Changing Trends in Human Thoughts and Perspectives: Science, Humanities and Culture Part I Jogamaya Devi College Interdisciplinary Volume 1, Issue 1, 2020 Changing Trends in Human Thoughts and Perspectives: Science, Humanities and Culture Part I Jogamaya Devi College Interdisciplinary Volume 1, Issue 1 Jogamaya Devi College Kolkata 2020 Kolkata Jogamaya Devi College 92, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026 and 5A, Rajeswar Dasgupta Road, Kolkata 700026 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. All rights are reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. The whole project is funded by Jogamaya Devi College and it is freely available in the website of Jogamaya Devi College. Copyright © 2020 The Principal, Jogamaya Devi College First Publication: 30th June 2020 Publication Data: Changing Trends in Human Thoughts and Perspectives: Science, Humanities and Culture (Part I)/edited by Pratip Kumar Chaudhuri (Jogamaya Devi College Interdisciplinary Volume 1, Issue 1) ISBN: 978-81-93890-4-2 Disclaimer: The present volume is a collection of articles from varied disciplines, authored and reviewed by the specialists from a wide range of subjects. It is not possible for the publisher, the chief editor, or the editorial board to verify the originality of the works and the authenticity of the information presented therein, neither shall they assume any responsibility for the same. The authors are solely responsible for the originality of their respective works, and shall have to resolve any copyright-related issues arising therefrom. In case of any proven infringement of copyright, the relevant article will be removed from this volume. ☺PLEASE CONSIDER THE ENVIRONMENT BEFORE PRINTING THIS VOLUME Board of Editors Chief Editor Dr. Pratip Kumar Chaudhuri Dr. Pratip Kumar Chaudhuri has years of service as a Professor of Physics at Presidency College. Later in life, he worked as Director of Public Instruction at the Higher Education Department, Government of West Bengal. He has had visited several peer institutions as Peer Team member of NAAC. At present, he is associated with State Council of Higher Education and Governing Body of many colleges. Publisher Dr Srabani Sarkar Dr Srabani Sarkar, Principal of Jogamaya Devi College, has an experience of 23 years of student interaction. She received her Ph.D on Fuzzy Mathematics in 2012. Working is her favourite pastime. She loves to read too. She has a very amicable and congenial personality. Managing Editors Dr. Sushree Chakraborty Dr. Sushree Chakraborty is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Sanskrit at Jogamaya Devi College. A persevering student throughout her life, she received 'The President of India Medal for General Proficiency' in 2003. She was awarded with Ph.D degree from Jadavpur University in 2013. She enjoys spending her leisure with books, plants and her children. Dr. Bhaskar Ghosh Dr. Bhaskar Ghosh is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the department of Geology at Jogamaya Devi College, Kolkata. His areas of interest include the analyses of field structures and microstructures of deformed rocks, and the studies of the compositions, structures and socio-economic applications clay minerals. He received Ph.D. degree from the University of Calcutta for his research on stratigraphy and tectonics of Precambrian rocks of the Singhbhum Craton, Eastern India. Language Editors Dr. Soma Mondal Dr. Soma Mandal is an Assistant Professor of English at Jogamaya Devi College, Kolkata. She received Ph.D degree from Rabindra Bharati Unersity,Kolkata in 2018. Her areas of interest are – Indigenous Roots of Eco-feminism in India, Postcolonial Studies, Literature from the North-east and Eighteenth Century British Fiction. Piali Mondal Piali Mondal is an Assistant Professor in the Department of English at Jogamaya Devi College. She is currently pursuing her Ph.D on “Violence as Dialogue in Early Germanic Literature” in Department of English, Jadavpur University. Her areas of interest include Medieval European Literature, Queer Studies, Graphic Novels (Manga and Manhwa, in particular), and Food History. Technical Editor Dr. Kaushik Kiran Ghosh Dr. Kaushik Kiran Ghosh received M.Sc. and Ph.D degree from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. He is presently working as an Associate Professor of Jogamaya Devi College, Kolkata. His research interest includes banded iron formation (BIF) and related iron ore deposits of India. He has published several papers in national and international journals. ⌘ Changing Trends in Human Thoughts and Perspectives: Science, Humanities and Culture, Part I, Jogamaya Devi College Interdisciplinary Volume 1, Issue 1 (2020) FOREWORD The COVID-19 pandemic has affected a very large number of people worldwide and is the worst that we have seen in our lifetime. Even a larger number of people have been affected not by the virus itself, but by the follow-up that has been enforced in order to combat the disease and contain the spread of the virus. While the impact on industry, agriculture and, in general, economy has been of disastrous proportions, the influence on academic and intellectual activities has been considerable. It is against this backdrop that Jogamaya Devi College has taken up the challenge of publishing an E-Book with contribution from all its departments. There is no doubt that this effort deserves nothing but praise and will encourage other institutions to follow the footsteps of this institution. The E-Book comprises articles from the whole spectrum of departments of the institution. The language departments – those of Sanskrit, Bengali and English – are well represented in the E- Book, through thought-provoking articles that would rouse the interest of readers from other disciplines as well. The History department has delved into the history of writing History. Sociological issues, homosexuality and the place of women in society have rightfully claimed their place in the publication. Science departments have come up with new ways of looking at classical topics, the history of the Periodic Table and marble, the ever-revered form of Calcium Carbonate that has been used by sculptors and architects over the ages. What will quite expectedly surprise the reader are the discussions on display technologies, artificial intelligence and a novel use of the smart-phone. The purpose of this publication goes beyond academic exercise of the authors and trans- departmental readers. When lock-downs thwart a return to normalcy and the date of resumption of usual academic activities is as elusive as a mirage, the publication will serve to keep the minds of both the authors and readers alive and refreshed. It will, hopefully, be followed up by successive editions, in electronic or printed form, giving opportunities to all faculty members to write and publish. Until then, let us all wish that this E-Book will be read and appreciated by a wide range of readers. Pratip Kumar Chaudhuri Chief Editor i ⌘ Changing Trends in Human Thoughts and Perspectives: Science, Humanities and Culture, Part I, Jogamaya Devi College Interdisciplinary Volume 1, Issue 1 (2020) FROM PRINCIPAL’S DESK It feels nice to announce that even in the long period of lockdown due to pandemic, Research Committee of Jogamaya Devi College worked relentlessly towards publishing the 4th E-Book of our college whose theme is the changing trends in human thoughts and perspectives. The content of the book covers a wide range of perspectives- from history to science, from law to literature. I hope readers will not only enjoy reading the articles but also will get encouraged to contribute to the future volumes. I congratulate the editorial team for their hard work in this hard time. With thanks Principal ii ⌘ Changing Trends in Human Thoughts and Perspectives: Science, Humanities and Culture, Part I, Jogamaya Devi College Interdisciplinary Volume 1, Issue 1 (2020) FROM THE EDITORS’ DESK When the Homo sapiens sapiens emerged as the Supreme Being among all the species on this planet, all they knew were the lighting of fire and the art of making of a few kinds of crude flint tools for hunting, gathering and different types of household (or ‘cave-hold’) works. Quite a few millennia after that, through deliberate plantation of seeds and domestication of animals, they entered the period of agrarian culture from the vulnerable state of hunter gatherers. Once their basic needs – food, shelter and clothing – were addressed, the humans started to explore their creative faculties which distinguished them from the other animals. They became behaviourally modern with symbolic art, advanced tools and specific indigenous cultures. Gradually, with the large population centres, shared communication strategies, common social norms, developed culture and advanced forms of governance,