DOCSLIB.ORG

46 Bab Iii Black Lives Matter Sebagai Gerakan Sosial

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
46 Bab Iii Black Lives Matter Sebagai Gerakan Sosial BAB III BLACK LIVES MATTER SEBAGAI GERAKAN SOSIAL BARU Pada 13 Juli 2013, Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza, dan Opal Tometi memposting #BlackLivesMatter di media sosial Twitter. Tagar ini diciptakan pada awalnya untuk memprotetes pembebasan George Zimmerman dalam kasus tewasnya Trayvon Martin. Gerakan ini menjadi lebih besar ketika kasus pembunuhan Michael Brown pada tahun 2014. Setelah itu, gerakan BLM telah berkembang menjadi jaringan organisasi akar rumput yang berada di lebih dari 30 kota di Amerika dan 4 kota di luar negeri.88 Perkembangan gerakan Black Lives Matter (BLM) dapat diidentifikasikan menjadi sebuah gerakan sosial baru dalam menganalisis berbagai aspek yang ada. Gerakan Black Lives Matter dapat berkembang menjadi sebuah gerakan sosial baru karena pertama tujuan dari gerakan Black Lives Matter mengenai anti rasisme. Kedua model taktik dan pengorganisasian gerakan BLM mengesampingkan model pengorganisasian serikat buruh industri dan model politik kepartaian. Dalam menggunakan model taktik, gerakan ini mengikuti dan menyesuaikan dengan perkembangan zaman informasi. Gerakan BLM pun lebih memilih memakai pendekatan horizontal dalam gaya kepemimpinan.89 Gerakan ini pun bersifat kebih longgar. BLM pun menerapkan taktik yang disruptif dan menggunakan media 88 Alvin B. Tillery, “What Kind of Movement Is Black Lives Matter? The View from Twitter,” The Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 4, no. 2 (2019): 297–323, https://doi.org/10.1017/rep.2019.17. hal, hal 299 89 Ryan W. Miller, Black Lives Matter: A Primer on what it is and what it stands for diakses dalam https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2016/07/11/black-lives-matter-what-what- stands/86963292/ (02 November 2019) 46 sosial dalam memobilasisi opini pubik terkait kasus rasisme.90 Ketiga, para aktor dalam gerakan BLM berasal dari kelas-kelas yang berbeda dan terakhir aksi-aksi dalam GSB pun melintasi batas-batas wilayah yang dari local hingga internasional. Berikut ini merupakan penjelasan lebih lanjut mengenai pengidentifikasian gerakan Black Lives Matter sebagai gerakan sosial baru. 3.1 Tujuan Black Lives Matter Salah satu pendiri gerakan ini, Alicia Garza mengatakan bahwa Black Lives Matter merupakan ideologi dan suatu intervensi politik di dunia dimana kehidupan orang hitam sistematis dan sengaja ditargetkan untuk kematian.91 Black Lives Matter hadir sebagai upaya untuk menghilangkan sekat yang ada antara orang kulit hitam dan orang kulit putih di Amerika Serikat. Dengan menghilangkan sekat itu, Black Lives Matter mempunyai beberapa tujusn yang juga tidak hanya terfokus hanya pada anti rasisme melainkan juga ke aspek ekonomi. Yang pertama adalah “End The War On Black People”.92 BLM ingin menghentikan perlakuan yang tidak sama kepada orang kulit hitam. BLM ini segera mengakhiri kriminalisasi dan dehumanisasi kepada pemuda kulit hitam di semua bidang termasuk sistem peradilan, pendidikan negara, lembaga pelayanan sosial, dan media. Hal ini juga termasuk mengakhiri kebijakan sekolah tanpa toleransi dan penangkapan siswa, penempatan polisi dari sekolah, dan realokasi dana dari polisi.93 90 Angela Marie Bonfiglio, “On Being Disrupted: Youth Work and Black Lives Matter,” Journal of Youth Development 12, no. 1 (2017): 108–25, https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2017.487. hal 108 91 Chantal Pierat, Freedom Dreamer: Alicia Garza of Black Lives Matter diaksess dalam https://emergingwomen.com/freedom-dreamer-alicia-garza-of-black-lives-matter/ 92 Black Lives Matter, End The War On Black People diakses dari https://policy.m4bl.org/end-war- on-black-people/ (03 November 2019) 93 Ibid., 47 BLM juga ingin Mengakhiri Perang terhadap