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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02552-3 - Russia and the West from Alexander to Putin: Honor in International Relations Andrei P. Tsygankov Index More information

Index

Abashidze, Aslan, 238 assertiveness, i, vii, x, 3, 6, 9, 40–1, 44, Abkhazia, 35, 37–45, 248, 250–4 46–50, 52–5, 195–211, 216–32, absolutism, 29, 36 236–55, 260, 262–3, 269, 272 Abyssinia, 100, 103, 108 growing domestic strength, 4–6, 46, the Adjara crisis, 236 52–3, 57, 205–7, 225–7, 247–8, Afghanistan, 1, 4, 34, 48, 50, 118–21, 123, 265 126, 176, 178 and national interest, 7–8, 49, 55, 248 See also Taliban and security, 5–7, 48, 54, 196, 209, 219, Africa, 180, 271 224, 229, 230–2, 241–2, 244, 247–8, agreement with France, (1891), 78–9, 82, 251–2, 265–6 84 record of, 6, 49–50, 209–11, 230–2, agreement with France, (1892), 78, 80, 253–5, 266 82 worldview, 3–4, 46–9, 197–9, 223–5, Aksakov, Ivan, 147, 206 244–6, 262–63 Aksakov, Konstantin, 206–7 See also Crimean War; Cold War; Al Qaida, 121–2 revisionism; revisionist behavior; Ali, Mehemed, 196, 200 Russia-Georgia War; Russia’s alliance with France, (1894), 79–80, 82 cooperation with the West Alexander I, 42, 68, 203, 223, 259 Astrakhan, 46 and European liberals, 68–9 Athenians, 14 internal reforms, 69–70 Austerlitz, 63 and support for conservative Europe, 42, Austria, 41–2, 50, 63, 65, 67, 69, 74, 67, 70–1 81–4, 87, 89–92, 102–3, 110, 137–44, vision of Holy Alliance, 68–9 146, 148, 156, 158, 197, 199–201, See also Holy Alliance 205, 207, 209, 211, 261–3 Alexander II, v, 42, 137, 167, 181 Austria’s occupation of Bosnia and and the Great Reforms, 145–6, 148 Herzegovina, 78, 81–2, 148 See also Recueillement Austro-Hungary, 2, 42 Alexander III, 43, 79 autocracy, 30, 32–3, 36, 37, 71, 74, 84, Alliance in Vienna, (1815), 69 146, 264–5 alliance of oligarchs and chekists, 132n20 autonomy, 22, 31, 35, 49, 53, 68, 86, 175, Alsace and Lorraine, 142 187 antiballistic missile (ABM) treaty, 119–20, Azerbaijan, 176, 182 122–3, 127, 130 Azov, 47, 195 Archduke Francis Ferdinand, 81, 83 Aristotle, 21 backwardness of Russia, 33, 42, 45, 107, Armenia, 182, 251 129, 166 arms control, 43 Baku-Ceyhan oil pipeline, 238 See nuclear weapons the Balkans, 4, 6, 42, 44, 46–7, 56, 69, Aron, Raymond, 16, 19, 25n30 72–3, 78, 81–3, 85, 90–2, 119, 138–9, Asia, 1, 32–3, 47, 80, 92, 173, 180–1, 187, 144–7, 149, 168, 172–5, 181, 196–7, 213n51, 228–30, 253, 261, 271 200–2, 216–7, 220, 223–4, 261, 269

305

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02552-3 - Russia and the West from Alexander to Putin: Honor in International Relations Andrei P. Tsygankov Index More information

306 Index

Balkan wars of 1912 and 1913, 81, 85, 87, Canning, Stratford, 200 90 capitalism, 14, 43, 48, 104, 107, 155–6, Baltic states, 102–3, 156, 163, 175, 178, 161–2, 164, 166–8, 215, 218, 225 224 Carr, Edward, 16, 230 Barthou, Louis, 99, 108 Caspian Sea, 141, 251 Baruch, Bernard, 219, 228 Castlereagh, Viscount, 64 Basayev, Shamil, 126 Catherine the Great, 2, 30, 42, 45, 47, Battle of Kulikovo, 31 138 Beck, Josef, 110 Catholic Europe, 35 Belarus, 175, 178, 182 Caucasus, 1, 6, 18, 32, 48, 126, 144, 146, Belorussia, 140 156, 177–8, 183, 200–2, 241–6, the Berlin crisis, 217 248–9, 251–4 Berlin Wall, fall of, (1989), 133fn32 cause-effect relationship, 9, 268 Besika Bay, 200, 202 Central Asia, 30, 130, 144, 149, 176, 178 Beslan school hostage crisis, 123 Chateaubriand, Vicomte, 66 Best, Geoffrey, 14 Chamberlain, Neville, 109 Bezobrazov, Alexandr, 85 Cheney, Dick, 254, 258n75 bin Laden, Osama, 127, 132n27 Chernogoria, 139 Bismarck, Otto, 79, 83, 140, 142, 149–50 Chernomyrdin, Victor, 175, 179 the Black Sea clauses, (1870), 79, 138–9, Chiang Kai-shek, 100 142, 146, 149 Chicherin, Georgi, 106, 157, 162, 164 the Black Sea, 3, 46–7, 57, 79, 138–9, China, 1, 3, 29, 32, 46, 56, 97, 100, 141–2, 146, 149–50, 178, 195, 200–1, 125–6, 128, 173, 176–9, 181, 185–6, 210, 222, 266 188–9, 216, 221, 227–8, 261–2, access to, 3, 47, 57, 138, 149, 195, 201 270–1, 272–3 See also the Black Sea clauses Church, 28–30, 32, 37n15, 63, 71, 195, “Bloody Sunday,” 82, 88 197, 199, 205, 259 Black Sea ﬂeet, 178, 200 Churchill, Winston, 116n80, 133n35, 216, Blainey, Geoffrey, 230 218–9, 227–9 Blair, Tony, 120 citizenship, 14, 34, 187 Brezhnev’s “correlation of forces” Clausewitz, 20 doctrine, 46, 50 Cobden, Richard, 205 Bolsheviks, 3–4, 47, 82–3, 87–8, 155–8, Colander, Robert, 106 165, 167, 260 Cold War, vii, 3, 4, 9, 34–5, 48–9, 51, Bolshevik Revolution, (1917) 53–4, 56–7, 130, 133n33, 167, 172, See the revolution of October 1917 185–6, 217–25, 227–31, 236, 254, Bosnia-Herzegovina, 47, 199 262–3, 165, 271 Bosnian Serbs, 172 collective security, (1933–1939), vii, 3, 8, Bosporus, 196, 199, 200, 217 43, 50, 56–7, 97–113, 116n89, 123, Brazil, 1, 270, 272–3 160–2, 167–8, 177–8, 260, 262–4, Brezhnev, Leonid, 46, 54 266 BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China), 1 assessment of, 111–3 British Petroleum, 121 domestic opposition to, 107 Brunnow, Philip, 207, 212n34, 262 domestic support of, 108 Bucharest summit, (2008), 243, 246 and a “double game” explanation, 111 Brest-Litovsk treaty, (March 1918), 156 and joining the League of Nations, 97–8 Bukharin, Nikolai, 107, 115n65, 162, key events of, 103 164–6, 168 and Munich Conference, 102–3 Bulgaria, 81, 199, 217, 222, 224 and realism, 110–1 Bush, George H. W., vision of, 104–6 Bush, George W., 1, 118–21, 123, 127–8, See also Litvinov; Stalin, 242–3, 254 Collective Security Treaty Organization Byzantium, (CSTO), 123 the fall to the Ottomans, (1453), 5, 31, the collectivization, 107, 159, 163, 165–6, 34–5, 68 168, 223

