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Fire Management Today Volume 62 ¥ No Fire Management today Volume 62 • No. 3 • Summer 2002 THIRTYMILEHIRTYMILE FIREIRE United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service CORRECTION: BEAR RIVER FIRE The cover of the Summer 2001 issue of Fire Management Today (volume 61, number 3) shows a silhouetted firefighter identified as a member of the Payson Hotshots. A reader notified Fire Management Today that the firefighter in the photo was actually a member of his crew, the Flagstaff Hotshots. The photo shows the 1994 Bear River Fire (not “Bear Creek Fire,” as the caption states) on Idaho’s Boise National Forest. The caption states that the fire had a low suppression cost, which is true but misleading. The fire was overrun by the Rabbit Creek Fire shortly after containment. Suppression costs were low in part because mopup costs were minimal. Thanks for the correction go to Paul F. Musser, Superintendent, Flagstaff Interagency Hotshot Crew, Flagstaff, AZ. Fire Management Today is published by the Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. The Secretary of Agriculture has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this Department. Fire Management Today is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, at: Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: 202-512-1800 Fax: 202-512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001 Fire Management Today is available on the World Wide Web at <http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/fire_new/fmt/>. Ann M. Veneman, Secretary April J. Baily U.S. Department of Agriculture General Manager Dale Bosworth, Chief Robert H. “Hutch” Brown, Ph.D. Forest Service Managing Editor Jerry Williams, Director Madelyn Dillon Fire and Aviation Management Editor The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Disclaimer: The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement of any product or service by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Individual authors are responsible for the technical accuracy of the material presented in Fire Management Today. 2 Fire Management Today Fire today Management Volume 62 • No. 3 • Summer 2002 CONTENTS On the Cover: Revisiting the Loss of Our Own ................................. 4 Dale Bosworth Lessons From Thirtymile: Transition Fires and Fire Orders................................................. 6 Jerry Williams Causal Factors in the Thirtymile Fire Accident ............ 9 Thirtymile Fire Accident Review Board Recommended Changes in Wildland Fire Canyon of the Chewuch Management .................................................. 13 River on the Okanogan Thirtymile Fire Accident Review Board National Forest near Thirtymile Fire Prevention Action Plan...................... 14 Winthrop, WA. On July 10, Thirtymile Fire Accident Review Board 2001, the Thirtymile Fire entrapped 16 people in the Initial Hazard Abatement Plan................................. 19 canyon. Firefighters de- USDA Forest Service ployed their fire shelters on Crosswalk Between OSHA Violations and Accident the road and scree slope Prevention Plan ............................................... 22 above the widening of the USDA Forest Service river visible at bottom Thirtymile Fire: Fire Behavior and Management center; four perished in the Response ....................................................... 23 subsequent burnover. Photo: Hutch Brown Ben Croft, USDA Forest Service, Missoula Technogy Rush to Judgment on the Thirtymile Fire .................. 31 Development Center, Hutch Brown Missoula, MT, 2001. Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities Among Wildland Firefighters .................................................... 36 The FIRE 21 symbol (shown below and on the Richard J. Mangan cover) stands for the safe and effective use of wildland fire, now and throughout the 21st Keeping Haines Real—or Really Changing Haines? ..... 41 century. Its shape represents the fire triangle (oxygen, heat, and fuel). The three outer red Brian E. Potter, Dan Borsum, and Don Haines triangles represent the basic functions of wildland fire organizations (planning, operations, and Burning Under Old-Growth Ponderosa Pines on aviation management), and the three critical aspects of wildland fire management (prevention, Lava Soils ....................................................... 47 suppression, and prescription). The black interior Peter Z. Fulé, Greg Verkamp, Amy E.M. Waltz, represents land affected by fire; the emerging green points symbolize the growth, restoration, and W. Wallace Covington and sustainability associated with fire-adapted ecosystems. The flame represents fire itself as an ever-present force in nature. For more informa- tion on FIRE 21 and the science, research, and SHORT FEATURES innovative thinking behind it, contact Mike Apicello, National Interagency Fire Center, 208-387-5460. Websites on Fire..................................................... 8 National Fire Plan at Work ..................................... 12 Guidelines for Contributors..................................... 50 Photo Contest Announcement ................................ 51 Firefighter and public safety is our first priority. Volume 62 • No. 3 • Summer 2002 3 REVISITING THE LOSS OF OUR OWN Dale Bosworth efore we get to the primary vened to ensure the adequacy of the able, such as the recent terrorist reason why we are all here,* I investigation team’s findings. After attacks. Bwould like to share a personal careful review and analysis, and thought or two with you. Two weeks with their input included, the board Let us do our brave wildland ago, the United States suffered a has recommended the report and I firefighters a great service by terrible attack upon its home- have accepted it. remembering the things they have land.** As you all know, the pro- accomplished. This summer, these jected loss of life from those terror- I wish to thank Jim Furnish and his courageous men and women have ist acts is inconceivable. While we dedicated team for their diligence succeeded in saving thousands of mourn the loss of lives on Septem- and professionalism in completing homes. They successfully fought ber 11, we also grieve the tragic loss this most difficult investigation thousands of lightning- and hu- of four of our young firefighters assignment.*** Jim has assembled man-caused fires, controlling them here on the Okanogan–Wenatchee a team of highly experienced at sizes smaller than this room. National Forest on July 10. members with expertise in many Overall, they have accomplished areas, including wildland fire and many millions of hours of danger- Sense of Loss weather behavior, suppression ous, back-breaking work accident The tremendous sense of loss I tactics, safety, fire crew skills, free. personally feel for these firefighters’ training, and equipment, just to families compelled me to be here— name a few. The investigation Never Again in your community—to receive the report reflects the fact that five But sometimes, no matter how investigation team’s final report. members of the investigation team, much safety is stressed, accidents The loss of any firefighter is tragic; including Jim, have more than 30 do occur. And they can occur with and now, today, we must, for good years of agency experience, and that tragic results, such as serious injury reasons, revisit the loss of four of several have prior experience in or death. I promise you that the our own. serious accident investigations, recommendations of this investiga- including fire fatalities. tion team will not be forgotten. I I am here today to personally am charging my leadership team receive the findings and recommen- Jim, I am especially appreciative of with ensuring—and I am accepting dations presented to me by the your bringing in the expertise of a responsibility for the Forest Service Thirtymile Fire Accident Investiga- widely respected chief investigator to do everything within its power to tion Team. Before that could from the private sector, one who ensure—that what happened on the happen, a formal Thirtymile Fire has some 20 years of investigative Thirtymile Fire does not happen Accident Review Board was con- experience, including experience in again. fatality accident investigation, safety management, and human Dale Bosworth is the Chief of the USDA Although the investigation team’s Forest Service, Washington, DC. error analysis. job might be done, the board of review’s job will continue. The * On July 10, 2001, four firefighters died in a burnover I would like to remind everyone on the Thirtymile Fire on the Okanogan National Forest board is now developing an action near Winthrop, WA. The USDA Forest Service once again that firefighting is a plan that addresses the findings
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