Orang-Orang Transgender yang berkulit hitam, queer dan keseteraan Gender, Termasuk perlindungan Hak Sipil Anti-Diskriminasi untuk Memastikan Akses Penuh terhadap pekerjaan, kesehatan, perumahan dan pendidikan94. Kemudian aspek yang kedua adalah “Economic Justice”. Di dalam aspek “Economic Justice” BLM menuntut keadilan ekonomi untuk semua dan merekonstruksi ekonomi untuk menjamin komunitas kulit hitam dapat memiliki kepemilikan kolektif bukan sekedar akses. BLM menginginkan investasi di bidang kesehatan dan keselamatan dari orang kulit hitam, daripada investasi dibidang kriminalitas, caging, dan yang dapat mencelakai orang kulit hitam. BLM juga bertujuan ingin merestrukturisasi semua kode pajak yang ada di Amerika Serikat untuk menjamin kesejahteraan yang berkelanjutan.95 Selanjutnya aspek yang ketiga adalah “Political Power”. BLM mengingkan adanya kemampuan untuk menentukan nasibnya sendiri didalam bidang politik. Mereka menyuarakan bahwas harus adanya rekonstruksi di sistem politik negara, dengan demikian orang kulit hitam dapat menggunakan kekuatan politiknya secara penuh. 94 Ibid., 95 Black Lives Matter, Economic Justice diakses dari https://policy.m4bl.org/economic-justice/ (03 November 2019) 48 3.2 Tuntutan atau Kampanye Black Lives Matter Aksi yang dilakukan gerakan Black Lives Matter saat di Missouri pada tanggal 30 Agustus 2014 mengajukan beberapa tuntutan terhadap pemerintah. Tuntutan tersebut meliputi96: 1. Mencari keadilan untuk keluarga Brown dengan mengajukan petisi untuk penangkapan langsung petugas Darren Wilson dan pemecatan jaksa penuntut wilayah Robert McCullough. 2. Membantu mengembangkan jaringan organisasi dan mengadvokasi untuk membentuk kebijakan nasional yang secara khusus bertujuan memperbaiki pola sistematis kekerasan penegakan hukum anti-kulit hitam di AS 3. Menuntut, melalui jaringan, bahwa pemerintah federal menghentikan pasokan persenjataan dan peralatan militernya kepada penegak hukum setempat. 4. Memints jaksa agung AS Eric Holder untuk membetikan nama-nama semua petugas yang terlibat dalam pembunuhan orang kulit hitam dalam lima tahun terakhir, baik saat sedang berpatroli dan dalam tahanan, sehingga mereka dapat dibawa ke pengadilan. Para aktivis Black Lives Matter seperti Mckensson, Elzie, Sinyangwe dan Packnett juga membuat suatu kampanye yang dinamakan Campaign Zero¸suatu 96 German Lopez, What were the 2014 Ferguson protests about? Diaksesn dalam https://www.vox.com/2015/5/31/17937764/ferguson-missouri-protests-2014-michael-brown- police-shooting (15 November 2019) 49 bentuk kampanye yang berbicara tentang mengurangi kekerasan yang dilakukan oleh polisi, terutama kepada orang kulit berwarna.97 Berikut ini merupakan beberapa isi dari Campaign Zero98: 1. End broken windows policing. Ini mengacu pada cara pihak kepolisian yang melakukan tindakan seperti race profiling maupun stop and frisk.99 Dalam praktiknya, hal ini sangat berdampak pada kelompok minoritas. Salah satu kota yang memiliki banyak kasus stop and frisk ini ialah New York. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir lebih dari 50% orang kulit hitam di berhentikan oleh pihak kepolisian dan sebanyak 80% lebih kejadian ini salah tangkap.100. 2. Community oversight. Ketika seorang petugas polisi melakukan pelanggaran, organisasi yang paling mungkin menyelidiki situasi ini adalah departemen kepolisian tempat petugas tersebut berasal. Campaign Zero mengusulkan menambahkan lebih banyak pengawasan masyarakat terhadap polisi dengan membuatnya lebih mudah bagi warga negara untuk mengajukan keluhan. 3. Limit Use of Force. Campaign Zero mengusulkan otorisasi kekuatan maut hanya jika ada ancaman yang benar-benar mengancam petugas atau nyawa orang lain, dan penggunaan kekuatan sangat dibutuhkan untuk melindungi kehidupan. Ini juga mengusulkan perubahan kebijakan polisi, termasuk pelaporan dan penggunaan standar kekuatan. 