Index 307

Communist International (Comintern), and the rights of Orthodox Christians, 97, 99–100, 103, 111–2, 155, 157, 195–9, 201, 204, 206, 208–9 159–60, 164, 168 and Russia’s conﬁdence, 205–7 7th World Congress, (1935), 99 and the Straits, 196 “Common European Home,” 3, 44 vision of, 198–9 Communist Party, 101, 103, 105, 107, See also the Black Sea clauses; Nicholas 112, 261, 265 I; Menshikov; Palmerston; Seymour Commonwealth of Independent States cultural allies, 6, 28, 33–7, 45, 56–7, 68, (CIS), 173, 177–9, 188, 242, 245 125, 149, 181, 264, 267 communists, 100, 111, 172, 218, 221, Curzon Line, 217 265 Czech Republic, 102, 175, 179 the Concert of Europe, 68, 72, 195, 197, Czechoslovakia, 34, 98, 100, 102–3, 106, 201, 203, 210, 269 109–110, 111, 113, 158, 161, 217, Conference in Aachens, (1818), 69 222 Conference in Troppau, (1820), 64, 69 Conference on Security and Dagestan, 123, 126 Cooperation in Europe, 3, 43 Danilevski, Nikolai, 147 Constantine IX, 35 Danubian principalities, 47, 67, 199, 205, Constantinopole, 75n30, 146 211 Constitutional Assembly, 156 Danzig, 113 Constitutionalism, 16, 43, 73 Davies, Joseph, 109 containment, 9, 56–7, 179, 189, 202, 236, Dawes Plan, (1924), 157 238–40, 242, 249, 263, 265 defensiveness, i, vii, x, 3, 6, 8, 40, 41, cooperation, i, vii, x, 2–3, 6, 8, 18, 23, 44–5, 50, 52, 54, 135–50, 155–68, 40–1, 50–2, 54–5, 61, 63–74, 78–93, 172–89, 261–3 97–113, 117–131, 259–64, 266–7, domestic weakness, 85, 181 271, 273 ﬂexible alliances, 3, 41, 45, 104, 106–7, and national interest, 7, 49, 54–5, 81 138, 146, 181, 260, 267 record of, 2–3, 40–4, 73–4, 91–3, and national interest, 7, 44–5, 54–5, 81 111–3, 129–31, 260–1, 266–7 record of, 3, 44–6, 261–3 worldview, 2–3, 63–5, 68–70, 83–5, See also isolation; NATO containment; 104–6, 124–5, 260–4 peaceful coexistence; recueillement See also collective security; “strategic democracy, 14, 35–37, 44, 46, 124, 127, partnership” with West; Triple 133n32, 217, 222, 231, 246, 270–3 Entente; war on terror Deng Xiaoping, 271, 274n8 Congress of Russian Communities, 184 Derzhava, 184–5, 264–5 “correlation of forces” strategy, 46, 50, Disarmament Conference, (1933), 98–9 116n89, 220 Djilas, Milovan, 223 counterterrorism, 119–29 dual citizenship, 34, 187 Crimean War, (1853–1856), vii, ix, 3–4, 6, Durkheim, Emile, 13 8–9, 44–5, 47, 49–50, 56–7, 68, 70, Durnovo, Pyotr, 87–8 73, 87, 137, 141, 144–6, 148–9, 167, 181, 195–211, 254, 261–3, 265, 267, early Cold War, (1946–49), vii, 9, 54, 269 216–32 assessment of, 209–11 assessment of, 230–2 and the Danubian principalities, 199, and the Berlin crisis, 217 205, 211 and defensive realism, 229 and defensive realism, 208–9 domestic opposition to, 225 domestic opposition to, 207 domestic support of, 225 domestic support of, 206–7 and Kennan’s “Long Telegram”, 219 key events of, 202 key events of, 222–3 and the Holy Places, 197–9, 202, 206 and nuclear bomb, 218, 223–4, 228 and neoclassical realism, 208 and Stalin’s perception, 223–4 and Nicholas’ perception, 197–9 and offensive realism, 228–9 and offensive realism, 207–8 and Soviet assertiveness, 220–1

