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Diseases of the Bovine Central Nervous System

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Diseases of the Bovine Central Nervous System Diseases of the Bovine Central Nervous System Karl Kersting DVM, MS Food Animal Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University Ames, IA 50011 I. Diseases of the Spinal Cord - LMN signs to hind limbs, tail, bladder, A. Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Disease anal sphincter 1. Clinical Signs 2. Diseases - Paralysis -Trauma - Areflexia/hyporeflexia - Breeding/riding injuries - Decreased muscle tone - Forced fetal extraction ( cow or calf) - Early and severe muscle atrophy - Head gate injuries - Anesthesia to specific myotomes - Parasitic 2. Diseases - Death of cattle grubs in the spinal cord - Botulism - Spinal abscesses - Organophosphate toxicity - Spondylitis (bulls) - Tick paralysis - Lymphosarcoma -Trauma - Rabies - Injection sites - Compartmental syndrome II. Diseases of the Brainstem B. Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) Disease A. Clinical signs 1. Clinical Signs 1. Cranial nerve deficits - Nuclei of Cranial nerves - Paresis - Paralysis (loss of voluntary III - XII are in the brain stem. Frequently mul­ 0 "'O movements) tiple cranial nerves involved with clinical deficit (D ~ - Normal/hyperreflexia on same side as lesion. ~ ('.") - Normal - increased muscle tone 2. Ataxia and paresis (D 00 - Late muscle atrophy 3. Depression - damage to reticular activating sys­ 00 - Decreased superficial and deep pain tem 0........ 00 ,-+- - Decreased proprioception '"i 2. Diseases B. Diseases ~ ~...... -Tetanus 1. Listeriosis 0 - Spastic Paresis 2. Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis p - Spastic Syndrome (TEME) - Nervous Ergotism 3. Sporadic Bovine Encephalamyelitis - Dallis/Bermuda Grass Staggers (SBE) 4. Middle Ear Infections C. Mixed Spinal Cord Disease 5. Homer's Syndrome 1. Clinical Signs 6. Rabies a. Lesion of Cl - CS - UMN signs to all limbs III. Diseases of the Cerebellum - Tetra or hemiparesis - Rear limbs usually more affected than fore- A. Clinical Signs limbs 1. Ataxia b. Lesion of C6 - T2 2. Bilateral dysmetria/hypermetria - UMN signs to hind limbs 3. Base wide stance - LMN signs to fore limbs 4. Head tremor c. Lesion of T3 - L3 5. Opisthotonus - UMN signs to hind limbs 6. Nystagmus - LMN signs to segmental spinal muscles 7. NO paresis - May localize by panniculus testing d. Lesion of 1A - Cy4 B. Diseases 28 THE BOVINE PROCEEDINGS-No. 22 1. Cerebellar abiotrophy -Tumors Holsteins, Herefords 6. Vascular damage 2. Cerebellar Hypoplasia - Secondary to toxemia/septicemia, a. Inherited e.g. E. coli mastitis Herefords, Guernseys, Holsteins, Short­ 7. Hydrocephalus/Hydranencephaly horns, Ayrshires - Congenital b. Infection - Toxic - Lupines In-utero BVD infections, rarely - Infectious - Bluetongue blue tongue Classification of Bovine CNS Diseases by Age 3. Inherited Cerebellar Ataxia · Calves Youngstock Adults Jerseys, Shorthorns, Holsteins (0-2 months) (2 months-2 years) (Over 2 years) 4. Mannosidosis - cerebellar signs predominate Angus, Murray Grey, Galloway Spinal Cord Disease 5. Progressive Ataxia Trauma--------------------. Brown Swiss (Weavers), Charolais Tetanus------------------­ 6. Hereditary neuraxial edema Abscess------------------­ Herefords Spastic Paresis--------- Tick Paralysis --------- IV. Diseases of the Cerebrum and Thalamus Grubs------------ ( Often cerebrum and thalamus affected simutaneously Ergotism----------­ due to close proximity). .--------Botulism ------------.. Spastic Syndrome A. Clinical Signs Neploasia 1. Abnormal behavior 2. Depression/somnolence Brain Stem Disease 3. Coma 4. Head pressing Rabies-------------------► 0 "'O 5. Convulsions Homer's Syndrome --------------~ (D ~ 6. Ataxia Otitis Media-------------------.. ~ SBE---------------- (") 7. Opisthotonus (D 00 8. Visual deficit (cortical blindness) -------Listeriosis ----------- 00 ------TEME ---------- 0........ 00 Cerebellar Disease ,-+. B. Diseases '"i 1. Toxic ~ -Lead Cerebellar Hypoplasia ~...... 0 - Organophosphates Cerebellar Abiotrophy p - Salt poisoning Mannosidosis --------­ - Hepatoencephalopathy Inherited Cerebellar Ataxia---- 2. Metabolic N euraxial Edema - Polioencephalomalacia Progressive Ataxia - Nervous ketosis - Vitamin A deficiency Cerebral/Thalamic Disease 3. Infectious - Bacterial encephalitis/meningitis Hydro/Hydroanencephalies - Neonatal septicemia IBR - Navel ill Polio------------. - Frontal sinusitis Vitamin A deficiency - Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis Salt Poisoning--------...... - Malignant Catarrhal Fever MCF----------- - Rabies N ervous Ketosis -IBR Bacterial Meningitis/Encephalitis -----------l► - Pseudorabies Rabies--------------------► 4. Trauma Pseudorabies ------------------► 5. Space occupying lesions Hepatoencephalopathy ------------► - Abscesses Lead---------------------. Organophosphates --------------- APRIL, 1990 29 Diagonsis and Treatment of Selected Bovine CNS Diseases - valium (.05 - .1 mg/lb. IV) - phenothiazine tranquilizers A. General Therapy for Cord Trauma - muscle relaxants 1. DMSO - 1 gm/kg as 50% solution - slow IV - Dantrolene ( 1 mg/lb. p.o. bid.) 2. Prednisone - 1-2 mg/lb. daily - Wound debridement - uterine irrigation 3. Dexamethasone - 2-5 mg/lb. IV - once - use of H202 to provide oxygen - Nursing care B. Spinal Lymphosarcoma - quiet, dark surrounding 1. Diagnosis - forced feeding and watering - Premortem demonstration of other sites of - parenteral neoplasia - use of rumen fistula -(lymph nodes, retro-orbital, etc.) - Age of cow and history of progressive rear limb E. Botulism function. 