DOCSLIB.ORG

Matching the Performance of Saudi Arabian Oil Fields with an Electrical Model

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Matching the Performance of Saudi Arabian Oil Fields with an Electrical Model Matching the Performance of Saudi Arabian Oil Fields With an Electrical Model W. L. WAHL L. D. MULLINS SOCONY MOBIL OIL CO., INC. R. H. BARHAM DALLAS, TEX. MEMBERS AIME W. R. BARTlETT ARABIAN AMERICAN OIL CO. MEMBER AIME DHAHRAN, SAUDI ARABIA ABSTRACT devices, output devices, central control and a resistance­ Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/JPT/article-pdf/14/11/1275/2214599/spe-414-pa.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 capacitance (RC) network. At times, the RC network This paper describes an electrical model and its appli­ alone is referred to as the "model". However, it should be cation to the analysis of four reservoirs in Saudi Arabia. evident from the text which meaning is attached to the The model has 2,501 mesh points and represents 35,000 word "model". A discussion of the equipment follows. sq miles of the Arab-D member. Details of modeling such as mesh size, control problems and standards of perfor­ THE RESISTANCE·CAPACITANCE NETWORK mance in matching reservoir history are discussed. The The RC network consists of 2,501 capacitance decades particular performance match achieved for the Arab-D interconnected through 4,900 resistance decades. The com­ member is presented. Details such as permeability barriers, ponents are arranged to form a rectangular network of aquifer depletion and interference between oil fields are 2,501 mesh points in a 41- X 61-mesh array. Imposing given. The performance match realized in the Abqaiq the mesh grid system on the continuous reservoir system pool is presented in detail. divides the reservoir into discrete areal segments. These discrete segments may be of various sizes. More precisely, INTRODUCTION the mesh size need not be uniform throughout the model. The resistor-capacitor network and associated control The RC network is fabricated in two sections which equipment described in this paper comprise an electrical are connected at the top. An inside view of the "tunnel" analog of a reservoir system. Similar equipment has been formed by the two sections is shown in Fig. 1. The height used to study the transient response of reservoirs for many and width of the tunnel are shown in the figure. Numerals years. The unique feature of the model and application appear along the bottom and along the back opening of to be described is the extremely large size of the model the tunnel. These numbers denote the x and yeo-ordinate and reservoir system, and the detail observed in simulating positions of mesh points. Fig. 2 presents a rear view of the reservoir with the model. one-half the model. The length dimensions of the model, as well as a rear view of the capacitor decades, are shown The Arabian American Oil Co. first became interested in this figure. The control dials used in adjusting the resist­ in analog computers for simulation of oil reservoirs in ance and capacitance values on the model can be seen 1949. Since that time, several models have been developed, in the enlarged portion of the model shown in Fig. 3. each more elaborate and refined so that the reservoir sys­ tem might be more closely simulated. The current model The electrical capacity at any mesh point can range is the latest in a series designed, built and operated by from 0 to 1.0 microfarads set to the nearest tenth of a the Field Research Laboratory of Socony Mobil Oil Co. microfarad. The electric resistance connecting any two in collaboration with Aramco. It has been and continues mesh points can range from 0 to 9,990,000 ohms set to to be used to study the regional performance of the the nearest 1,000 ohms. External capacitors may be added Arab-D member limestone reservoir. The Arab-D member to any or all mesh points if the need arises. The values of is one of the Middle East's most prolific producing hori­ electrical resistance and capacitance are adjusted manually zons .. by manipUlating the two types of decade units. INPUT EQUIPMENT THE MODEL A considerable quantity of equipment is used to control The theory of simulating a reservoir system with an the input to the RC network. These input devices are electrical system has been presented in the literature.'