloroquine 189 neuropathy 19 norwegian scabies 110, 320 oral hypoglycaemic agents 350–1 diabetic 350 nose, mucosal leishmaniasis 81 oral rehydration solution 7 neuropsychiatric disorder, nucleoside (or nucleotide) reverse cholera 197, 198 brucellosis 276 transcriptase inhibitors refugee camps 9 neuroschistosomiasis 165, 167, 169 (NRTI) 116 oral rehydration therapy 6 neurotoxicity, snake bites 342, 344 nutrition, humanitarian orbital oedema 155 nevirapine (NVP) 106, 116 emergencies 366–7 orchitis, brucellosis 276 niacin see vitamin B6 oriental liver flukes niclosamide 169, 206 obesity 348 clinical features 227–8 nicotinic acid see vitamin B6 asthma incidence 356 epidemiology 227 nifurtimox 153, 156 hypertension 353 investigations 228 nitazoxanide 191, 202, 209 occupation, respiratory illness 12 life cycles 227 ascariasis 210 ocular larva migrans (OLM) 213 management 228 cestode infections 206 oculocephalic (doll’s eye) reflex parasites 227 giardiasis 201 21 prevention and public health liver fluke 227 oculovestibular reflex 21–2 aspects 228 trichuriasis 213 oedematous malnutrition 373, Orientia tsutsugamushi (scrub nitrofuran 336 374, 375 typhus) 305 nitrosamines, dietary 228 oesophageal carcinoma 3 Ornithodorus 301 Nocardia brasiliensis oesophageal varices 3 Orthopnoea 11 (mycetoma) 330 oesophagitis 3 osteomyelitis 239 nocardiosis 331 ofloxacin 179 oxamniquine 168 nocturnal dyspnoea 11 Old World screw fly 317 oxygen supplementation 237 nodules, subcutaneous in older people O’nyong nyong 287–8 onchocerciasis 136 pneumonia risk 234 non-communicable diseases Onchocerca volvulus 137, 139 pain response 22–3 (NCDs) 347–64 life cycle 133, 135 PAIR (Puncture, Aspiration, asthma 355–9 onchocerciasis 32, 34, 133 Injection, diabetes mellitus 348–52 clinical features 135–6 Re-aspiration) 231 epidemiological transition 348 control 139–40 paludrine 69 epilepsy 359–60, 361 diagnosis 137–8 pancreatitis hypertension 352–5 distribution 133, 134 ascariasis 209 mental illness 361–4 epidemiology 135 oriental liver fluke 228 mortality patterns 347, 348 finding microfilariae 137–8 papule 33, 80, 320 spectrum 347 individual and community paracetamol 26, 64, 298 non-governmental organizations chemotherapy 140 Paragonimus westermani 241 (NGOs) 365 life cycle 133, 135 paraldehyde 360 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 108 nodules 33 paralysis 17 non-infectious neurological pigmentation change 34 acute flaccid 261–3 disorders 17 subcutaneous nodules 136–7 anterior horn cell non-inflammatory diarrhoea treatment 138–9 damage 262, 263 clinical features 6 Onchocerciasis Control Programme immune-mediated pathogens in 7 (OCP) 139 causes 261, 262 non-nucleoside reverse Onchocerciasis Elimination rabies 263, 268 transcriptase inhibitors Programme for the spastic 264–6 (NNRTI) 116 Americas (OEPA) 140 causes 264–6

394 Index paralytic poliomyelitis 262 Phthirus pubis (pubic louse) 301, bacterial 11 paratyphoid 280 321 chemoprophylaxis 239 mode of infection 286 phytates 338 children 233, 234, 235, 237 paravertebral plexus, pigmentation changes in skin 34 clinical features 234–6 schistosomiasis 165 piles 79, 193 complications 237–9 parenteral penicillins 237 piperazine 210 diarrhea 5 parkinsonian syndrome 257 pityriasis versicolor 32, 34 differential diagnosis 235 paromomycin 83, 189, 201, 202, pivmecillinam 193 epidemiology 233–4 203 plaques 173, 176, 313, 314 fatality rate 234 parotitis 193 Plasmodium falciparum 55, 56, 57, fever 27 particle agglutination tests, HIV 61, 