The Importance of Customers in Mergers and Acquisitions

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The Importance of Customers in Mergers and Acquisitions L INKÖPING S TUDIES IN S CIENCE AND T ECHNOLOGY, D ISSERTATION N O . 1193 D ISSERTATION FROM THE I NTERNATIONAL G RADUATE S CHOOL OF M ANAGEMENT AND I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING, IMIE, D ISSERTATION N O . 115 DOCTORAL THESIS The Importance of Customers in Mergers and Acquisitions CHRISTINA ÖBERG 2008 Department of Management and Engineering Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden © Christina Öberg, 2008 “The Importance of Customers in Mergers and Acquisitions” Linköping Studies in Science and Technology, Dissertation No. 1193 International Graduate School of Management and Engineering, IMIE, Dissertation No. 115 ISBN: 978-91-7393-875-4 ISSN: 0345-7524 ISSN: 1402-0793 Printed by: LiU-Tryck, Linköping Cover by: Berni Kalle, Markus Reklambyrå AB Distributed by: Linköping University Department of Management and Engineering SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden Tel.: +46 13 28 10 00 Professor Staffan Brege, Associate Professor Maria Huge Brodin, Professor Helén Anderson (Jönköping International Business School), Associate Professor Per Andersson (Stockholm School of Economics). Associate Professor Martin Johansson (Uppsala University), Dr. Per Åman. Interviewees at BasWare, BT Industries, Technology Nexus AB, Beslag & Metall, Comau, Danaher Motions, DFDS Transport, DHL, Fakturatjänst, FläktWoods, Hewlett Packard Sverige/Ericsson, HSB, IdaInfront, IKEA, InfoData, Inspectum, Kopparstaden, ReadSoft, Saab, Sabo, Scania, Servera, Volvo Group and Örebrobostäder. Johan Holtström, Dr. Christina Grundström, Karolina Elmhester, Christofer Kohn, Christian Kowalkowski, Sofi Rehme and the rest of the “E-mail committee”, Dr. Lotta Norrman, Dag Swartling and other colleagues and friends at The Department of Industrial Marketing and The Department of Management and Engineering. The “Uppsala Team” – Professor Virpi Havila (Uppsala University), Associate Professor Peter Thilenius (Mälardalen University), Dr. Peter Dahlin (Jönköping International Business School) and Jeanette Fors (Uppsala University). Dr. Stephan Henneberg (Manchester Business School), Dr. Stefanos Mouzas (Lancaster University), and other previous, and present, researchers at School of Management, University of Bath. Lena Sjöholm, Markus Reklambyrå, Shelley Torgnyson, Pamela Vang. Konkurrensverket, Uppsala University/Vetenskapsrådet, Tom Hedelius stiftelse, IMIE, Ollie & Elof Ericssons stiftelse, Per Eckerbergs fond. – THANK YOU!!! III Abstract The aim of this thesis is to identify categories and patterns of how customers impact and are impacted by an M&A. In M&A (merger and acquisition) research the focus is traditionally on the M&A parties alone, and while customers are im- portant elements of the motives behind M&As, they are rarely seen as actors affecting and being affected by an M&A. This thesis researches M&As from M&A parties’ and customers’ per- spectives. It categorises and connects M&A parties’ activities related to ex- pectations and activities of customers, with customers’ activities at the acquisition point and at integration. Based on findings from eight M&As, the thesis concludes that customers may be the reasons why companies merge or acquire. Customers may react to the M&A announcement if it involves companies the customers do not want to have relationships with, or based on the fact that customers perceive the M&A as turbulent, for instance. Customer actions, and M&A parties re- considering their initial intentions, affect integration strategies. The realisation of integration is in turn impacted by customers’ resistance to buy according to M&A parties’ intentions and by customers actively objecting to integration. In short, customers impact M&As through; (i) being a reason to merge or acquire, where the M&A aims at acquirer’s or acquired party’s customers, or markets/positions, and where the M&A is a responsive activity to customers’ pre- vious activities or is based on expectations on customers, (ii) customer reactions or changed buying behaviour, (iii) M&A parties’ pre-integration reconsideration, and (iv) post-integration difficulties, whereby customers impact inte- gration realisation through not seeing the benefit of the M&A and thereby continue to buy as previously, through objecting to integration or through dissolving relationships. V Customers are impacted by M&As through; (i) the M&A as possibility for change, (ii) ownership changes, which may lead to changes in competition structures, and (iii) forced integration. This means that the impact that customers have on M&As are both results of their own actions, and also of the expectations that the M&A parties have on customers. Important findings from this thesis concern adjustments of initial M&A intentions, how integration may be resisted so as not to challenge ongoing