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Protection of Cell Sites (4G/LTE)

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Protection of Cell Sites (4G/LTE) Information and Communication Technology Technical Protection of cell sites (4G/LTE) Information from DEHN Protection Systems With the commercial introduction of UMTS technology in 2003, mobile data communication gained in importance besides voice communication. As the demand for data volumes grew, so did the global demand for bandwidth. The increasing use of smartphones and was originally integrated centrally in the de vices from being damaged or even other mobile terminal equipment has lead base station. The high frequency signal is destroyed. to a significantly higher utilisation of existing directly generated at the antenna and is Figs. 2 and 3 show radio towers with isolated conventional mobile networks. then transmitted. Therefore, the RRHs/RRUs air termi nation systems. The motivation for mobile network operators are installed directly at the antennas, thus to rely on mo dern and innovative technology reducing loss and increasing the transmission The air termination tip must be insulated when is the high investment costs for new network speed. Another benefit is that less air­ attached to the radio tower by means of a infrastructures and system technology as well conditioning systems are required due to supporting tube made of non­conductive as high maintenance and operating costs the self­cooling of the remote radio heads. material. The height of the air termination tip for existing cell sites. Their aim is to efficiently Optical fibre cables allow the transmission of depends on the radio tower and possible reduce maintenance and operating costs data between the base station/radio base electrical equipment of the antenna system and to considerably increase the availability station and the re mote radio heads/units up to and radio base station (RBS) to integrate and reliability of cell sites for an ever growing 20 km. The use of remote system technology them into the protected zone of the air­ number of mobile phone users. and modern small sized base stations saves termination system. In case of buildings with energy costs as well as lease and location­ several antenna systems, several isolated air Mobile network operators and system related costs due to the reduced number of termination systems must be installed. technology manufacturers worldwide technical rooms (Fig. 1). increasingly use remote radio head/unit Design of radio base stations (RBS) with technology for UMTS (3G) and LTE (4G). External lightning protection combined arresters Remote radio heads/ units (RRHs/RRUs) are a refinement of the third mobile radio The antennas of the before­mentioned The power supply unit of the RBS must have generation. systems are often installed on rented roof a separate feeder cable that is independent space. The operator of the antennas and from the power supply unit of the building. Remote radio head technology is not the building owner usually agree that the Cell sites must be supplied by a separate only used for commercial mobile radio placement of the antennas must not present sub­distribution board/floor distributor. Every applications, but also for the digital radio an additional risk for the building. This means sub­distribution board is equipped with systems of security authorities (BOS) such as for the lightning protection system that no type 1 combined arresters as standard. police and emergency medical services partial lightning currents may enter the In addition, a type 2 combined arrester is since these systems require high reliability building in case of a lightning strike in the installed downstream of the meter, namely and availability. radio tower to prevent electric and electronic downstream of the fuses. To ensure energy Conventional cell sites Conventional cell sites use coaxial cables, also referred to as waveguide cables. A clear disadvantage of this technology is the high transmission loss (up to 50%), depending on the cable length and cable cross sections of the high frequency cables. Moreover, the complete radio transmission technology is integrated in the base station/radio base station (RBS). This requires permanent cooling of the technical rooms and leads to increased energy consumption and maintenance costs (Fig. 1). Cell sites with remote radio heads/units Remote radio heads/units incorporate the high frequency technology which Fig. 1: Comparison: Conventional cell site (left) and cell site with remote radio head technology (right). EngineerIT – June 2014 65 coordination, surge protective devices (SPDs) Design of remote radio head/unit feeder cables and system technology are from the same manufacturer should be applications cell sites consist of: exposed to lightning currents in case of a used at both places of installation. Extensive direct lightning strike. l Base station/radio base station (indoor