63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 208 future developments 239–40 testing 103 complicated malaria 58, 59 HIV infection 111, 112–13 pathogens diagnosis 63 inpatient therapy 237 opportunistic 108 hyperpyrexia 58 investigations 236–7 stool 113 immunity 62 louse-borne typhus 304 Pediculus capitis (head louse) 301, infection peculiarities management 237–9 321 58–61, 59 microbiological tests 236–7 Pediculus humanus 301, 305, 321 protective factors 62 microbiology 233 pellagra 34, 378 untreated attack 58 outpatient therapy 237 pelvic inflammatory disease 27 Plasmodium knowlesi 55 pleural aspiration 236 pemphigus 34 Plasmodium malariae 55, 56, 57, 62 pneumococcal vaccines 109, penicillin 41, 145, 302, untreated attack 58 240 307 Plasmodium ovale 55, 56, 57 prevention 239 meningococcal disease 250 relapse 68 radiology 236 pneumococcal disease 250, 251 untreated attack 58 risk factors for 234 pneumonia 237, 239 Plasmodium vivax 55, 56, 57 sputum gram stain 236 resistance 239 protective factors 62 sputum Ziehl–Neelsen stain 236 sickle cell disease 334 relapse 68 trans-thoracic lung aspirate 236 tropical ulcer 312 untreated attack 58 typhoid lobar 282 penicillinase-resistant pleural aspiration 236 vaccination 239 penicillin 111 pleural effusions 15, 90, 91, 146, viral encephalitis 260 Penicillium marneffiei 30 236 pneumonitis pentamidine pleural fluid 14, 15 ascaris 209 trypanosomiasis 151, 152, 153 pleurisy, tuberculosis 86, 89, 91 hookworm 210 visceral leishmaniasis 77 pneumococcal disease 115 poisoning pentavalent antimonials 77 epidemiology 247–8 food poisoning 5 peptic strictures 3 management 250–1 pneumonia differential peptic ulceration 3 vaccines 248 diagnosis 236 perforated peptic ulcers 3 see also pneumococcal polar leprosy 175 peripheral nervous system, pneumonia; Streptococcus polio 262 leprosy 173 pneumoniae poliomyelitis 261 peritonitis 187 pneumococcal pneumonia 15, polymerase chain reaction amoebiasis 187 236, 239 (PCR) 64, 67, 76, 138, 144, fever 27 pneumococcal vaccines 240 290, 302, 314 granulomatous in ascariasis 210 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and antigen detection 188–9 permethrin 72, 305, 320, 321 (PCP) 91, 237, 239 polymyositis 282 pernicious anaemia 266, 340 Pneumocystis jirovecii polyradiculopathy 19 pets 199 pneumonia 30, 31, 108, porphyria 34 phaeochromacytoma 353 111, 115 portal hypertension 27, 49, 74, 76, pharyngitis 27, 29 Pneumocystis pneumonia 111, 115, 164, 167 phenobarbital 360 236 post-dysenteric ulcerative phenothiazine 268 pneumonia 5, 112, 254 colitis 187 phenytoin 360 active vaccination 239 posterior cervical Phoneutria (banana spider) 345 antibiotic resistance 239 lymphadenopathy 151

395 Index post-kala-azar dermal shigellosis 193–4 paralytic 263, 268 leishmaniasis (PKDL) 34, toxocariasis 214 passive immunization 269 74, 78 pulmonary eosinophilia postexposure treatment 268–9 post-traumatic stress disorder pneumonia differential postexposure vaccine (PTSD) 363–4 diagnosis 236 regimens 269–71 Pott’s disease 264 see also tropical pulmonary postmortem diagnosis 268 poverty and tuberculosis 97 eosinophilia precautions with patients 268 praziquantel 168, 205, 206, 226, pulmonary Kaposi’s pre-exposure immunization 228, 231, 243, 360 sarcoma 16, 111 271 cestode infections 205 pulmonary syndrome prevention 271 cysticercosis 205 of leptospirosis 307 treatment 268 lung fluke 243 punch biopsy 138 WHO recommended oriental liver fluke 228 punctate keratitis 137 schedules 270 prazosin 345 pupils, light reaction 21 