-5 Therefore, this paper will not discuss the theoretical as­ TABLE l-CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN flUID AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS pect of the problem except to point out the correspondence Fluid System Electrical System between the fluid system and electrical system, as shown Item Units Item 'Units in Table 1. Reservoir Pressure psi Voltage Volts In general, the complete model is made up of input Reservoir Production Reservoir BID Current Microamperes Rate or I niection Rate Original manuscript received in Society of Petroleum Engineers office Fluid Capacitance :Reservoir bbl/psi EI&etrical Microfarads July 10, 1962. Revised manuscript received Oct. 3, 1962. Paper pre­ Capacitance sented at 37th Annual Fall Meeting of SPE held Oct. 7-10, 1962, in Transmissibility kh/ f.L. darcy·1t Electrical Mhos Los Angeles, Calif. /cp Conductivity 'References given at end of paper. SPE 414 Real Time Months Model Time Seconds NOVEMBER, 1962 1275 necessary to control currents which are the analog of well from the memory unit to a time-dependent rate controller. production rates. For simplicity, the input equipment em­ It appears here as a step function of voltage to control ployed will be discussed briefly according to type. the current withdrawn from (or supplied to) a mesh point of the model. Upon completion of the data transfer Programmed Time-Dependent Rate Controllers from the memory unit to the controller, another card is read. The new rate is again stored in the memory unit for Controllers of this type are used primarily during the use at the next command from central control. history portion of a reservoir study. They generate step Fig. 4 shows 34 of the time-dependent rate controllers functions of current vs time from a predetermined pro­ (left side of the relay rack) together with 34 memory gram. Each 2.5 seconds (the basic model time interval), units (right side of rack). Also shown is an IBM repro­ a new rate can be generated. These rates are proportional ducer used to read the cards. A total of 102 time-depend­ to the average well production or injection rates for the ent controllers is available for use with the model. All period of time (weeks, months, etc.) equivalent to the can be used as either production or injection controllers. 2.5-second interval. The rate of production (or injection) for a particular Pressure-Dependent Rate Controllers well or group of wells is punched into IBM cards. Upon command from central control, * a card is read by an A relay rack containing 126 pressure-dependent rate IBM reproducer and the digital information is stored in controllers can be seen at the end of the "tunnel" shown a memory unit. Two and one-half seconds later (upon in Fig. 1. Of this number, 108 can be used only as production-rate controllers, while the remaining 18 can command from central control), the rate is transferred Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/JPT/article-pdf/14/11/1275/2214599/spe-414-pa.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 be used as either production or injection controllers. «The central-control equipment is discussed later. For this type of controller, the current withdrawn (or injected) is a linear function of the voltage at a mesh point on the RC network. A variable resistor is placed between the mesh point and a point of zero potential. FIG. 3- O:-lTR0L DIALS U E:D IN ADJUSTING RE [STANCl: AND APA ITANCf; VALUE ON THE 10nEL. FIG. 4--TIME-DEPENDENT RATE CONTROLLERS AND MEMORY U NITS LOCATED ON THE RELAY RACK (LEFT), AND IBM REPRODUCER FIG. 2-REAR VIEW OF THE MODEL. U SED TO READ CARDS (RIGHT). 1276 JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY Thus, as the voltage difference between the two points of a digital computer. The digital computer is programmed decreases, the current through the resistor decreases. The to convert the coded data in the cards to pressure, pro­ resistor value determines the slope of a graph of current duction rates and injection rates. These pressures, pro­ vs voltage difference. Also incorporated in the pressure­ duction rates, etc., may then be tabulated from the digi­ dependent controllers is a device whereby the intercept tal-computer output. of the afore-mentioned graph can be made greater than or less than zero. CENTRAL CONTROL This type of controller is very useful when predicting future reservoir performance. In such cases, the produc­ The central control (see Fig. 6) is the "brain" of the tion rates of existing and proposed wells can be described analog computer. It is here that the very accurate 2.5- by linear functions of static reservoir pressure. This func­ second time period is generated. During the first few mil­ tional relationship between production