97 Campaign Zero, The Campaign diakses dalam https://www.joincampaignzero.org (12 November 2019) 98 Ibid. 100 New York Civil Liberties Union, Annual Stop-and-Frisk Data diakses dalam https://www.nyclu.org/en/stop-and-frisk-data (13 November 2019) 50 4. Independently investigate and prosecute. Setelah penembakan oleh polisi, penyelidikan biasanya dipimpin oleh departemen kepolisian dan kantor kejaksaan setempat, yang memiliki hubungan dekat dengan departemen kepolisian. Campaign Zero menginginkan pemerintah untuk membentuk penuntut independen di tingkat negara bagian untuk kasus-kasus di mana polisi secara serius melukai atau membunuh seseorang, yang membutuhkan suatu investigasi. Kampanye ini juga menyarankan pengurangan standar pembuktian untuk investigasi hak-hak sipil federal petugas kepolisian. 5. Community representation. Di beberapa kota, pembagian demografi ras dari kepolisian sangatlah tidak seimbang. Salah satunya di Ferguson yang dipenuhi sekitar dua pertiga orang kulit hitam, tetapi hanya tiga dari 53 polisi yang ditugaskan berkulit hitam pada saat penembakan Brown.101 Campaign Zero mengatakan departemen kepolisian harus mengembangkan dan secara terbuka merilis rencana untuk mencapai proporsi yang representatif dari perempuan dan orang kulit berwarna melalui penjangkauan, rekrutmen, dan perubahan kebijakan. 6. Body cameras and filming the police. Sebagian besar departemen kepolisian masih tidak sepenuhnya melengkapi petugas dengan kamera, dan banyak yang tidak memiliki kamera dashboard untuk mobil mereka. Namun alat perekam telah memainkan peran penting dalam meminta pertanggungjawaban polisi seperti dalam kasus penembakan oleh seorang 101 German Lopex, Why did the black community in ferguson feel the need protest? Diakse dalam https://www.vox.com/2015/5/31/17937774/ferguson-police-racism-black-community-protests (13 November 2019) 51 polisi, dalam rekaman yang terdapat di badan polisi itu merekam penembakan petugas polisi kepada Samuel DuBose yang saat itu berada didalam mobil dan melakukan pelanggaran terkait lalu lintas.102 Campaign Zero menyarankan
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Police Defunding and Reform : What Changes Are Needed? / by Olivia Ghafoerkhan
    ® About the Authors Olivia Ghafoerkhan is a nonfiction writer who lives in northern Virginia. She is the author of several nonfiction books for teens and young readers. She also teaches college composition. Hal Marcovitz is a former newspaper reporter and columnist who has written more than two hundred books for young readers. He makes his home in Chalfont, Pennsylvania. © 2021 ReferencePoint Press, Inc. Printed in the United States For more information, contact: ReferencePoint Press, Inc. PO Box 27779 San Diego, CA 92198 www.ReferencePointPress.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher. Picture Credits: Cover: ChameleonsEye/Shutterstock.com 28: katz/Shutterstock.com 6: Justin Berken/Shutterstock.com 33: Vic Hinterlang/Shutterstock.com 10: Leonard Zhukovsky/Shutterstock.com 37: Maury Aaseng 14: Associated Press 41: Associated Press 17: Imagespace/ZUMA Press/Newscom 47: Tippman98x/Shutterstock.com 23: Associated Press 51: Stan Godlewski/ZUMA Press/Newscom LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING- IN- PUBLICATION DATA Names: Ghafoerkhan, Olivia, 1982- author. Title: Police defunding and reform : what changes are needed? / by Olivia Ghafoerkhan. Description: San Diego, CA : ReferencePoint Press, 2021. | Series: Being Black in America | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020048103 (print) | LCCN 2020048104 (ebook) | ISBN 9781678200268 (library binding) | ISBN 9781678200275 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Police administration--United States--Juvenile literature. | Police brutality--United States--Juvenile literature. | Discrimination in law enforcement--United States--Juvenile literature.