rabies immune globulin 269 prednisolone 147, 179, 180, 181, purified protein derivatives (PPD) rapid assessment procedures 357, 358 skin test 86, 92 for loiasis (RAPLOA) 147 pregnancy Putzi fly 316 rapid dignostic test (RDT) 63 brucellosis 278 Puumula virus 294 rash HIV testing 102 pyogenic meningitis 246 HIV infection HIV transmission 105, 106 clinical features 248 children 115 hypoglycaemia in diagnosis 249–52 seroconversion 109 P. falciparum malaria 60 differential diagnosis 248 larva currens 318 iron deficiency anaemia 338 epidemic control 252 meningococcal 25, 27 leprosy 181 epidemiology 246–8 onchocerciasis 135 malaria 61–2 management 249–52 schistosomiasis 162 intermittent presumptive pyrantel pamoate typhus therapy 69 ascariasis 210 African tick 305 pigmentation 34 hookworm 212 louse-borne 304 and pneumonia 234 pyrazinamide 92 scrub 305 tetanus vaccination 273–4 pyrexia of unknown origin reactive arsenical encephalopathy prevention of mother to child trans- (PUO) 31 see encephalopathy mission (PMTCT) 106 pyrimethamine 203 recluse spiders 345 primaquine 68, 336 rectal prolapse 7, 193, 212 proctitis, granular 193 quantitative buffy coat (QBC) rectal strictures, amoebiasis 187 procyclidine 362 technique 64, 151 recurrent ulceration 312 proglottids 204, 229 Queensland tick typhus 305 red cells proguanil 51, 67, 69 quinacrine 201 sickle haemoglobin 333 protein-losing enteropathy 193 quinfamide 190 red flies 146 pruritus, HIV infection 110 quinine 61, 65, 66–7 redcurrant jelly 193 pseudopapillomas 164, 167 quinolone 112 reduviid 155 psychosis, typhoid fever 27 refugees 365–71 pubic and head lice 321 rabies 19, 267 asylum seekers 370–1 public health active immunization 269 children 370 ascariasis 210 clinical features, in cholera 196 brucellosis 278–9 humans 267–8 diarrhoea 5, 9 Buruli ulcer 315 diagnosis 268 HIV infection 368 catastrophic emergencies 365 in dog 267 humanitarian emergencies giardiasis 201 dumb 267 365–9 hookworm 212 first aid treatment 269 communicable diseases humanitarian emergencies 369 flexibility, need for 270 control 368–9 Japanese encephalitis 257–8 furious 267 coordination 369 schistosomiasis 169–70 immediate treatment 269 emergency phase 365 sexually transmitted nerve tissue vaccines 270 food and nutrition 366–8 infections 40 in animals 267 health care 368

396 Index

human resources and rhabditiform larvae 211, 322 amoebiasis prevention 185, 190 training 369 rheumatic heart disease 27 giardiasis 199, 201 initial assessment 366 ribavirin 222 helminth infections 209, 210, measles immunization 366 treatment 295 212, 213 public health viral haemorrhagic fevers humanitarian emergencies 366 surveillance 369 290, 293, 294, 295 oriental liver fluke 228 shelter and site rickets 378 shigellosis 193–4 planning 368 Rickettsiae 304 ‘Santa Marta’ fever 222 water and sanitation 366 fever 29 Sarcoptes scabiei (scabies) 320 infectious diseases 371 tick-borne 27 scabies 32, 320–1 louse-borne typhus 304 Rickettsia africae 305 onchocerciasis differential post-emergency phase 369 Rickettsia conorii 305 diagnosis 137 sexually transmitted Rickettsia orientalis 305 refugees/asylum seekers 371 infections 368 Rickettsia prowazekii 304 scarification 218 shigellosis 194 Rickettsia tsutsugamushi 305 Schistosoma haematobium 162, 165, sphere project Rickettsial infections 167, 285 and humanitarian African tick typhus 305 clinical features reform 369–70 louse-borne typhus 304 bladder calcification 164 torture 371 scrub typhus 305 bladder pathology 163–4 trauma 371 rifampicin 