308 Index

early Cold War, (1946–49) (cont.) Foreign Intelligence Service, 172, 177, 182 and Soviet confidence, 225–7 Foreign Ministry, 79, 87, 137, 147, 175, vision of, 223–5 247, 249 and Western mistrust, 227–8 foreign policy: and World War II, 223, 232 cases of Russia’s relations with the West, See also Churchill; Litvinov; Molotov; 8–9 Stalin; Trumen changing contexts, 9, 21–2 Eastern Christianity, 28–30, 36 defined, 40 and honor, 28–37 cultural formation of, 51–3 social values, 28–31 evaluation of, 49–50 See also Church; Orthodox; Russian explaining, 52–3 state limits of traditional explanations, 53–6 Eastern Europe, 4, 130, 163, 172, 185, realist and constructivist expectations, 216, 219–20, 223–4, 228 55 and NATO expansion, 172–89 resources, 7, 24, 49, 51, 57, 78, 90, 100, economic modernization, 51, 121 260, 266–7, 269, 274 The Economist, 119 atheoryof,9, 274 the Egyptian revolt, 67 traditions of, 2–4, 40–51 emotions, 4, 10n6, 13, 18–9, 23, 54, 253, See also assertiveness; confidence; 267 cooperation; defensiveness; power; emotional belief, 4 realism; international recognition; Empress Alexandra, 84 security; social constructivism energy, 1–2, 48, 119, 121, 123, 176, Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian 188–9, 219, 228, 231, 239, 247, 251, Federation, 247 272 France, 2–3, 8, 42–3, 47–8, 53, 56, 63, 67, as alternative to Middle East, 123 70, 72, 78–80, 82–93, 97–105, competitiveness, 48 108–13, 120, 122, 138–44, 146–8, and Europe, 1, 121, 123, 251 150, 157–63, 168, 174, 180, 185, engagement, 3, 21, 44, 49, 56, 78, 80, 197, 200–5, 208–11, 217, 226, 229, 125, 166, 191n38, 263, 267, 270 259–63 Enlightenment, 43, 207 Franco-Prussian War, (1870), 22, 146 English, Robert, 18 French Revolution, 35, 42, 69, 71 Estonia, 99, 182 Fukuyama, Francis, 180 Eternal Peace with Warsaw, (1686), 41, 46 Fuller, William, 92 Ethiopia, 100–1, 109, 160, 260 ethnic conflicts, 180 G-8, 272 ethnic Russians, 5–6, 34, 182, 187, 240 Gaddis, John Lewis, 230 Eurasia, 5, 31, 35, 127–9, 189, 272 Gazprom, 239 the European conference, (1871), 142 General Nikolai Obruchev, 84, 88 European Union, 1, 125, 246, 250, 270, General Palitsyn, 85, 88 273 General Staff, 84 ex-Soviet republics, 184 Genoa Economic Conference, (1922), 157 integration of, 173, 177–8, 188 Georgia, i, viii, xii, 4, 6, 9, 35, 48, 57, 130, See also Commonwealth of Independent 182, 236–55, 262–3, 265–6, 273 States (CIS); ethnic Russians; dual See also Abkhasia; Russia-Georgia war; citizenship; Russia-Georgia war South Ossetia external threat, 180 Germany, 2–3, 8, 42–3, 46, 53, 56, 67, 78–84, 87–94, 97–113, 120, 122, 139, Fadeyev, Rostislav, 153n92, 206 142–3, 147–8, 150, 156–64, 166, 168, fascism, 43, 100, 112 174, 180, 185, 216–8, 220–4, 226, Financial Times, 173 228, 230–1, 260–3 Finland, 98–9, 103, 156, 218, 222, 224 Gessen, Sergei, 30 First Northern War against Sweden, Geyer, Dietrich, 84 (1655–1660), 3, 41, 45, 50 de Giers, Nikolai, 79, 84, 88, 91, 260 the First Five-Year Plan, 159 Gilpin, Robert, 230