or laboratory tests with power supply units outdoor cabinet) Thus, lightning current and surge arresters from different manufacturers confirm that l Baseband unit/radio server must be capable of safely conducting coordination of combined arresters such as lightning currents to the earth termi nation DEHNvap CSP (CSP = cell site protection) l Remote radio heads/units (RRHs/RRUs) system. To this end, lightning current arresters with the integrated input circuits of the power The remote radio heads/units (active system classi fied as type 1 SPDs in conformity with supply unit is essential. technology) require a separate 48 V DC EN 61643­11 (class I, IEC 61643 1/ 11) are Spark­gap­based combined arresters are voltage supply from the service room. To used. Only spark gap based type 1 arresters used to protect the power supply unit (PSU) this end, shielded multi wire copper cables ensure reliable energy coordination with of a base sta tion. These type 1 arresters are with a cross­section of 6 to 16 mm² are downstream protective circuits integrated specifically designed for protecting power typically used. In the majority of cases, these in the input of terminal equipment. If spark supply units in radio transceivers. DC cables are installed outside the building gaps are used for protecting base stations When using combined arresters, "disconnection up to the roof surface and the RRHs/RRUs power supply units and remote radio heads/ selectivity" with respect to upstream fuses or from the base station to the mast. Data units, lightning currents are prevented from must be ensured. Only sufficient follow current communication between RRHs/RRUs and entering system technology, thus providing extinction and limitation allow avoidance system technology is done via prewired maximum protection and ensuring availability of false tripping of system fuses and thus glass fibre cables instead of the previously of the station even under lightning conditions disconnection of the power supply unit. used cables with corrugated sheath. The DC (Figs. 2 and 3). Customised solutions for 48 V DC remote radio heads/units (type 1 arresters) DC arresters: Modular type 1 lightning current arresters, DEHNsecure 60 … (FM) RRHs/RRUs are centrally supplied with direct current from the service room. The shielded feeder cable is to be integrated in the earth­ termination system as per IEC 60728 11 and, if a lightning protection system is installed on the building, as per EN/IEC 62305 Part 3. Type 1 DC arresters with a low voltage protection level that are specifically designed for RRH/RRU applications are instal led in the DC indoor box near the power supply unit in the technical room and in the DC outdoor box at the antenna mast. The DC box at the mast features a "1+1" circuit, meaning Fig. 2: Basic design of the remote radio head/ Fig. 3: Remote radio head/unit and radio base that the positive pole and cable shield are unit in case of a roof mounted system. station (RBS) in case of a ground mounted mast. interconnected indirectly via a so­called total spark gap to prevent corrosion and stray currents. In the power supply unit the positive pole is directly earthed and single pole type 1 DC arresters are typically installed. Prewired DC assembly systems (DC box) for indoor and out door installation with DEHNsecure DSE M 1 60 FM and DSE 2P 60 FM type 1 DC lightning current arresters ensure efficient system protection. The voltage protection level Up of the type 1 lightning current arresters must be lower than the dielectric strength of the system technology. The new DC arrester concept provides various benefits, for example enough leeway for future extensions of the site in case of nominal load currents up to 2000 A, no mains follow currents up to maximum Fig. 4: Basic circuit diagram of remote radio heads (RRHs) in case of physically separated functional 60 V DC, no leakage currents and a high equipotential bonding levels with DC box (outdoor) and DEHNsecure DSE M 2P 60 FM degree of protection for terminal equipment as well as OVP box (indoor) and DEHNsecure DSE M 1 60 FM. due to the low residual voltage of ≤ 0,4 kV at 66 June 2014 – EngineerIT No. in Protection Type Part No. The space­saving DEHNshield arrester with a width of Fig. 3 only two modules has a maximum discharge capacity of 12,5 kA per pole (10/350 µs) and a voltage AC power supply protection level Up of 1,5 kV and is thus ideally suited 230/400 V a.c. base station DEHNvap CSP 3P 100 FM 900 360 for protecting terminal equipment. This assembly DC power supply system allows to supply up to six RRHs/RRUs with 48 V d.c. power supply unit DEHNsecure DSE M 1 60 FM 971 126 48 V DC (max. 60 V and max. 80 A) via glass fibre 48 V d.c. remote radio head DEHNsecure DSE M 2P 60 FM 971 226 cables for data communication. Moreover, the design of the DC box ensures an extremely low wind load and Landline connection easy installation on the mast.
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