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Bulgarian Migrations from the Ottoman Empire to Russia in the Nineteenth Century

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Bulgarian Migrations from the Ottoman Empire to Russia in the Nineteenth Century DEMOGRAPHIC ENGINEERING: BULGARIAN MIGRATIONS FROM THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO RUSSIA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY A Master’s Thesis by AHMET İLKER BAŞ Department of History İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara September 2015 To my family and my grandmother DEMOGRAPHIC ENGINEERING: BULGARIAN MIGRATIONS FROM THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO RUSSIA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by AHMET İLKER BAŞ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2015 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. --------------------------------- Vis. Asst. Prof. Dr. Evgeni Radushev Thesis Advisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Özer Ergenç Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Mehmet Seyitdanlıoğlu Examining Committee Member Approval of the Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT DEMOGRAPHIC ENGINEERING: BULGARIAN MIGRATIONS FROM THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO RUSSIA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Baş, Ahmet İlker M.A., Department of History Supervisor: Vis. Asst. Prof. Evgeni Radushev September 2015 This thesis focuses on the Bulgarian immigrations to Russia and return of many of them to the Ottoman Empire in 19th century. The stimuli which drag them to the lands far away from home, and reasons which draw them to Rumelia back again are the subject of this thesis. Through this research, it is intended to shed light on a subject which is well-known as a phenomenon by historians, yet not researched as an historical event with its reasons and results, thus becomes a tool of nationalist discourse. Keywords: Bulgarians, migration, Ottoman Empire, Russia, Balkans, Crimea, Caucasia, Tatars, Circassians, demographic engineering. iii ÖZET NÜFUS MÜHENDİSLİĞİ: ONDOKUZUNCU YÜZYILDA OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞUNDAN RUSYA’YA BULGAR GÖÇLERİ Baş, Ahmet İlker Yüksek Lisans, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Evgeni Radushev Eylül 2015 Bu tez, 19. yüzyılda Bulgarların Rusya’ya göçünü ve pek çoğunun tekrar Osmanlı İmparatorluğuna geri dönmesi üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Onları yurtlarından çok uzak topraklara sürükleyen gerekçeler ve tekrar Rumeli’ye döndüren nedenler bu tezin konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırmayla, tarihçiler arasında bir hadise olarak iyi bilinen fakat tarihsel bir olay olarak araştırılmamış ve bu nedenle de milliyetçi söylemin aracı olmuş bir konuya ışık tutmak amaçlanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bulgarlar, göç, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Rusya, Balkanlar, Kırım, Kafkasya, Tatarlar, Çerkezler, nüfus mühendisliği. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I am very grateful to my advisor Asst. Prof. Evgeni Radushev who encourages me with his valuable advices and his boundless energy. With his precious support and positive critics, I managed to complete this master thesis. I will always remember him as a student-friendly professor. I look forward to study with him for my PhD thesis in Bilkent University. I also owe my special thanks to the professors in the Department of History in Bilkent University, who helped me to improve my academic skills. Among all of these professors, I am sincerely grateful to Prof. Dr. Özer Ergenç, whose lessons were eye- opening for me. He is the only professor in whose courses I both enjoy and learn a lot at the same time. Özer Hoca gains my respect because of not only being my professor but also being a perfect guidance to his students. Also, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Mehmet Seyitdanlıoğlu with whom I had honor to meet in TOBB University of Economics and Technology, and ingratiated me the nineteenth century of the Ottoman Empire. I am very grateful to Murat İplikçi, Deniz Cem Gülen, Turaç Hakalmaz, Tarık Tansu Yiğit and Burak Özkan from my department with whom I have very great times. I am very fortunate to meet with these valuable friends. I should also mention my dearest engineer friends from TOBB ETU in this list whose discussions are mind- blowing. I am grateful to my professors; Prof. Dr. Yusuf Sarınay, Asst. Prof. Dr. Rıza v Yıldırım and Asst. Prof. Dr. İhsan Çomak in TOBB ETU where I completed my undergraduate education. Additionally, Uluç Karakaş who is my neighbor in dormitory is another person worth to be mentioned here. My dear Nimet Abla deserves my gratitude who makes the dormitory as my home. I should also thank to TUBİTAK (Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) which provided me scholarship in my bachelor’s degree in TOBB ETU, and in my master’s degree in Bilkent University. With valuable support of this important institution, I manage to continue my academic education. Above all of these precious personalities, I owe to thank to my beloved family whose support is the source of my life. Especially, Göktürk Melikşah who is my biological brother but psychological son has a very special place in my life. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BOA: Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi A.} MKT. MVL.: Sadaret Mektubî Kalemi Meclis-i Vâlâ A.} MKT. MHM.: Sadaret Mühimme Kalemi Evrakı A.} MKT. NZD.: Sadaret Mektubî Kalemi Nezaret ve Devâir Evrakı A.} MKT. UM.: Sadaret Umum Vilayat Evrakı İ..DH..: İradeler Dahiliye İ. MVL.: İradeler-Meclis-i Vâlâ MVL.: Meclis-i Vâlâ Riyâseti Belgeleri HAT.: Hatt-ı Hümayun İ..MTZ.(04): İradeler-Bulgaristan vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iii ÖZET .......................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 1.1. Subject and Sources ........................................................................................... 1 1.2. Historiography ................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Objectives ........................................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER II: GLIMPSES OF THE BALKANS TOWARDS THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ................................................................................................................. 13 2.1. Socio-Administrative Changes ........................................................................ 13 2.1.1. Classical Institutions and Ideology ........................................................... 13 2.1.2. Age of Devolution and Transformation .................................................... 18 viii 2.1.2.1. Transformation of Land Regime ........................................................ 20 2.1.2.2. Reign of Banditry ............................................................................... 25 2.2. Socio-Economic Changes ................................................................................ 28 CHAPTER III: BULGARIAN MIGRATIONS BEFORE THE TANZİMAT ............ 33 3.1. Population Policy of the Russian Empire ........................................................ 33 3.2. Bulgarian Migrations from the Ottoman Empire to the Russian Lands before the Tanzimat ........................................................................................................... 39 3.2.1. A Sociological Approach .......................................................................... 39 3.2.2. Migrations before the Russo-Ottoman War of 1806-12 ........................... 41 3.2.3. Migrations during the Russo-Ottoman War of 1806-12 ........................... 45 3.2.4. Migrations during the Russo-Ottoman War of 1828-29 ........................... 50 3.2.4.1. Bulgarians during the War and Different Perspectives of Russian administration to the Immigration ................................................................... 50 3.2.4.2. Bulgarian Immigrations to Russia and Their Return to the Homeland ......................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER IV: BULGARIAN MIGRATIONS AFTER THE TANZIMAT .............. 79 4.1. Tanzimat, It’s Perception, and Reaction .......................................................... 79 4.2. Vidin Rebellion in 1850 .................................................................................. 85 4.3. Population Traffic after the Crimean War ....................................................... 91 4.3.1. Tatar Immigration to the Ottoman Empire ..............................................
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