Index 309

Grazhdanin, 84 Holy Alliance, (1814–1853), vii, 2, 6, 8–9, global financial crisis, (2007–2009), 270, 42, 49–50, 56–7, 63–74, 87, 91, 272–3 137–8, 144, 146, 155, 197–8, 203, globalization, 270–1 209, 259, 261, 266 Goldfrank, David, 204 assessment of, 73–4 Gorbachev, Mikhail, xi, 3, 18, 25n40, and defensive realists, 72–3 43–4, 131 domestic opposition to, 70–1 Gorchakov, Alexander, 45–6, 57, 76n55, domestic support of, 71 79, 88, 91, 104, 112, 137–9, 141–3, and the Greek question, 65–6 145–50, 150n2, 181, 185, 188, 199, key events of, 68 260–1 and offensive realists, 71–2 note of 1856, 137–8, 143 and the Polish question, 65 note of 1870, 142 and the Vienna system, 63 Grand Alliance against Nazi Germany, 43, vision of, 68–70 102–3, 162, 225 See Alexander I, Nicholas I Grand Duke Konstantin, 145, 210, Holy Lands, 90, 204–5, 208 214n79 Holy League, 2, 41 Great Britain, 69, 142, 172, 211, 216, 218, honor: 221, 225–7, 229, 231 assertive enhancement of, 46–9 the Great Depression, 162, 164–5, 167 chest’ (“debt of honor”), 104 Great Northern War, (1721), 201 cooperative enhancement of, 41–4 great power, 14, 31–4, 42, 47, 52, 83, 85, defensive honor, 44–6 90–2, 94n42, 109, 124–6, 131, 144, definition of, 13–4 149, 159, 181, 184, 186, 196, 199, as a duty and a right, 20 201, 208–9, 223–4, 229–31, 247–8, and emotions, 13, 253, 255, 262, 264–5, 270 external recognition, 21–2 and prestige, 1, 4, 7–8, 16–7, 19–20, and constructivism, 19–24, 51–3 26n50, 47, 52–3, 73, 83, 90, 92, 98, and dishonor, 14, 206 112, 141, 149, 186, 197, 199, 201, and foreign policy, 22–4, 51–5 208, 223–4, 229–30, 252–4, 264–5 and great power, 31–5 and status, 2, 5, 33, 48, 52–4, 90, 92, and identity, 5, 22–3, 98, 120, 124–5, 131, 149–50, 180–1, and interest, 7, 15–20, 23 185–6, 190n28, 208–10, 241, 245–6, internal confidence, 23, 250–1, 255, 270–2 historical evolution, 36–7 See also power; material capabilities; 21st honorable, 20–1, 23–4 century great powers meanings of, 4, 8, 22 Great Reforms, 43, 141, 147 myths of, 28–31 Greco-Slavic way of living, 147 interpretation of, 9 Greece, 28, 66, 68, 72–3, 81, 109, 196, and nationalism, 14 218 pochet (“honorary title”), 104 Gromyko, Andrei, 225, 263 and purpose of social action, 19–20 Gross National Product, 229 and realism, 14–9, 53–6 and security, 31–3 Hanssen, Robert, 118 and Self and Other, 21–2 Hapsburg, 67 See also cultural allies; power; realism; Harriman, Averall W., 228 social constructivism Hawtrey, Ralph, 230 honor-based constructivism, x, 9, 267, Herzegovina, 78, 81–2, 139, 148 269, 273 Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 218, 221 Hosking, Geoffrey, 30 Hitler, Adolf, 3, 5, 31, 46, 49, 93, 97–8, human rights, 3, 5, 43–4, 52, 124, 237, 101–6, 108–13, 160, 162–3, 168, 217, 239, 241 219, 223–4, 232, 255, 260 Hungary, 36, 67–8, 110, 175, 179, 203, Hobbes, Thomas, 15 217, 222 Holsti, Kalevi, 144 the Hungarian war, 67 Hokkaido, 218, 221 Huntington, Samuel, 180

310 Index

Hussein, Saddam, 132n27, 180 Kandelaki, David, 107 Karamzin, Nikolai, 71 identity Katkov, Mikhail, 140, 147, 206 See cultural allies; emotions; honor; Kazakhstan, 182 identity coalitions; international Kazan, 46 recognition; social constructivism the Kellogg-Briand Pact, (1928), 158, 161 identity coalitions, 22 Kennan, George, 167, 219, 229 Ignatyev, Nicholas, 147–9 Kennan’s “Long Telegram”, 219, 222, Ilyin, Ivan, 30 228 Institute of Oriental Studies, 173 Khan Batyi, 31 Institute of World Economy and Khattab, 126 International Relations, 173 Khomyakov, Aleksei, 206–7 interest: Khrushchev, Nikita, 43, 223 rational interest, 15–6, 20 Kievan Rus’, 29 Intermediate Nuclear Missile Treaty, 246 Kireyevski, Ivan, 206 internal conﬁdence, 5, 52–3, 57, 59n25, Kissinger, Henry, 27n66, 77n77, 110, 74, 143, 164, 272 116n97, 230 international anarchy, 17, 19, 44, 73, 149, Kokovtsev, Vladimir, 47, 84–5, 88, 92 253 the Korea war, 222 international recognition, 272 Kosovo, 119, 175–6, 242, 248, 250, 254 and foreign policy, i, 1, 5, 21, 41, 43, 55 Kozyrev, Andrei, 44, 53, 172–3, 178–9, and great power status, 1, 109, 231, 255, 185 272 Krasin, Leonid, 157 and relations with the West, 1, 3, 5, 21, Kronstadt, 156 29, 41, 43, 51–3, 127, 155, 157–8, Kursk, 48 162–3, 166, 180, 205, 208, 243–4, the Kursk battle, (July 1943), 216 248–9, 252–3 Kutuzov, Mikhail, 71, 73, 259 and national identity, i, 21–3, 29, 51, Kyrgyzstan, 130, 178, 182, 242, 244 243–4, 264–5, 267–70 Kwantung Army, 106 See also social constructivism International Monetary Fund (IMF), 174, Lamanski, Vladimir, 147 179, 183–4 Lamsdorff, Vladimir, 79, 84 Iran, 4, 176, 178, 188, 221, 228, 262 Latin America, 261, 271 Iraq, 120–1, 123, 130, 176, 189, 244, 254 LaFeber, Walter, 232 See also Saddam Hussein La Harpe, Frederic-Cesar, 68 Islam, 30, 35, 127, 148, 214n69 Latvia, 99, 182 Islamic world, 173 Laval, Pierre, 101, 109 See also Islam; Muslims Lavrov, Sergei, 258n67 Italy, 28, 67, 69, 100–3, 109, 112, 139, Le Temps, 108 158–9, 161, 203, 217, 222, 224 League of Nations, 49, 97–100, 103, 105, Ivan Kalita, 159 160–1, 260 Ivan III, 35, 38n23, 159 LeDonne, John, 72 Ivan IV (“Ivan the Terrible”), 159 Legvold, Robert, 8 Ivanov, Igor, 237 the Lend-Lease agreement, 227–8 Izvol’sky, Alexandr, 81, 84, 88, 92 Lenin, Vladimir, 47, 88, 155–7, 164–5, 170n48, 170n56, 262 Japan, 47–8, 50, 56, 78, 80–2, 85–9, 92, Lenin-Trotski doctrine, 47 97, 100, 103, 125, 160, 181, 185, Leontyev, Konstantin, 87 218, 220, 222, 228, 260 Liberal Westernizers, 261 Jelavich, Barbara, 68 liberalism, 23, 36, 65, 70, 94n42, 230 Jerusalem and Palestine, 6, 197 See also democratization, globalization, modernization, Westernizers Kadets, the Party of constitutional Lieven, Dominic, 31, 83 democrats, 86–7, 94n42 Lippmann, Walter, 228 Kaganovich, Lazar’, 108 Lithuania, 41, 140, 182, 259