177–8, 181, 250, 305, genital schistosomiasis 164 tuberculosis 369 314 obstructive uropathy 164 rehabilitation 376 brucellosis 278 squamous cell malnutrition 376–7 leprosy 177–8 carcinoma 163–4 rehydration 64 pregnancy 181 diagnosis 165 cholera 197 tuberculosis 92, 94, 97, 98 eggs 163 see also oral rehydration Rift Valley fever (RVF) 290, 295, life cycle 158, 160–1 solution 300 urine filtration 166 Reiter’s syndrome, Ringer’s lactate solution 193, 197 urine sedimentation 165–6 post-dysenteric 193 river blindness see onchocerciasis Schistosoma intercalatum 158 relapsing fevers 301–3 riverine tsetse flies 153 Schistosoma japonicum 162, 165, renal disease road traffic accidents (RTAs) 347 167 hypertension 353, 354 Rock fever see brucellosis clinical features 165 typhoid 282 Rocky Mountain spotted diagnosis 166 ReSoMal (Rehydration Solution for fever 305 eggs 163 the Malnourished) 376 Romaña’s sign see orbital oedema life cycle 158, 160–1 respiratory infections, acute Ross River virus 288 Schistosoma mansoni 7, 158, HIV infection 106 rotavirus 191 161, 162, 164–5, 166, respiratory tract disorders 11–16 roundworms, intestinal 34 167, 285 assessment 11–13 rubella 27 clinical features 164 in HIV-infected adults 15–16, diagnosis 166 15 salbutamol 357 eggs 163 investigation 13–14 Salmonella life cycle 160 presentations 14–15 diarrhoea 5 schistosomiasis 26, 158 respiratory tract infection, non-typhi 108, 112 acute 162–3, 166–7 lower 14 septicaemia 30, 285 Ag–Ab complex formation 162 resuscitation, pneumonia 237 Salmonella enterica 280 asymptomatic infection 168–9 resuscitation/stabilization 376 Salmonella enterica ser Paratyphi biopsy techniques 166 malnutrition 375–6 C 280 bladder calcification 164 retinoblastoma 213 Salmonella paratyphi bladder pathology 163–4 retinopathy (paratyphoid) 280 cercarial penetration 162 cerebral malaria 59, 60 Salmonella typhi (typhoid) 280 clinicopathological diabetic 350 salt intake, increased 353 features 162–5 Reye-like syndrome 299 sandflies 73, 74, 79, 83 contact reduction 169 Reye’s syndrome 26 sanitation cor pulmonale 164

397 Index schistosomiasis (Continued) water contamination shiga 193 direct diagnosis 165 reduction 169 Shigella 192 distribution 158, 159 schizogony 55, 56, 57 multidrug resistance 193 drug treatment 168–9 schizonticides 65, 69 Shigella boydii 192 epidemiology 161–2 schizophrenia 361–2 Shigella dysenteriae 192, 193 exposure 161 scorpion stings 344–5 Shigella flexneri 192 fever 26, 27 clinical features 344 Shigella sonnei 192, 193 future developments 170 management 345 Shigellosis 5, 192 genital 164 scrub typhus clinical features 192–3 granuloma 164 clinical features 305 epidemic 194 hepatic fibrosis 3, 216 leptospirosis differential investigation 193 immunity 161 diagnosis 307 management 193 immunodiagnostic tests 166 treatment 305 prevention 193–4 indirect diagnosis 166 sea snakes 342 public health 193–4 infection in children 162 seizures shingles 110 investigation 165–7 P. falciparum malaria 59 shock Katayama syndrome 34, 162, 165 viral encephalitis 260 hypovolaemic 197, 290 life cycle 158–61 see also epilepsy in malnourished children 376 log–normal distribution 161–2 selective feeding programmes Shortness of breath 11, 12 magnitude of problem 161 (SFPs) 367 Siberian tick typhus 305 management 168–9 Seoul virus 294 sickle cell anaemia see sickle cell mass chemotherapy 169–70 septicaemia disease massive tropical fever 28 sickle cell crisis 334 splenomegaly 49 melioidosis 309 sickle cell disease 333–5 neuroschistosomiasis 