    [Show full text]
  • Fresno-Commission-Fo
    “If you are working on a problem you can solve in your lifetime, you’re thinking too small.” Wes Jackson I have been blessed to spend time with some of our nation’s most prominent civil rights leaders— truly extraordinary people. When I listen to them tell their stories about how hard they fought to combat the issues of their day, how long it took them, and the fact that they never stopped fighting, it grounds me. Those extraordinary people worked at what they knew they would never finish in their lifetimes. I have come to understand that the historical arc of this country always bends toward progress. It doesn’t come without a fight, and it doesn’t come in a single lifetime. It is the job of each generation of leaders to run the race with truth, honor, and integrity, then hand the baton to the next generation to continue the fight. That is what our foremothers and forefathers did. It is what we must do, for we are at that moment in history yet again. We have been passed the baton, and our job is to stretch this work as far as we can and run as hard as we can, to then hand it off to the next generation because we can see their outstretched hands. This project has been deeply emotional for me. It brought me back to my youthful days in Los Angeles when I would be constantly harassed, handcuffed, searched at gunpoint - all illegal, but I don’t know that then. I can still feel the terror I felt every time I saw a police cruiser.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Lives Matter Syllabus
    Black Lives Matter: Race, Resistance, and Populist Protest New York University Fall 2015 Thursdays 6:20-9pm Professor Frank Leon Roberts Fall 2015 Office Hours: (By Appointment Only) 429 1 Wash Place Thursdays 1:00-3:00pm, 9:00pm-10:00pm From the killings of teenagers Michael Brown and Vonderrick Myers in Ferguson, Missouri; to the suspicious death of activist Sandra Bland in Waller Texas; to the choke-hold death of Eric Garner in New York, to the killing of 17 year old Trayvon Martin in Sanford, Florida and 7 year old Aiyana Stanley-Jones in Detroit, Michigan--. #blacklivesmatter has emerged in recent years as a movement committed to resisting, unveiling, and undoing histories of state sanctioned violence against black and brown bodies. This interdisciplinary seminar links the #blacklivesmatter” movement to four broader phenomena: 1) the rise of the U.S. prison industrial complex and its relationship to the increasing militarization of inner city communities 2) the role of the media industry (including social media) in influencing national conversations about race and racism and 3) the state of racial justice activism in the context of a purportedly “post-racial” Obama Presidency and 4) the increasingly populist nature of decentralized protest movements in the contemporary United States (including the tea party movement, the occupy wall street movement, etc.) Among the topics of discussion that we will debate and engage this semester will include: the distinction between #blacklivesmatter (as both a network and decentralized movement) vs. a broader twenty first century movement for black lives; the moral ethics of “looting” and riotous forms of protest; violent vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching for Black Lives, Have Been Prepared for Teachers to Use During the Black Lives Matter at School Week of Action
    These articles and sample teaching activities from the book, Teaching for Black Lives, have been prepared for teachers to use during the Black Lives Matter at School Week of Action. www.teachingforblacklives.com What is Rethinking Schools? What else does Rethinking Schools do? Rethinking Schools a nonprofit organization that • We co-direct the Zinn Education Project publishes a quarterly magazine, books, and digital www.zinnedproject.org content to promote social and racial justice teaching • We co-sponsor social justice teacher events and pro-child, pro-teacher educational policies. We across the country. are strong defenders of public schools and work hard • We frequently present at local, state and national to improve them so that they do a better job serving NEA conferences and at other teaching for social all students. justice gatherings. • We develop and promote curriculum on pressing Who started Rethinking Schools? issues such as racism and antiracist teaching, Early career educators! But that was back in 1986 so immigration, and support for Black Lives Matter, the founders are not so “early” in their careers any Standing Rock, climate justice, and other social more. However, early career educators remain editors justice movements. and leaders of Rethinking Schools and many write for our magazine. Why is this important? Brazilian educator Paulo Freire wrote that teachers Who runs Rethinking Schools? should attempt to “live part of their dreams within Teachers. We have an editorial collective of practicing their educational space.” Rethinking Schools believes and retired educators from several states and have schools can be greenhouses of democracy and that published articles by teachers from many states and a classrooms can be places of hope, where students and several countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Dialogue Session Resources