Index 311

Litvinov: modernization, 21, 23, 51, 86, 91–3, 105, critic of the League of Nations, 100–3 112, 121, 165–6, 214n69, 273 perspective on honor, 43, 97, 104–6, and military, 32, 159 166, 225 and modernization theory, 21 replaced by Molotov, 102–3 “Modernization alliances”, 3, 273 vision of collective security, 43, 97–9, Moldova, 47, 177, 182, 187 110–12, 114n35, 115n64, 158, Molotov, Vyacheslav, 102–3, 108, 113, 160–1 163, 219, 221, 223, 225–8, 231 See also collective security, peaceful Mongols, 5, 31–3, 46 coexistence Montenegro, 139 Lloyd George, David, 158 Morgenthau, Hans, 16, 19–20, 257n37 the Locarno pact, (1925), 97, 158, 162 multilateralism, 270 Lord Aberdeen, 196, 205 multipolarity, 89, 176, 247, 266, 270, 273 Lord Robertson, 120 Munchengratz, 65 Lord Palmerston, 67, 144–5, 200–1, the Munich Conference, (1938), 102, 109, 203–5 160 Louis XIV, 31 the Munich Conference on Security Policy, Louis Napoleon, 197, 205 (2007), 48, 246 Muscovy, 30, 32, 35 Madrid Summit, (1997), 175 Muslims, 30, 184 Machiavelli, Nicollo, 15 See also Islam; Islamic world Maginot Line, 108 Mussolini, 100 Maiski, Ivan, 225 Malia, Martin, 40, 72, 230 Naples, 67 Marshal Pilsudski, 160 Napoleon Marshal Tukhachevski, 101, 103, 107–8, Napoleon III, 142, 197 159 Narkomindel, 107 Marshall, George, 220–2, 225, 228, 231 nation-states, xi, 7, 121 Mastny, Voitech, 229 national interest, 7, 14, 18, 24, 54, 188 McCain, John, 254 National Security Concept of 1997, 173 MacDonald, Ramsay, 158 nationalism, 14, 84, 87, 90–1, 93, 140, meaningful context, 9, 21–2, 264, 267 149, 173, 271 context-sensitive theory, 9 NATO containment, (1995–2000), 179, Mearsheimer, John, 19, 71, 203, 208, 229, 265 269 assessment of, 187–9 Medieval European hero, 14 and the CIS integration, 177–8 the Mediterranean Straits, 81, 84, 145, and defensive realists, 185–6 149, 196, 217, 220, 222 domestic support of, 184–5 Medvedev, Dmitri, 3, 49, 236, 248, key events of, 178–9 257n51, 258n69, 272–3, 275n12 and neoclassical realists, 186 Mein Kampf, 99 and Russia-China-India axis, 176–7 Membership Action Plan (MAP), 250 vision of, 172–3, 180–2 Menshikov, Alexander, 199–200, 205–6, See NATO; Primakov 211, 212n34 natural resources, 1, 121, 157, 231 Metternich, Klemens von, 64–6, 69, 73 See also Caspian region; energy middle class, 247 Nazi Germany, 43, 46, 110, 112–3, 166, Middle East, 1, 123, 173, 175, 181, 253, 230 271 reoccupation of the Rhineland, (1936), the military communism, 155, 157, 168 100–1, 103, 109, 160, 260 military power, 101, 120, 144, 159, 203 anti-Comintern pact with Japan, (1936), See also arms control; Great Power; 100 nuclear weapons invasion of Austria, (1938), 110 Miloseviˇ c,´ Slobodan, 119, 179 invasion of Czechoslovakia, (1939), 113, Milyukov, Pavel, 43, 86–7, 94n42 109 Ministry of Defense, 190n28 Nazi-Soviet Pact, 111