165, 167 meningococcal 24, 34, 250 clinical features 334 obstructive uropathy 164 paratyphoid 286 diagnosis 334 parasitology 158–61 Salmonella 30 management 334–5 pathology 165 splenectomy 51 pneumonia prevention 239 prevention and public health serodiagnosis 63, 282–3 pneumonia risk 234 aspects 169–70 sex education 106 sickle cell trait 62 progression to disease 162 sexually transmitted infections sickle haemoglobin (HbS) 333, 334 pseudopolyposis of colon 164 (STIs) 40–7 sickle–haemoglobin C (SC) pulmonary complications 15, 16 asylum seekers 371 disease 247 reservoir hosts 161 flow charts usage 44–6 Simulium (blackflies) 135 Schistosoma haematobium hepatitis B 218 Simulium damnosum 135, 140 165, 167 HIV risk 104 Simulium metallicum 135 clinical features 163–4 HIV testing 47 Simulium naevei 135 and lung 164 HTLV-1 266 Simulium ochraceum 135 Schistosoma japonicum 165, 166, local adaptations 41–2, 42, 43, Sin Nombre 294 167 44 sinusitis Schistosoma mansoni 166, 167 partner notification/ pneumococcal 109 clinical features 164 treatment 47 skin and liver 164–5 public health 40, 47 bullae 34 snail clearance 169 refugees 368, 371 creeping eruptions 32–3 squamous cell carcinoma 163–4 syndromes 40, 41 diseases 32–5 tissue reaction to retained syndromic management 40, fever 27 eggs 163 46–7 infections in HIV 111 transmission, requirements treatment 106 lesions 173, 174, 177 for 161 treatment-seeking behaviour 47 nodules 33–4 treatment monitoring 169 WHO flow charts 42, 42, 43, 44, onchocerciasis 135–6 urine filtration 166 44–6, 45 diagnosis 137–8 urine sedimentation 165–6 shelter, humanitarian papules 33 urticaria 34 emergencies 368 pigmentation, changes in 34

398 Index

ulcers 32, 80, 187 subacute combined Stop TB strategy 99 see also larva currens; larva degeneration 266 streptococcal infection, skin migrans; rash spinal epidural abscess 265 sepsis 27 skin-snip microscopy 138 spine, radiology of 277 Streptococcus pneumoniae 14, 233 sleeping sickness see splenectomy 51 chloramphenicol activity 237 trypanosomiasis, African splenic aspirate 76 HIV association 108 ‘slim disease’ 113 splenic dysfunction 247 penicillin resistance 239 slit lamp 138 splenomegaly 27, 49–51, 74 pneumonia 233 small bowel differential diagnosis 74 pyogenic meningitis 246 biopsy 200 hyper-reactive malarial 63 symptoms 234–5 malabsorption 7 malaria 49, 50–1, 57 Streptococcus suis 246 secretory diarrhoea 6 massive tropical 49–50 Streptomyces somaliensis smoking relapsing fevers 302 (mycetoma) 330 asthma trigger 356 spontaneous eye movements 21 streptomycin 278 snakebite Sporothrix schenckii buruli ulcer 314 clinical features 342 (sporotrichosis) 331 Madura foot 331 diagnosis 343 sporotrichosis tuberculosis 92, 93 epidemiology 344 clinical features 331 stricture 187 first aid 342 diagnosis 331 amoebiasis 189 management 343–4 treatment 331–2 stridor 12, 15 prevention 344 sputum culture 28 string test 200, 324 sodium stibogluconate 77 sputum examination 13 stroke 352, 353–4 soil-transmitted helminths 208 sputum gram stain 236 Strongyloides fülleborni (swollen belly ascariasis 209–10 sputum Ziehl–Neelsen stain 236 syndrome) 322 hookworm 210–12 squamous cell carcinoma 163–4, Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides toxocariasis 213–14 312 stercoralis) 4, 33, 34, 113, trichuriasis 212–13 St Louis encephalitis virus 258, 259 166, 191, 208, South American haemorrhagic standard agglutination test 318, 322, 358 fevers 293 (SAT) 276 acute infection 323 ‘Sowda’ 136 staphylococcal infection, skin