    Dialogue Session Resources This document is not exhaustive of resources to fight police brutality, organizations to follow on social media, resources for addressing racism and for engaging in anti-racism work and practicing solidarity Resources for Fighting Police Brutality ● https://www.joincampaignzero.org/ ● https://www.obama.org/wp-content/uploads/Toolkit.pdf ● https://www.aclu.org/other/fighting-police-abuse-community-action-manual A summary of research-based solutions to stop police violence from Data Scientist & Policy Analyst Samuel Sinyangwe: https://twitter.com/samswey/status/1180655701271732224 A Physician/Activist, Dr. Quinn Capers IV introduces some of his medical role models that were also activists for African American civil rights and calls all of us to use our careers to create positive change. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5y5nPSjNNZs&app=desktop This link provides resources compiled by Autumn Gupta with Bryanna Wallace’s oversight for the purpose of providing a starting place for individuals trying to become better allies. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1H- Vxs6jEUByXylMS2BjGH1kQ7mEuZnHpPSs1Bpaqmw0/mobilebasic Organizations to follow on social media: ● Antiracism Center: Twitter ● Audre Lorde Project: Twitter | Instagram | Facebook ● Black Women’s Blueprint: Twitter | Instagram | Facebook ● Color Of Change: Twitter | Instagram | Facebook ● Colorlines: Twitter | Instagram | Facebook ● The Conscious Kid: Twitter | Instagram | Facebook ● Equal Justice Initiative (EJI): Twitter | Instagram | Facebook ● Families Belong
    [Show full text]
  • The Matter of Black Lives a New Kind of Movement Found Its Moment
    The Matter of Black Lives A new kind of movement found its moment. What will its future be? By Jelani Cobb, THE NEW YORKER, March 14, 2016 On February 18th, as part of the official recognition of Black History Month, President Obama met with a group of African-American leaders at the White House to discuss civil-rights issues. The guests—who included Representative John Lewis, of Georgia; Sherrilyn Ifill, the director- counsel of the N.A.A.C.P. Legal Defense and Educational Fund; and Wade Henderson, who heads the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights—were intent on pressing the President to act decisively on criminal-justice issues during his last year in office. Their urgency, though, was tempered by a degree of sentimentality, verging on nostalgia. As Ifill later told me, “We were very much aware that this was the last Black History Month of this Presidency.” But the meeting was also billed as the “first of its kind,” in that it would bring together different generations of activists. To that end, the White House had invited DeRay Mckesson, Brittany Packnett, and Aislinn Pulley, all of whom are prominent figures in Black Lives Matter, which had come into existence—amid the flash points of the George Zimmerman trial; Michael Brown’s death, in Ferguson, Missouri; and the massacre at the Emanuel A.M.E. Church, in Charleston, South Carolina—during Obama’s second term. Black Lives Matter has been described as “not your grandfather’s civil-rights movement,” to distinguish its tactics and its philosophy from those of nineteen-sixties-style activism.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching When the World Is on Fire
    5.625 × 8.75 SPINE: 0.9375 FLAPS: 3.5 EDUCATION $25.99 U.S. With contributions from: Is it okay to discuss politics in class? What are DEBORAH ALMONTASER SARAH ISHMAEL constructive ways to help young people process WAYNE AU NATALIE LABOSSIERE the daily news coverage of sexual assault? How WILLIAM AYERS CRYSTAL T. LAURA can educators engage students around Black BILL BIGELOW MAYA LINDBERG Lives Matter? Climate change? Confederate NOAH CHO JAMES W. LOEWEN statue controversies? Immigration? Hate speech? JUSTIN CHRISTENSEN H. RICHARD MILNER IV Teaching Lisa Delpit’s Other People’s Children, a clas- sic text on cultural slippage in classrooms, has JEFF COLLIER PEDRO A. NOGUERA sold over a quarter million copies. In Teaching ALLYSON CRINER BROWN JAMILAH PITTS When the World Is on Fire, Delpit now turns CAROLINA DRAKE MICA POLLOCK to a host of crucial issues facing teachers and HAZEL EDWARDS JULIA PUTNAM schools in these tumultuous times. Delpit’s