312 Index

Near Abroad, 187 Odessa, 47 Nesselrode, Karl, 44, 65–7, 71, 75n30, Odoevsky, Vladimir, 71 76n40, 137–8, 143, 145–6, 150n2, Okruashvili, Irakli, 242, 258n57 152n73, 200–1, 206–7, 211, 212n34, Orange Revolution, 123–4 214n82, 215n103, 215n104, 261–2, Organization for Security and 267 Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), 50, Netherlands, 42, 67, 141 173, 239, 242, 256n19 von Neurath, Konstantin, 99 Orthodox Christians in the Balkans, 145, the New Economic Policy (NEP), 156, 168 164–5 Ottoman Empire, 2, 4, 6, 41–2, 46–7, New Thinking, 6, 8, 18, 25n40, 50, 65–6, 69, 71, 74, 90, 140, 142, 148, 274n3 195–9, 201, 203, 207–9, 211 The New York Times, 120, 219 Nicholas I: Pankisi gorge, 237, 248 the Greek question, 66 Panslav Congress in Moscow, (1867), 148 and the “ofﬁcial nationality,” 69, 71, Panslavism, 263 212n18 See also Aksakov; Danilevski; Fadeyev; the Polish question, 65, 68 Greco-Slavic way of living; Lamanski; and the 1840s revolutions, 67–8 Pogodin; Parus; the support for conservative Europe, 67, 70 Romano-Germanic type; Slavophiles; vision of the Holy Alliance, 69–70 Tyutchev See also Holy Alliance; Crimean War Panin, Nikita, 45 Nicholas II, 80, 82–3, 260, 267 Parus, 147 vision of honor, 83–5 Pasha, Rechid, 200 andcreationoftheStateDuma,86 Patriarch Job, 29 See also Triple Entente Peace of Kuchuk Kainardzhi, (1774), 195, NKVD 199–200 arrest of Red Army generals and purges Peace of Westphalia, (1648), 29 of diplomats, 101 peaceful coexistence, (1921–1939), vii, 3, Norway, 41, 131n8, 158 9, 50, 56–7, 99, 104, 114n44, North Atlantic Treaty Organization 155–68, 262–3, 266, 271 (NATO): assessment of, 168 and air strikes against the Bosnian Serbs, domestic opposition to, 165–6 (1994), 172 domestic support of, 166 air strikes on Belgrade, (1999), 174, 179 and Gorchakov’s Recueillement, 104, exclusion of Russia, 53 161 expansion, 1, 9, 46, 49, 56, 127, key events of, 161 129–30, 172–89, 262 and the New Economic Policy, 156–7, and Bucharest summit, 242, 246 165, 168 and Georgia, 238–9, 242–6, 248–50, and the Pact with Germany, 160–1 252–4, 263, 265 and realists, 167 and Madrid summit, (summer 1997), and “socialism in one country”, 164–5 175 and Stalin’s isolationism, 158–60 and NATO-Russia Council, 123 vision of, 155–7, 163–4 and NATO-Russia Founding Act, (May See Bukharin; Litvinov; Stalin 1997), 174–5, 179, 189n8 Pearl Harbor, 48 and Ukraine, 179, 242, 244–5 Perry, William, 185 Permanent Joint Council, 174 Pleshakov, Constantine, 221 and Yugoslavia, 52, 175, 179, 184, 189, Potsdam, 81, 216–8, 222, 224, 228, 232 254 Pravda, 160, 173, 219 North Ossetia, 39n44 Pew Global Attitudes survey, 121 Novgorodtsev, Pavel, 30 Piedmont, 67 Novikov, Nikolai, 226 Peter I the Great, 2, 4, 30, 33, 42, 46, 124, nuclear weapons, 1, 187, 218, 228 129, 159 See arms control Petro, Nicholas, 30, 255n17 Nuclear Non-Proliferation, 176 Pleve, Vyacheslav, 85

Index 313

Pogodin, Mikhail, 75, 147, 153n82, 206 and West, 127–8 Poland, 3–4, 34, 41–2, 45–6, 48, 50, 63–5, See also assertiveness; cooperation; war 67–9, 98–9, 101–3, 109–10, 122, on terror 139–41, 143, 156, 158, 162–3, 175, 179, 197, 207, 216–7, 220, 224–5, Quadruple alliance, 63–4 227–8 Quintuple alliance, 64 the non-aggression treaty with Berlin, (1934), 101 Rakovski, Khristian, 163 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 41, rational interest 45–6 See interest; national interest the Polish revolt of 1863, 139–41, 143–4, Razumovski, Andrei, 66 146 Realpolitik, 110, 157 Portugal, 67, 69, 125 rearmament program, 96, 100 post-Soviet Russia, 255 realism: power: classical realism, 9, 15–7, 25n24, and internal confidence, 5, 52, 59n25, 25n42 74, 164, 272 defensive realism, 16–7, 55–6, 148–9, international anarchy, 17, 73 208, 229, 252 material power, 5, 16, 56, 59n25, 149, and great power capabilities, 186 188, 210, 254, 269, 272 and honor, 15–9 perception of, 5, 59n25, limitations of, 7, 187 and prestige, 149, 254 and national interest, 7, 14, 18, 54 See also great power; multipolarity, neorealism, 16–7 realism, unipolarity neo-classical realism, 8, 17–9, 55–7, Primakov, Yevgeni, 35, 46, 172–89, 262 90–1, 186, 208, 229–30, 252–3 and “active” foreign policy, 175, 181 offensive realism, 16–7, 54–5, 71, 128, Eurasianism of, 35, 181–2, 189 207, 228, 250, 252 and Gorchakov, 181, 186 on New Thinking, 8, 18, 25n40 and great power status, 181, 184, 186 perspective on foreign policy, 53–6 and national interests, 186–7 See also anarchy; great power; material and NATO, 172–81, 262 power; multipolarity; power; See defensiveness, integration with unipolarity ex-Soviet republics, multipolarity, realist-constructivism, 269 NATO expansion, Russia-China-India recueillement, (1856–1871), vii, 9, 45, alliance 56–7, 78, 91–2, 104, 137–50, 161, Prince Adam Czartoryski, 69 187, 263 Prince Baryatinsky, 32 and alliance with Austria and Prussia, Prime Minister Gladstone, 86 141–3 Prince Pyort Meshcherski, 84 assessment of, 149–50 Prince Vladimir, 29 and defensive realism, 148–9 Princip, Gavrilo, 81 and dire financial situation, 144 Prokhanov, Aleksandr, 126 domestic support and opposition, 146–7 Prussia, 3, 41–2, 45, 63–4, 67, 69, 74, and German unification, 141–2 138, 140–44, 146, 148, 201–3, 207, key events of, 143 209, 262 and military weakness, 145 Prussia-Austria war, (1866), 142 and offensive realism, 149 Putin, Vladimir, i, iii–iv, xi, 31, 44, 49, and the Polish question, 140–1 118–31, 131n15, 132n22, 237, 240, and the rapprochement with France, 244, 248, 258n67 138–9 and economic backwardness, 129–30 and serfdom, 145 andEuropeanties,124 two key principles of, 138 and great power status, 31, 124–5 vision of, 137–8, 145–6 post-September 11, 44, 118–20, 125, See Alexander II; Gorchakov 128 religion, 30, 33, 35–6, 69–70, 184, 197, and terrorism, 118, 121, 126 214n69, 237, 259 and the U.S., 44, 118–25 Renaissance, 14, 28