autoinfection cycle 322–3 space-occupying lesions 19 sepsis 27 chronic strongyloidiasis 323 spacer devices 358 staphylococci 246 clinical features 323 spastic paralysis 264 Staphylococcus aureus control 325 anatomy 264 pyogenic meningitis 246 diagnosis 324 assessment of patient with 264 spinal epidural abscess 265 epidemiology 325 causes 264 status asthmaticus 356 hookworm differential tropical causes treatment 357 diagnosis 211 HIV myelopathy 266 status epilepticus 360 hyperinfection 323–4 spinal epidural abscess 265 stavudine (d4T) 116 prevention 291 subacute combined Stercoralis stercoralis 322 steroids 324 degeneration, of spinal steroids 206 hyperinfection syndrome 323–4 cord 266 inhaled 357 larva currens 33, 318 transverse myelitis 265–6 meningococcal disease 250 rash 324 tropical spastic pyogenic meningitis 251–2 life cycle 322 paraparesis 266 tuberculosis 89 treatment 324–5 tuberculosis 264–5 adjunctive 96 tropical pulmonary spider bites typhoid 285 eosinophilia differential banana spiders 345 stings and bites see bites and stings diagnosis 244 funnel-web spider 345 stomach suckling mouse brain (SMB) recluse spiders 345 gastric carcinoma 3 vaccine 270 widow spiders 345 gastric ulcers 3 suicidal patients, management spinal cord Giardia lamblia colonization of 363 compression 264 4, 199 sulfadiazine 250

399 Index sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine treatment 273 torture 371 (Fansidar) 67 tropical ulcer 312 toxaemia in typhoid 282 sulfamethoxazole 203, 310, 331 vaccination 273–4 toxic megacolon 190 sulphonamides 67, 203, 336 tetanus immunoglobulin 273 Toxocara canis (toxocariasis) 213 sulphonylureas 350, 351 tetanus toxoid 273–4 toxocariasis sulphur ointment 320 tetmosol 321 clinical features 213 sunburn 34 tetracycline 4, 29, 190, 197, 302 epidemiology 213 superficial fungal infection 32 African tick typhus 305 investigations 213 superinfection 221 brucellosis 278 life cycle 213 supratentorial focal damage 20 louse-borne typhus 304 management 213 suramin 151, 152, 153 pneumonia 237 ocular larva migrans 213 swimmer’s itch 162 resistance 305 parasites 213 swollen belly syndrome 322 scrub typhus 305 prevention 214 symmers pipestem fibrosis 164 thalassaemia 37 visceral larva migrans 213 syndromic management β thalassaemia Toxoplasma gondii 108, 115 sexually transmitted clinical features 335 toxoplasmosis infections 40, 46–7 diagnosis 335 fever 27, 30 syphilis 40, 46 epidemiology 335 HIV association 109, 114 fever 27 management 335 ToxR 195 gumma 188 thiazides 354 trans-thoracic lung aspirate 236 HIV infection risk 104 thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose transverse myelitis 265–6 systemic lupus erythematosus (TCBS) agar 196 trauma 27, 31 third-generation epilepsy 360 cephalosporins 250, 283, refugees 371 T-helper cells 107 285 travellers tachypnoea 12–13 thrifty genotype theory 349 hepatitis A 216 Taenia asiatica 205 thrombocytopenia 29, 58, 66, 298 hepatitis E 223 Taenia saginata (tapeworm) 191, thyroid disease rabies immunization 271 204, 205 breathing difficulties 12 trematodes 226, 241