sig- CHRISTOPHER EMDIN FREDRICK SCOTT SALYERS When the nature master-teacher wisdom tees up guidance JAY FUNG CARLA SHALABY from beloved, well-known educators along with CAMILA ARZE TORRES GOITIA CAMI TOULOUKIAN insight from dynamic principals and classroom MacArthur Award winner LISA DELPIT is the JESSE HAGOPIAN JONATHAN TUNSTALL teachers tackling difcult topics in K–12 schools Felton G. Clark Professor of Education at South- AMY HARMON DALE WEISS every day. ern University and A&M College. The author of T. ELIJAH HAWKES This honest and rich collection brings Other People’s Children and “Multiplication Is World together essential observations on safety from for White People” and the co-editor, with Joanne Pedro Noguera and Carla Shalaby; incisive ideas Kilgour Dowdy, of The Skin That We Speak (all on traversing politics from William Ayers and published by The New Press), she lives in Baton Mica Pollock; Christopher Emdin’s instructive Rouge, Louisiana.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Memo
    Research Memo: Police Unions and the Obstacles They Pose Community Resource Hub for Safety and Accountability Kelcey Duggan – Senior Research Associate [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………….1 Key Recommendations……………………………………………………………………3 Context…………………………………………………………………………………….5 Obstacles to Accountability………………………………...……………………………11 Obstacles to Police Reform………………………………………………………………15 Challenging & Limiting Police Union Power……………………………………………19 Austin Justice Coalition & Police Union Power…………………………………………20 Recommendations………………………………………………………………………..24 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….27 References………………………………………………………………………………..28 Executive Summary This memo provides brief background information on the history of police unions in the United States and their role in relation to the policing profession. The memo also highlights the obstacles that police unions and their contracts create for accountability, reform efforts, and campaigns that challenge police union power in order to overcome those obstacles. Finally, this memo provides specific recommendations for research, organizing, and policy developments when challenging police union power. The goal of this memo is to illuminate the power of police unions and the protections afforded by their contracts; in 14 states these protections are supported—in addition to or in the absence of union contracts—by legislation called the Law Enforcement Officers Bills of Rights (LEOBR) or the Police Officers Bills of Rights (POBR). Often there is confusion, upset, frustration, and anger about the inability of community members and elected officials to hold police officers accountable for misconduct and the inability to create lasting reform within police departments— 1 difficulties often due to the police unions’ power derived from their contracts and/or from the LEOBR/POBR. This memo gathers examples of how police union power plays out across the United States and highlights model practices for effectively challenging police union power.
    [Show full text]
  • AB-392, Though with Good Intentions, Will Not Make Any Positive Impacts Beyond the Current Penal Codes
    AB-392, though with good intentions, will not make any positive impacts beyond the current Penal Codes. It does not introduce effective rules to reduce police-involved killings. It does not address the underlying core issues. Instead, it could have negative impacts on the police force. Therefore, AB-392 should not pass. It should be reworked so that real progress can be made to reduce police-involved killings. Firstly, AB-392 will be ineffective. In a 2016 study, Samuel Sinyangwe tested whether administrative policies would curb police-involved killings. Eight policies were proven to have a positive impact. Implementation of four or more of these rules resulted in 37% fewer police- involved killings per population (Sinyangwe 3). Clearly, these rules are effective, yet AB-392 does not include any of them. Additionally, even the Black Lives Matter movement withdrew its support, citing that AB-392 is focused on the wrong issue and will fail “to prevent police killings and the devaluation of human life within our communities” (“Black Lives Matter Network Withdraws Support From California’s AB-392”). It is clear that AB-392 does not prescribe the right policies. Secondly, AB-392 will have negative impacts on California’s police force. It will perpetrate the Ferguson Effect that describes the deterioration of trust in the police force and a slow decline in police activity after the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mississippi. More controversial and tragic incidents have followed. Consequently, officers feel that they are “under siege, and don’t feel much like getting out of cars” (qtd.