314 Index

the Revolution of 1905, 56, 80, 83–4, and Europe, 29, 35 87–8, 92, 94n45 and great power, 31–2 the Revolution of October 1917, 43, 56, historical evolution, 36–7 65, 82–3, 109, 164, 167, 260 and origins of honor myth, 29–31 the Romano-Germanic type, 87, 147 premodern, xi, 7 Reuss-Smit, Christian, 19 security imperatives, 31–3 von Ribbentrop, Joachim, 103, 105 and strong state, 32–3 Rice, Condoleezza, 119, 243, 250 Russia’s relations with China, 261 Roberts, Geoffrey, 100 Russia-China-India alliance, 176–7 Roki Tunnel, 241, 258n75 Russia’s relations with the West Romania, 68, 109, 158, 220, 222, 224 See cooperation; defensiveness; Rome, 41, 50, 120, 259 assertiveness Roosevelt, Franklin, 109, 216–7, 227, Russo–Japanese War, (1904–5), 50, 56, 78, 232n6 80, 85, 87–8, 95n73 Rose Revolution, (2003), 236–7, 240, 242, Russophobia, 143, 204 244 Rykov, Aleksei, 157 Rousseau, Jean-Jack, 16 the Rumanian nationalist movement, 67 Saakashvili, Mikhail, 236–40, 242, Rumsfeld, Donald, 119 248–51, 254, 263 Russia Samarin, Yuri, 206, 210 See Russian state; Russia’s relations with Sazonov, Sergei, 81–2, 84, 87–8, 92 the West security Russia-Georgia economic forum, (2004), See foreign policy; national interest; 237, 242 realism; power Russia-Georgia War, (August 2008), i, viii, security class, 126, 184, 209 9, 236–55, 262–3 “selective engagement,” 191n38 assessment of, 253–5 Schism, 5, 31, 35 and defensive realism, 252 Schroeder, Paul, 73 domestic support of, 246 September 11,2001, 56, 118, 125–8, and Georgia’s attack on Tskhinvali, 131n10, 260 242–3 Serbia, 81, 179, 199, 207 and Georgia’s claims to NATO Serfdom, 29, 33, 37n12, 74, 145, 165, membership, 237–9 207, 210 key events of, 242 and the Recuillement, 145 and Kosovo’s declaration of See also emancipation of the serfs, (1861) independence, 240 Seton-Watson, Hugh, 90, 141 and neoclassical realism, 252–3 Seven Years War, (1756–1763), 3, 42, 45, and offensive realism, 250–1 50 and Russian bases in Batumi and 17th Communist Party Congress, (1934), Akhalkalaki, 239 105, 170n37 and Western role, 248–50 Seymour, George Hamilton, 199, 210, and Russia’s conﬁdence, 247–8 212n18 and Russia’s containment, 238–40 Shevardnadze, Edward, 236–8 and Russia’s fear of the colored “Shock therapy”, 172 revolutions, 251 Siberia, 46 and Russia’s peacekeeping forces, 241 siloviks, 132 and spy incidents, 236, 239, 245 See alliance of oligarchs and chekists vision of, 244–6 the Sinop battle, 202, 204–5 See also Medvedev; Putin; Saakashvili Slavophiles, 71, 86, 146, 206–7, 211, Russian Center for the Study of Public 214n69, 262 Opinion, 126 Slovakia, 110 Russian Duma, 86, 88, 130, 174, 184, 245 Slovenia, 119, 123 Russian state, vii, 28–37, 164, 189 Smuta and autocracy, 30–1 See Time of Trouble and Christian values, 29–31 social constructivism, 7, 9, 19 and cultural allies, 33–5 and honor, 19–24

Index 315

perspective on foreign policy, 4–5, 51–3 Talleyrand, 64 and power, 5 Ta r l e , E v g e ni , 203 and prestige, 52 Tay l o r , A . J. P. , 65, 74n2, 89, 109, 149, and realism, 53–6 200, 211n9 and theory of foreign policy, 267–9 10th Party Congress (March 1921), 156 See also foreign policy; honor; terrorism, 44, 121, 123–5, 127, 129, honor-based constructivism; 132n27, 177, 183, 248, 260–1, 264, international recognition 266 socialism, 3, 34, 43, 45, 49, 105, 156, See also Beslan school hostage crisis; 161–2, 164, 166, 168, 217, 222–3, Caucasus; Chechnya; September 11, 225 2001; Taliban; war on terror social democracy, 35–6, 44 Te s c h e n, 110 Sokol’nikov, Grigori, 157 Third Rome, 34, 50, 65 Solovyev, Vladimir, 87, 214n69 Third World, 54, 125, 181 Sophia Paleologue, 35 Three Emperors League, 2, 42, 89, 91 South Ossetia Thucydides, 15–6, 20 See Russia-Georgia war Time of Troubles, 30, 32, 46 Soviet Union Treaty of Adrianople, (1829), 195 See Cold War; collective security; Treaty of Belgrade, (1739), 47, 195 peaceful coexistence Treaty of Berlin, (April 1926), 158 Spain, 67, 69, 100, 123, 127 Treaty in Brest-Litovsk, (March 1918), Speranski, Mikhail, 71 156 Stalin, Josef, 3, 45–6, 48–9, 98–113, 157, Treaty on Collective Security, (1992), 177 159–68, 216–31, 260, 262, 266 Treaty of Jassy, (1792), 195 pact with Hitler, 46, 49–50, 105, 110–1, Treaty of Locarno, (1925), 97 113, 160–1, 168, 217, 261 Treaty of Neutrality and Cooperation with and rodina (motherland), 105 France, (1859), 139 and “socialism in one country,” 3, 49, Treaty of Paris, (1856), 138, 146 105, 161–2, 164, 166, 168 Treaty of Peace and Friendship with and Soviet defense spending, 107 France in Tilsit, (1807), 63 state-building priorities, 104–5 Treaty of Rappalo, (1922), 106, 157 vision of collective security, 104–6 Treaty of Special Relations with Berlin, See also Cold War; collective security; (1926), 97 peaceful coexistence Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, (1833), 196 Stalingrad, 48 Triple Entente, (1907–1917), i, vii, 8, Stassen, Harold, 221 78–93, 155, 260–1 State Duma assessment of, 91–3 See Russian Duma and back-passing, 90 Steinmeier, Frank-Walter, 241 and balancing options, 89–90 Stimson, Henry, 228 and dependence on France and Britain, Stolypin, Pyotr, 47, 85, 88, 92, 95n74, 88–9 104, 112 domestic opposition to, 87 Stone, David R., 167 domestic support of, 85–7 the Straits key events of, 82–3 See Mediteranian Straits and military mobilization, 81 “strategic partnership” with West, 185 and neoclassical realism, 90 Stroganov, Grigori, 66 realignment with the West, 81–2 Struve, Pyetr, 30, 94n42 and revolution of 1905, 80 the Sultan, 6, 47, 65–7, 69–70, 73, 139, and Russia-Britain relations, 80–1 196, 198–200, 202, 206–11, 266–7 and Russo-French Alliance, 79–80 Sudetland, 101 and Russo-German trade war, 79 Superpower, 190n28, 224 vision of, 83–5 and World War One, 82 Tajik-Afghan border, 177 See Alexander III; Nicholas I; Nicholas Tajikistan, 177–8, 182, 187 II Taliban, 118–20, 188, 249 Trotski, Lev, 47, 162, 164–6