rate and static res­ liseconds of each time period, central control issues a ervoir pressure is represented and generated by the pres­ chain of commands to cemrol the "read-in" and "read­ sure-dependent controller. out" equipment. The read-in circuits are interlocked in such a way that most equipment malfunctions will be detected and the computer stopped. To provide further Constant-Rate Controllers observation of computer performance or reproducibility, Constant-rate controllers are practically self-explanatory. two additional potentiometers are used to monitor the The production or injection rate is constant with time total net current being withdrawn from the model. Any deviation from the regular curve drawn by these poten­ and independent of the voltage at a mesh point.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EPSE PROFILE-19Th Edition
    Electrical Power Systems Establishment PROFILE 19th EDITION May, 2019 www.eps-est.com TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 ORGANIZATION INFORMATION 3.0 MESSAGES 3.1 MISSION 3.2 VISION 3.3 COMMITMENT STATEMENT 3.4 QA/QC STATEMENT 3.5 SAFETY STATMENT 4.0 ORGANIZATION CHART 5.0 AFFILIATIONS 6.0 RESOURCES LISTING 6.1 MANPOWER 6.2 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT & TOOLS 6.3 TESTING EQUIPMENT 7.0 BRIEF BUSINESS EXPOSURE 7.1 EQUIPMENT EXPERTISE 7.2 SERVICES 7.3 MAIN CUSTOMERS LIST 8.0 PROJECT LISTING 8.1 ON GOING JOBS 8.2 COMPLETED JOBS Electrical Power Systems Est. Profile 19th Edition May, 2019 PAGE 2 OF 33 1.0 INTRODUCTION Electrical Power Systems Est., (EPSE) was founded in 1989 under the name of Electronics Systems Est. (ESE). Established primarily to provide general services in instrumentation, calibration and personal computer trade, it then revolutionized its interests to the more technical field of Control and Monitoring Systems primarily for the Electric Power utilities. Within a short period of time in this new field of interest, it has achieved a remarkable and outstanding performance that gained the appreciation and acknowledgment of fine clients such as ABB, which from thence entrusted sensitive related jobs to the Establishment. Realizing the soaring demand for services in this specialized field and where only few Saudi firms have ventured, the management was prompted to enhance and confine ESE activities within the bounds of Electric Power Control and Monitoring Systems. In late 1998, Electronics Systems Est. (ESE) was renamed Electrical Power Systems Establishment (EPSE) to appropriately symbolize its specialized activities in the field of Electricity.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Development Prospects for the Eastern Province
    Economic Development Prospects for the Eastern Province Economic Development Prospects for the Eastern Province www.chamber.org.sa Eastern Province in Brief 02 Section One: 04 Eastern Province’s Key Economic Development Section Two: 06 Industrial Activity in Eastern Province Contents Section Three: 15 Infrastructure Development in Eastern Province Section Four: 18 Tourism Activity in Eastern Province Section Five: 22 Population in Eastern Province Section Six: 24 Work Force in Eastern Province Section Seven: 26 Housing Units in Eastern Province Section Eight: 28 Hospital & Beds in Eastern Province Section Nine: 32 Agriculture & Livestock Resources in Eastern Province Section Ten: 38 Water Production in Eastern Province Conclusion and References 42-45 Eastern Province in Brief ASH SHARQIYAH Eastern Province The Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia is the place where Kingdom’s first oil was extracted in 1938 and subsequently this region has become the center of world-class oil, gas and petrochemical industries with the presence of global giants in these sectors. Today, the Eastern Province is dubbed “The Industrial Capital of the Entire Gulf” for its enormous industrial activities. And it is evident when this region has become the biggest recipient of industrial capital investments of the Kingdom. 22 Economic Development Prospects for the Eastern Province With the support from the recently launched “Saudi Vision 2030”, the Eastern Province has taken a key role in the Kingdom’s drive to diversify its income away from oil. Most of the manufacturing industries such as petrochemicals, chemicals, steel, cement, aluminum and plastics are located in the region. These industries are mainly based in the Dammam-I, II and III industrial estates, Al Ahsa-I and II industrial estates, Hafr Al-Batin industrial estate and Jubail-I and II industrial cities.