relationships, and how customers (often) make it difficult to achieve initial M&A goals and integration as the customers do not act in accordance with the integration intentions of the parties involved in the M&A. VI Kunder – viktiga aktörer i fusioner och förvärv Många förvärv motiveras med hänvisning till marknader och kunder – men hur påverkar och påverkas kunder av fusioner och förvärv? Medan press- releaser och andra empiriska studier indikerar att fusioner och förvärv kan vara sätt att nå nya marknader och kunder, fokuserar forskningen inom fältet i hög utsträckning på de samgående parterna. Och varken praktiska motiv eller teoretiska studier har fäst nämnvärd vikt vid hur kunder inverkar på förvärvsbeslut, integration eller resultat av fusioner och förvärv. Syftet med avhandlingen The Importance of Customers in Mergers and Acquisitions är att identifiera kategorier och mönster av hur kunder påverkar och på- verkas av en fusion eller ett förvärv. Genom att belysa fusioner och förvärv från såväl de samgående företagens som kunders perspektiv bidrar avhandlingen till att skapa förståelse för kunders inverkan på förvärv. Studier har gjorts av BT Industries förvärv av Raymond och Cesab, Toyotas förvärv av BT Industries, Momentums för- värv av Structurit, BasWares förvärv av Momentum Doc, samt ADB Gruppen Mandators, NetSys och Nexus förvärv av Verimation. Kundsidan inkluderar företag som Saab, Volvo Group, Ericsson, IKEA, HSB, Scania och DHL. Totalt har ett 60-tal intervjuer genomförts. Fallstudieansatsen, kombinationen av perspektiv och diskussionen om olika parters inverkan bidrar till en forskning som dominerats av kvantitativa studier ur aktieägares, förvärvares och samgående parters perspektiv. Avhandlingen kategoriserar och kopplar samman samgående parters agerande relaterat till förväntningar på kunder med kunders faktiska agerande vid förvärvs- och integrations- tillfället. Avhandlingen visar på att medan förvärvstidpunkten ofta ställer för- väntningar på att kunder ska ändra sitt köpbeteende, handlar integrationen många gånger om att minimera störningar i kundrelationer. Detta innebär också att förvärvsintentioner revideras, både som ett resultat av att de sam- gående parterna tänker om och som en konsekvens av kunders agerande. Kunders agerande gör det ofta svårt att realisera avsedd integration. Reaktioner från kundens sida kan innebära att relationer upplöses, men oftare förändras endast kundens syn på de samgående parterna utan att köp- mönster förändras. Detta är i sin tur en konsekvens av de samgående parternas anpassning till kunderna. Kunder påverkas av förvärv genom de VII eventuella möjligheter som följer av förvärven, att ägande omöjliggör eller möjliggör relationer till tidigare parter, och genom tvingad integration. I termer av att kunder (i) kan vara skäl för företag att förvärva andra företag, genom för- väntningar på kunders agerande eller genom att förvärvet är ett svar på kunders tidigare agerande, (ii) påverkar integration och relationer genom reaktioner vid förvärvs- tillfället, (iii) genom att de samgåendes överväganden före integration leder till förändringar i integrationsintentioner, och (iv) genom att omöjliggöra planerad integration blir kunder viktiga aktörer i fusioner och förvärv. VIII Contents PART I 1. INTRODUCTION 1 A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON M&AS 2 CUSTOMERS – A FREQUENT FEATURE IN M&A MOTIVES 3 M&AS AND CONTROL 3 CAN YOU ACQUIRE CONTROL OVER CUSTOMERS? 4 A LACK OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH 5 A VIEWPOINT TO RESEARCH CUSTOMERS IN M&AS 7 THE SETTING 8 M&AS DIVIDED INTO EVENTS 9 PERSPECTIVES ON M&AS 9 AIM OF THE STUDY 9 OUTLINE OF THE THESIS 10 M&AS, M&A PARTIES… – ON DEFINITIONS AND THEIR USE IN THIS THESIS 12 MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS 12 MERGING, ACQUIRING, ACQUIRED OR M&A PARTIES 13 CUSTOMER, CUSTOMERS AND CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPS 13 2. RESEARCH ON M&AS – AN OUTLOOK 15 RESEARCH ON M&AS 15 PRE-M&A AND MOTIVES 17 INTEGRATION 18 POST-M&A 20 PROCESS 22 OTHER THEMES 22 CUSTOMERS AND M&AS IN LITERATURE 22 STRATEGY – CUSTOMERS IN M&AS 23 MARKETING – M&AS IN MARKETING RESEARCH 27 NETWORKS – M&AS IN NETWORK STUDIES 29 SUMMARISING THE LITERATURE REVIEWS 33 POINTING AT GAPS 34 3. THE NETWORK APPROACH 37 SOME BASIC ASSUMPTIONS… 38 … AND SOME EXPLANATIONS OF THESE 39 RELATIONSHIPS, INTERACTION AND NETWORKS 40 DYNAMICS 43 THE NETWORK APPROACH AS WAY OF LOOKING AT M&AS AND CUSTOMERS 45 LEVELS OF RELATIONSHIP ANALYSES 47 IX LEVELS OF CHANGE 47 PERSPECTIVES ON COMPANIES, RELATIONSHIPS AND NETWORKS 49 CUSTOMERS AND M&A PARTIES – THE SETTING DESCRIBED AS RELATIONSHIP LAYERS AND LEVELS OF CHANGE 49 RELATIONSHIPS AS FOCUS… 49 … IN A NETWORK CONTEXT 51 CHANGE AS CAUSE, CHANGE AS OUTCOME 51 PERSPECTIVES 52 EVENTS AND PERSPECTIVES 52 4. METHODOLOGY 55 RESEARCHING CUSTOMERS AND M&AS – INITIAL CHOICES MADE 55 CHOICE OF SUBJECT 55 AN
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