316 Index

Truman, Harry S., 217–8, 220–2, 224, shared values, 72, 74, 77n77 227–8, 234n84, 235n92 values of free economy and society, 23 Tskhinvali, 241 values of sovereignty, 131n15 Tucker, Robert C., 165 Western values, 180 Tukhachevski, Mikhail, 101, 103, 107–8, See also Christian values; honor 159 Varga, Yevgeni, 163, 234n74 Turkey, 3, 34, 45, 47, 50, 65–8, 81, 89, 91, velvet revolutions 109, 122, 139, 146–7, 149, 156, 176, Versailles Treaty, (1918), 97, 101, 158, 195–202, 204–5, 207, 210–1, 222, 232 269 the Vienna Concert, 143 Turkmenistan, 178, 182, 187 the Vienna Congress, 63, 66, 68 21st century great powers, 269–74 the Vienna system, 63–4, 73–4, 195, 197, established powers, 270–1 210 recovering power, 270, 272–3 Vietnam, 27n66 rising powers, 270, 271–2 Vladivostok, 10, 248 See also great power; power Voikov, Pyort, 163 Tyutchev, Fyodor, 146–7, 152n79, 206 The Wall Street Journal, 119 Ukraine, 3, 45–6, 123–4, 130, 133, 140, Wallace, Henry, 228 156, 178–9, 182, 187, 226, 242, War Minister Sukhomlinov, 85, 88, 92 244–6, 266 war with Japan, 50, 56, 78, 80, 85, 87–8, annexed by Russia, 3, 45 95n73 See also Orange Revolution; NATO and war on terror, (2001–2005), vii, 3, 8, 50, Ukraine 57, 118–31, 132n26 unipolarity, 128, 132n32, 176, 181, 188, assessment of, 129–31 190n29, 246 domestic support of, 125–7 United Nations (UN), 1, 48, 121–2, 177, and Chechnya, 121, 126 186, 221, 272 key events of, 123 United Nations Security Council (UNSC), and offensive realism, 128 1, 121, 186, 219, 241, 272 and opposition to the Iraq war, 120–2 United States, ix, 1, 4, 18, 43–4, 46, 48, and partnership with the U.S., 118–23 53, 56, 109, 118–23, 125–31, 158, vision of, 124–5 161, 174, 176, 179–81, 185–6, 188, See Putin 190, 216–21, 223–9, 231, 236, 243–6, war with Turkey, (1828–1829), 50, 66 248–50, 252, 254, 257n37, 260, 263, Warsaw Pact, 50 266, 270, 272–3 Weber, Max, 20, 131 See also early Cold War; unipolarity; West NATO; Russia-Georgia War; See European Union; international September 11, 2001; war on terror recognition; Russia’s relations with the Uvarov, Sergei, 71 West; United States; Wester n Uzbekistan, 182 civilization Western civilization, 35, 51, 53, 129, 180 values: Western distrust, 109 autocratic values, 42, 130, 260 Wester nizers, 70, 185, 206, 214n68, change of, 53, 264 214n69, 214n74, 261 communist values, 104 Wight, Martin, 16 core values, 4–5, 7 William, Frederick, 69 democratic values, 35, 46–7 William I of Austria, 139 European values, 65, 68, 124 William II, 82, 93 distinctive values, 36, 44, 266 Witte, Sergei, 47, 85, 88, 91–2, 94n26, defense and promotion of, 45, 205, 245, 95n73 265, 270–1 Wohlforth, William, v, 17, 25n40, 116n89, dynastic values, 29 208, 226 geopolitical values, 182 the world revolution, 4, 43, 47, 50, 97, moral values, 28 104, 155–6, 164, 167–8, 262

Index 317

World War I, ix, 16, 43, 47, 49, 78, 87–8, Yugoslavia, 53, 109, 175–6, 179, 184, 187, 93, 97, 116n84, 260, 267 189, 217, 220, 222, 254 World War II, 16, 43, 50, 129, 155, 161, 167, 223, 232, 254, 270 Zavtra, 126 Zhdanov, Andrei, 108, Yalta conference, 222 222 Yeltsin, Boris, 44, 126, 131, 172–3, 175, Zinovyev, Grigori, 164 177–9, 183–4, 188–9 Zubok, Vladislav, 221