    [Show full text]
  • Arabian Sun 2 Company News JHAH Awarded ‘Gold’ Person-Centered Care Certification Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare Nabeel A
    January 13, 2021 Vol. LXXVI, No. 2 a weekly Aramco publication for employees More than just a pretty place Aramco’s new a natural wondersee pages 6 and 7 January 13, 2021 the arabian sun 2 company news JHAH Awarded ‘Gold’ Person-Centered Care Certification Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare Nabeel A. (JHAH) has been accredited as one of Al-Jama’, JHAH only four organizations in the Kingdom chairman of the with Gold certification. Person-Cen- Board and tered Care is an international standard senior vice As of today, JHAH is established by Planetree International president of HR and Corporate for quality in health care, where staff, Services, officially the gold patients, and families have their needs delivers and desires heard and addressed. celebratory standard for person- remarks to The Gold Award was celebrated at a attendees after centered care in Saudi being ceremony Jan. 3 in Dhahran. Nabeel A. introduced by Arabia. Together, you Al-Jama’, senior vice president of Hu- Dr. Amar Sattar, man Resources and Corporate Services co-chairman of have built a JHAH and JHAH chairman of the Board, and the Person- Dr. Susan Frampton, president of Plane- Centered Care culture that puts Council. tree International, joined the ceremony virtually to celebrate with JHAH leader- people and their needs ship, including Dr. Michael Walsh, chief right at the front and executive of JHAH; Salem Al-Shehry, and their families who’ve come with congratulations.” COO and Person-Centered Care advo- us on this journey. Together, you have center of everything cate; and JHAH employees. built a JHAH culture that puts people The Gold certification was achieved and their needs right at the front and after a weeklong validation visit by in- we do.
    [Show full text]
  • SN Date Regd. Company Detail Manpower
    SN Date Regd. company detail manpower Damakhin Establishment for Maintenance and Operation Synnet International Pvt. Ltd. 1 17-Jul-2019 076/77/1 Riyadh Kathmandu CR No 1010538264 Lic No: 206 Damakin Contracting Est. Synnet International Pvt. Ltd. 2 17-Jul-2019 076/77/2 riyadh Kathmandu CR No 1010375231 Lic No: 206 Taj Renad Contracting Est Synnet International Pvt. Ltd. 3 17-Jul-2019 076/77/3 Riyadh Kathmandu CR No 1010529103 Lic No: 206 Thatwe Golden Lion Restaurant SMP Overseas Pvt. Ltd. 4 17-Jul-2019 076/77/4 Riyadh Kathmandu CR No 1010499662 Lic No: 817 5 17-Jul-2019 076/77/5 Kathmandu CR No 1129004036 Lic No: Sun Shine World Est. White Pigeon Job Placement Pvt. Ltd. 6 17-Jul-2019 076/77/6 Dammam Kathmandu CR No 2063605975 Lic No: 1369 Al Amjad Company for Education and Training Osho Recruiting Agency Pvt. Ltd. 7 17-Jul-2019 076/77/7 Riyadh Kathmandu CR No 1010191787 Lic No: 795 Al Amjad Company for Education and Training Osho Recruiting Agency Pvt. Ltd. 8 17-Jul-2019 076/77/8 Riyadh Kathmandu CR No 1010191787 Lic No: 795 Remal Assawahel Contracting & Maintenance Co. Apple Overseas Pvt. Ltd. 9 17-Jul-2019 076/77/9 Riyadh Kathmandu CR No 1010042569 Lic No: 876 Muntaha Al Azhar Company for contractting Ishan Overseas Pvt. Ltd. 10 17-Jul-2019 076/77/10 Riyadh Kathmandu CR No 1010519298 Lic No: 532 Abhor Contracting Est. Al Harmain HR Pvt. Ltd. 11 17-Jul-2019 076/77/11 Riyadh Kathmandu CR No 4030328887 Lic No: 1160 Remal Assawahel Contracting & Maintenance Co.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy to the World: the Story of Saudi Aramco Volume 2
    ENERGY TO THE WORLD: TO ENERGY ENERGY TO THE WORLD: THE STORY OF SAUDI ARAMCO OF SAUDI THE STORY THE STORY OF SAUDI ARAMCO VOLUME 2 VOLUME 2 VOLUME www.saudiaramco.com J ENERGY TO THE WORLD : VOLUME ONE TITLE K VOLUME TWO Energy to the World The Story of Saudi Aramco II ENERGY TO THE WORLD : VOLUME ONE VOLUME TWO Energy to the World The Story of Saudi Aramco Supertankers load crude oil at Ras Tanura Sea Island Terminal in 2003. Contents Copyright First Edition Volume One Volume Two © 2011 by Aramco Services Company Printed in 2011 Preface xi Illustration: Saudi Arabia viii ISBN All rights reserved. No part of this book Illustration: Saudi Arabia xiv 1 National Resources 1 978-1-882771-23-0 may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or 1 Prospects 1 2 Boom Time 27 Library of Congress by any means, electronic, mechanical, 2 Negotiations 33 3 Transformation 67 Control Number photocopying, recording or otherwise, 200922694 without the written permission of 3 Reading the Rocks 59 4 Rising to the Challenge 99 Aramco Services Company, except by 4 The War Years 93 5 Achieving the Vision 131 Written by a reviewer, who may quote a brief Scott McMurray passage for review. 5 Expansion 123 Appendix 168 6 Growing Pains 153 A. Upstream 170 Produced by The History Factory 7 Balancing Act 189 B. Downstream 184 Chantilly, Virginia, USA List of Abbreviations 215 C. Operations Data 194 Project Coordinators Notes on Sources 216 Company Leadership 204 Theodore J. Brockish, Kyle L.