Taenia solium (tapeworm) 204, 205 vitamin B12 deficiency 340 trench fever 321 taeniasis 205 tiabendazole triatomine bugs 155 clinical features 205 chromoblastomycosis 331 tribendimidine 209 Tannates 338 cutaneous larva migrans 319 Trichomonas vaginalis tapeworms 204–7 hyperinfection syndrome (trichomoniasis) 46, 191 tattooing 81, 218 strongyloidiasis 325 HIV infection risk 104 tendon transfers 181 visceral larva migrans 213 Trichostrongylus 212 tenofovir (TDF) 116, 220 tick-borne encephalitis 258, 259 trichuriasis terbinafine 331 tick-borne relapsing fever clinical features 212 Ternidens diminutus 211 (TBRF) 301 epidemiology 212 tetanolysin 272 clinical features 302 investigations 212 tetanospasmin 272 diagnosis 302 life cycle 212 tetanus 272 epidemiology 301–2 management 213–14 bacteriology 272 fatality rate 302 parasites 212 breathing difficulties 12 pathology 302 prevention 214 cephalic 273 prevention 303 Trichuris suis 212 clinical manifestations 272–3 treatment 302–3 Trichuris trichiura (whipworms) diagnosis 273 tick paralysis 263 7, 166, 187, 191, epidemiology 273–4 tick typhus 305 208, 212 generalized 272 Tifomycin 250, 251 triclabendazole 226, 227, localized 273 tine test 86 243, 331 neonatal 272–3 tinea corporis 111 trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole pathogenesis 272 tinidazole 189, 190, 201 see co-trimoxazole prevention 273–4 tobacco smoke 11 Triplopen 250

400 Index trophozoite 9, 56, 185, 186, 187, trypanosomiasis, South American microbiology 85–6 199, 200 see Chagas’ disease mortality 96 tropical pulmonary tsetse fly 148, 153 multidrug-resistant 97 eosinophilia 14, 142, Tsutsugamushi fever (scrub pneumonia differential 244–5 typhus) 305 diagnosis 235 asthma differential diagnosis tubercle bacilli 85, 91 pneumonic illness 233 356 tuberculoid leprosy 174, 175 postprimary lesions 88 clinical features 244 tuberculoma 248, 265 poverty 97–8 diagnosis 244–5 tuberculosis 235, 264–5, 85–99 prevention 96–9 epidemiology 244 amoebic liver abscess progression to disease 86, 88 investigations 244 differential diagnosis 188 public health aspects 96–9 prevention 245 amoeboma differential pulmonary disease 90 treatment 245 diagnosis 187 differential diagnosis 91 tropical spastic paraparesis 266 annual risk of infection (ARI) 97 signs/symptoms 90 tropical sprue 4, 340 asylum seekers 370 pyogenic meningitis Tropical ulcer BCG vaccination 96 differential diagnosis 248 clinical features 311 brucellosis differential refugees 370, 371 complications 312 diagnosis 277 risk factors 88–9 epidemiology 311–12 case-finding 97, 98 spastic paralysis 265–6 microbiology 311 chemotherapy 92–6 sporotrichosis differential prevention 312 clinical features 89–91 diagnosis 331 treatment 312 clinical manifestations 86 systemic symptoms 89–90 Trypanosoma brucei 148 corticosteroid therapy 89 transmission 86 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense adjunctive 96 treatment 148, 150 cough 11–12, 16 monitoring 95 control 153–4 cutaneous 82 outcomes 95 diagnosis 151–2 diagnosis 91 regimens 93, 94

epidemiology 153 differential diagnosis 91 vitamin B12 deficiency 340 surveillance 153–4 disseminated 27, 110, 112 Tumbu fly 316 treatment 152–3 DOTS strategy 97 tumour necrosis factor α Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense epidemiology 86–9, 87 (TNF-α) 172 148, 149, 150 HIV effect 89 Tunga penetrans (chiggers) 316 control 153–4 extrapulmonary disease 89, 90 20-min whole blood clotting test diagnosis 151–2 clinical features 89 (WBCT20) 343, 344 epidemiology 153 fever 27 type 1 (reversal) reactions 179 surveillance 153–4 future developments 99 typhoid fever 280 treatment 152–3 HIV infection 13, 15, 29, 30, 89, amoxicillin 285 Trypanosoma cruzi 155 90–1 asylum seekers 371 see also Chagas’ disease association 102 azithromycin 285 trypanosomiasis, African 148 clinical presentation 90 carrier state 285 clinical picture 150 coinfection 111 chemotherapy 283–5 diagnosis 151–2 