1. Diagnosis - CBC usually normal, only 15% leukemia - Clinical signs - BLY + titer is not confirmatory, but a negative - dysphagia titer usually rules out disease - bloating - Postmortem confirmation by necropsy - flaccid paralysis - downers 2. Treatment - respiratory arrest - Terminal disease - may see herd outbreaks - Current interest in chemotherapy - may resemble lead toxicity, rabies or milk fever - Corticosteroids - Confirmed by isolation of botulism toxin from - Asparaginase (Elspar) GI contents or feed - Electromyography will demonstrate neuro­ C. Spinal Hypoderma muscular blockade 1. Diagnosis - History of pica in cattle - History of recent pour-on or ivermectin 2. Treatment 0 "'O therapy in late fall or winter - Antitoxin - CDC & University of Pennsylvania (D - Alert, "dog-sitters" - Expensive ~ ~ - Acute onset - Supportive care (") (D - CSF: increased protein, neutropils, eosinophils 00 - Anticholinesterases (neostigmine) 00 2. Treatment - provide transient improvenent 0........ 00 - General therapy for cord trauma ,-+- - Increased mortality '"i 3. Prognosis - poor ~ F. Organophosphate Toxicity ~...... 0 D. Tetanus 1. Diagnosis p 1. Diagnosis - Clinical signs - Based solely on clinical signs: - muscarinic - stiff gait - tetany -salivation - sardonic smile -lacrimation - elevated tail head -sweating - erect ears -diarrhea - prolapsed 3rd eyelid -colic - History of recent injury, surgery or -miosis parturition -dyspnea (bronchospasm) 2. Treatment - cattle are rewarding patients -nicotinic - Penicillin -skeletal muscle tetany followed by paresis - Antitoxin -central - is of limited value in neutralizing preexisting -hyperesthesia toxin -stupor - massive doses - 300,000 units q 12 h for 3 -convulsions are rare treatments -History of exposure - intrathecal administration of 50,000 u -Test for cholinesterase activity in blood or tissue - Sedation (delta pH test) - chloral hydrate (1 oz./500 lb. p.o.) -blood cholinesterase levels of 25% or less of 30 THE BOVINE PROCEEDINGS-No. 22 normal are diagnostic I. Homer's Syndrome 2. Treatment 1. Diagnosis - Atropine - .25 mg/lb. - repeat as needed - Clinical signs - 2-PAM - 10 mg/lb. - ipsilateral miosis - Activated charcoal for oral exposure - ipsilateral ptosis - Shampoo for dermal exposure - ipsilateral dry muzzle - ipsilateral facial warmth G. Listeriosis - Concurrent nasal carcinoma 1. Diagnosis - History of balling gun injury or perivascular - Clinical signs accident - stupor 2. Treatment - head pressing - Symptomatic - circling - unilateral facial paralysis ( drooped lip & ear, dry J. Otitis media eye) 1. Diagnosis - head deviated, not necessarily tilted - Clinical signs - fever + /- - head tilt, +/-aural discharge - History of : - circling - silage of poor quality - ataxia - recent freeze - febrile - flooding - History of: -CSF - recent respiratory disease (Pateurella sp. a - increased protein frequent isolate) - increased WBC, mainly mononuclear cells - ear sucking in calves - Postmortem 2. Treatment - Brainstem microabscesses - Antibiotics - Organism notoriously difficult to culture - Systemic 0 "'O 2. Treatment -Topical and DMSO (D ~ - oxytetracycline - 5 mg/lb. IV - Antiinflammatory therapy ~ - penicillin - 25,000-30,000 u/lb. (") - Banamine (D 00 -Aspirin 00 H. Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis - Corticosteroids 0........ 00 ,-+- 1. Diagnosis '"i - Clinical signs K. Polioencephalomalacia ~ ~...... - acute onset } 1. Diagnosis 0 - recumbency & coma similar to a stroke - Clinical Signs p - paresis and ataxia - usually less than 1 year old - febrile - ataxia - nystagmus - head pressing - Fundic exam - cortical blindness (pupils respond to light) - retinal hemorrhage and exudate -coma -CSF - convulsions - increased protein - Response to thiamine - increased WBC, mainly neutrophils - Decreased erythrocyte transketolase activi1ty - Concurrent synovitis and lameness, pneumonia - Increased blood pyruvate levels or CNS disease in other animals -CSF - Postmortem - normal to increased protein - Hemorrhagic infarcts of CNS -especially - markedly increased pressure brainstem and cerebral cortex - Postmortem 2. Treatment - Polioencephalomalacia -
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