    [Show full text]
  • An Alternative Pipeline Strategy in the Persian Gulf
    An Alternative Pipeline Strategy in the Persian Gulf M. Webster Ewell, Jr. Center for Naval Analysis Dagobert Brito Department of Economics, Rice University And John Noer Center for Naval Analysis This research was sponsored by the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University, the Center for International Political Economy, and the Office of the Secretary of Defense. The research and views expressed in this paper are those of he individual researchers, and do not necessarily represent the views of the Baker Institute or other sponsors of the research. Executive Summary This paper examines the idea of increasing the capacity of the trans-Saudi pipeline system by using second-generation drag reduction agent (DRA) technology, so that in the event of a Strait of Hormuz (SoH) closure1, most of the oil2, which currently flows through the Strait could be rerouted through the Red Sea. We find that it should be technologically feasible to upgrade the pipeline system to a capacity of 11 MBD for a cost of $600 million. This capacity assumes the use of both the IPSA and Petroline pipelines; we also present several lower capacity, lower cost options. The upgrades will take at least 18 months to install, so they cannot be implemented in response to a crisis. DRA technology thus represents an opportunity to buy strategic insurance at bargain rates. The pipeline upgrade has several important strategic benefits. It can enhance the Saudi reputation as a stable, reliable oil producer, because it will allow Saudi oil to reach world markets even during a SoH crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • You Must Read the Following Notice Before Continuing
    IMPORTANT NOTICE NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION TO ANY U.S. PERSON OR TO ANY PERSON OR ADDRESS IN THE UNITED STATES IMPORTANT: You must read the following notice before continuing. The following notice applies to the attached prospectus following this page (the Prospectus), whether received by email, accessed from an internet page or otherwise received as a result of electronic communication, and you are therefore advised to read this notice carefully before reading, accessing or making any other use of the Prospectus. In reading, accessing or making any other use of the Prospectus, you agree to be bound by the following terms and conditions and each of the restrictions set out in the Prospectus, including any modifications made to them from time to time, each time you receive any information from Saudi Electricity Global SUKUK Company 5 (the Issuer) or Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) as a result of such access. RESTRICTIONS: NOTHING IN THIS ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION CONSTITUTES AN OFFER TO SELL OR A SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO BUY THE CERTIFICATES IN ANY JURISDICTION. ANY CERTIFICATE TO BE ISSUED HAS NOT BEEN AND WILL NOT BE REGISTERED UNDER THE UNITED STATES SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE SECURITIES ACT), OR WITH ANY SECURITIES REGULATORY AUTHORITY OF ANY STATE OF THE UNITED STATES OR OTHER JURISDICTION. THE CERTIFICATES MAY NOT BE OFFERED, SOLD, PLEDGED OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY WITHIN THE UNITED STATES OR TO, OR FOR THE ACCOUNT OR BENEFIT OF, U.S. PERSONS (AS DEFINED IN REGULATION S UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT), EXCEPT PURSUANT TO AN EXEMPTION FROM, OR IN A TRANSACTION NOT SUBJECT TO, THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIES ACT AND APPLICABLE STATE OR LOCAL SECURITIES LAWS.
    [Show full text]
  • A/HRC/45/CRP.7 29 September 2020