early disease 109 chloramphenicol 285 disease 148–9 TB chemoprophylaxis 115 clinical signs 281 distribution 149 hospital admission 95–6 complications 281–2 epidemiology 153 immunity 86 co-trimoxazole 285 fever 27 incidence 86, 87 diagnosis 282–3 life cycle 148 infection 86 leptospirosis differential parasites 148 intestinal 3 diagnosis 307 skin itching 32 investigations 91–2 mode of infection 280 surveillance 153 isolation 95–6 organisms 280 treatment 152–3 malnutrition 89 paratyphoid A and B 286 vector 153 management 92–6 paratyphoid C 286 control 154 meningitis 248, 249 psychosis 27

401 Index typhoid fever (Continued) var gattii 254 vitamin B6 378

refugees 371 var grubii 254 vitamin B12 deficiency 37, 266, 340 steroids 285 var neoformans 254 vitamin C 378 treatment 283–5 varicella-zoster virus 108 vitamin D 378–9 vaccine 285–6 Venezuelan equine vitamin deficiencies 19, 379 typhoid nodules 281 encephalitis 259, 260 vitiligo 34, 340 typhus venomous fish 345 voluntary counselling and African tick 305 verapamil 273 testing (VCT) 47, 102, 106 louse-borne 304 Vibrio cholerae (cholera) 198 scrub 305 classification 196 Wakana syndrome 211 leptospirosis differential El Tor biotype 195 wasting in HIV infection 113 diagnosis 307 serotype 0139 195 water supply vipers 342 amoebiasis prevention 190 ulcerative colitis, viral haemorrhagic fevers chlorination 169 post-dysenteric 187 (VHFs) 289 filtration 201, 327 ulcers Crimean–Congo giardiasis 199 Buruli 313–15 haemorrhagic fever 294–5 guinea worm 327 chronic 312 dengue and yellow fever 295 humanitarian emergencies 366 genital 131 diagnosis 290 refugee camps 9 guinea worm 326–7 differential diagnosis 290 WBCT20 343, 344 recurrent 312 ebola 294 WC-B vaccine 198 skin 32, 33, 80 epidemiology 289 weight-for-height (W/H) index 367 amoebiasis 189 identification 289–90 weight loss, HIV infection 30 tropical 311–12 lassa fever 291, 293 Weil–Felix test 304, 305 Universal Declaration of Human management 289, 290–1 Weil’s disease 306, 307 Rights 365 marburg 294 Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome 378 urbanization 311, 349, 353 nosocomial spread 291 West Nile virus 258, 259 ureters, schistosomiasis 164 overview 290 Western blots 103 urethral discharge 41, 42 pathogenesis 289 westernization 348, 349 urinary bladder calcification 167 rift valley fever (RVF) 295 wheeze 15, 355 uropathy, obstructive 164, 167 South American 293 asthma 355 urticaria 34 transmission 291 whipworm 208, 212 guinea worm 326 with renal syndrome 294 whooping cough 12 viral hepatitis 215 Widal test 282–3 vaccines/vaccination general clinicoepidemiological widow spiders 345 cholera 198 features 215–16 Wolbachia 133, 135, 137, 142 dengue 299 hepatitis A 216 women, leprosy 181 hepatitis B 220–1 hepatitis B 216–20 Wuchereria bancrofti (filariasis) HIV 107 immunization 220–1 140, 142, 244 leprosy 181 hepatitis C 222–3 measles 366 hepatitis D 221–2 xerophthalmia 378 pneumococcal 240 hepatitis E 223, 224 pneumonia 239 hepatocellular carcinoma yaws 34 pyogenic meningitis 247, 248 223, 225 yellow fever rabies postexposure 269–70 viral load testing 103 clinical features 299–300 tetanus 273–4 viral meningitis 246 control 300 typhoid fever 285–6 visceral larva migrans (VLM) 213 epidemiology 299 yellow fever 300 visceral leishmaniasis (VL) see leish- vaginal discharge 43 maniasis, visceral Zenker’s degeneration 282 vaginal flora 104 vitamin A supplements 28–9, 193, Zidovudine (AZT) 106, 116 valproate 360 366, 378 vancomycin 251 vitamin B1 (thiamine) 378

402