    1 0 A/HRC/45/CRP.7 29 September 2020 English Arabic and English only Human Rights Council Forty-fifth session 14 September–2 October 2020 Agenda item 2 Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General Situation of human rights in Yemen, including violations and abuses since September 2014 Detailed findings of the Group of Eminent International and Regional Experts on Yemen* Summary Submitted as a supplement to A/HRC/45/6, this paper sets out the detailed findings of the Group of Eminent International and Regional Experts on Yemen mandated to investigate violations by parties to the conflict since September 2014. During this year, the Group of Eminent Experts prioritised for investigation violations occurring since mid-2019, while taking a longer temporal scope for some categories of violations not fully addressed during our previous reports. The Group of Eminent Experts found reasonable grounds to believe that the parties to the conflict in Yemen are responsible for pervasive and incessant international human rights law and international humanitarian law violations, many of which may amount to war crimes. The summary of these findings is included in A/HRC/45/6. In addition to highlighting the parties to the conflict responsible for violations, the Group of Eminent Experts identified, where possible, potential perpetrators of crimes that may have been committed. A list of names of such individuals has been submitted to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on a strictly confidential basis to assist with future accountability efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Province, KSA
    July 2018 | By: Ameer Yousif, Jaffer Al Hamad, Adel Al Banna Eastern Province, KSA Actionable Market Intelligence Report A report that is looking into the available economic opportunities in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. With the objective to support the Bahraini private sector to expand and grow in the region, Tamkeen is developing a series of actionable market intelligence reports on various areas and sectors in the Saudi Market. Eastern Province – Actionable Market Intelligence | P a g e 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 3 2. INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................................................................ 4 TRAIN RAILWAYS ................................................................................................................... 4 AIRPORTS ............................................................................................................................... 5 SEAPORTS .............................................................................................................................. 6 ROADS NETWORK ................................................................................................................. 7 3. INDUSTRIAL CITIES ........................................................................................................... 8 DAMMAM INDUSTRIAL CITIES .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Celebrating a Historic and Extraordinary 
    January 1, 2020 Vol. LXXV, No. 1 a weekly Saudi Aramco publication for employees celebrating a historic and extraordinary Dhahran — After an “extraordinary” change (Tadawul). amco is truly made of,” said Nasser. 2019, Saudi Aramco president and CEO And it came in a year where Saudi Ar- Measuring, protecting, and enhancing Amin Nasser called on employees to main- amco was “tested like never before” with the company’s corporate reputation, he tain the momentum of the past year into attacks on facilities in Abqaiq and Khurais. said, is now a “mission critical” component 2020 with the same resilience and fortitude But, in each case, employees rallied to en- of investor confidence in our “resilience and that has propelled the company to becom- sure that production was restored to allow long-term ability to create sustainable, prof- ing “the most profitable, the most valuable, the company to continue its commitment itable growth.” and the most important” in the world. of being a reliable supplier of energy to the In thanking employees for their “incred- That achievement was validated by the world. ible support” over the past year, Nasser recent completion of the world’s largest “While the world was watching, we said, “It takes a team to succeed and make Initial Public Offering following the bell emerged from each event stronger than history, and that is exactly what Saudi Ar- ringing ceremony at the Saudi Stock Ex- ever, and showed the world what Saudi Ar- amco has done.” asee pages 8 andlook 9 back at January 2, 2019 vol. LXXIV, No.
    [Show full text]
  • + Qatif City Profile
    Future Saudi Cities Programme Disclaimer City Profiles Series: Qatif The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of © 2019. Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the King Fahd National Library Cataloging-in-publication Data United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Views expressed in Qatif City Profile./ Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the Ministry Riyadh, 2019 of Municipal and Rural Affairs, the United Nations Human ..p ; ..cm Settlements Programme, the United Nations or its Member States.Excerpts may be reproduced without authorisation, on ISBN: 978-603-8279-02-1 condition that the source is indicated. 1-Al-Qatif (Saudi Arabia) - Description and travel ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2- Eastern region (Saudi Arabia)- History City Profiles Series Editors: I-Title Herman Pienaar 915.3135 dc 1440/8075 Salvatore Fundarò Costanza La Mantia L.D. no. 1440/8075 ISBN: 978-603-8279-02-1 Contributing Authors: Luis Angel Del Llano Gilio (urban planning & design) © 2019. Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs and United Costanza La Mantia (content editor) Nations Human Settlements Programme Rama Nimri (regional planning) All rights reserved. Anne Klen-Amin (legal & governance) Samuel Njuguna (legal & governance) Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs Dr. Faisal Bin Sulaiman (legal & governance) P.O. Box : 935 - King Fahd, Riyadh, 11136 Giuseppe Tesoriere (economy & finance) Tel: 00966114569999 Elizabeth Glass (economy & finance) www.momra.gov.sa Mario Tavera (GIS) Solomon Karani (GIS) United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) Layout Design: P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf/10.1162/ISEC a 00048 by Guest on 28 September 2021 International Security 36:1 168
    A Crude Threat A Crude Threat Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson and The Limits of an Iranian Missile Miranda Priebe Campaign against Saudi Arabian Oil Developments in Iran’s ballistic missile program have made headlines over the last several years.1 In the United States, Senator Carl Levin calls Iran’s short- and medium- range missile arsenal “the number one threat in the Middle East,” and Undersecretary of Defense for Policy Michèle Flournoy argues, “The threat from Iran’s short- and medium-range ballistic missiles is developing more rap- idly than previously projected.”2 Israeli ofªcials similarly describe the Iranian missile program as “a matter of grave concern.”3 States around the Persian Gulf, meanwhile, worry that Iran’s missiles are meant to intimidate and ex- tract political concessions from them, with Saudi Arabia’s King Abdullah not- ing that the Iranians “launch missiles in the hope of putting fear in the people and the world.”4 These worries are not simply abstract concerns. At a time when the United States and its allies remain locked in a standoff with Iran over the latter’s nu- clear program, states around the Persian Gulf fear that Iran would retaliate for an attack on its nuclear program by striking regional oil installations and other strategic targets.5 Iranian ofªcials have threatened to use ballistic missiles in Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson and Miranda Priebe are doctoral candidates in the Political Science Depart- ment at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The authors thank Nathan Black, Eugene Gholz, Brendan Rittenhouse Green, Llewelyn Hughes, Barry Posen, Andrew Radin, and the anonymous reviewers for their comments.
    [Show full text]