    [Show full text]
  • Minority Note: Policing in America
    Security Theory and Practice 4/2020 scientific article Marvin Tador Lecturer, Anglo-American University, The John H. Carey II School of Law; J. D., Washburn University School of Law; LL.M. Candidate Charles University, Faculty of Law; B. A., University of South Florida Minority Note: Policing in America Dedicated to our Officers and Soldiers. "The police are the public and the public are the police; the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence." Robert Peel1 Introduction The public often “cast police as a necessary evil” rather than a welcome and indispensable “mechanism for empowering communities.”2 It is fair to state that the lion’s share of police officers merely wishes to aid their communities.3 Yes, states and local governments bestow prodigious power on police officers.4 Officers will, as a result, “carry out the [following] tasks the pursuit of justice, the protection of individual liberties, and the battle against crime.”5 The machinery of policing is an ineluctable vehicle to secure law and order.6 Notably, “[l]aw suffuses policing” and is typically a dispassionate referee when evaluating police activity.7As opposed to the Kingdom of Sweden, the United States 1 See Sir Robert Peel’s Nine Principles of Policing, N.Y. TIMES, April 16, 2014, at A20 (available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/16/nyregion/sir-robert-peels-nine-principles- of-policing.html). 2 See Tracey L. Meares, The Good Cop: Knowing the Difference Between Lawful or Effective Policing and Rightful Policing – And Why it Matters, 54 WM.
    [Show full text]
  • Racial Justice Resource List Governor Kate Brown’S Office of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Has Prepared the Following List of Racial Justice Resources
    Updated August 2020 Racial Justice Resource List Governor Kate Brown’s Office of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion has prepared the following list of racial justice resources. This list includes books, podcasts, blogs, videos, readings/articles, data/research and other resources that are meant to serve as educational materials for those seeking to learn about systemic and institutionalized racism in Oregon and across the United States. This list is not intended to be exhaustive, nor is it presented in any particular order. BOOKS The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America by Richard Rothstein (2017) “In The Color of Law (published by Liveright in May 2017), Richard Rothstein argues with exacting precision and fascinating insight how segregation in America—the incessant kind that continues to dog our major cities and has contributed to so much recent social strife—is the byproduct of explicit government policies at the local, state, and federal levels.” White Fragility: Why It’s So Hard For White People to Talk About Racism by Robin DiAngelo, Ph.D. (2018) The New York Times best-selling book exploring the counterproductive reactions white people have when their assumptions about race are challenged, and how these reactions maintain racial inequality. The Beautiful Struggle: A Memoir by Ta-Nehisi Coates (2008) An exceptional father-son story from the National Book Award–winning author of Between the World and Me about the reality that tests us, the myths that sustain us, and the love that saves us. Between the World and Me by Ta-Nehisi Coates (2015) Hailed by Toni Morrison as “required reading,” a bold and personal literary exploration of America’s racial history by “the most important essayist in a generation and a writer who changed the national political conversation about race” (Rolling Stone) Stamped From the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America by Ibram X.
    [Show full text]
  • Brutality by Design: Understanding Police Misconduct
    BRUTALITY BY DESIGN UNDERSTANDING POLICE MISCONDUCT AS STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY DAVID D. TROUTT, DISTINGUISHED PROFESSOR OF LAW, CLIME DIRECTOR WITH 2021 GATIEN LAUROL, 2021 JURIS DOCTOR CANDIDATE & APRIL CLIME FELLOW REPORT DESIGN BY NATHANIEL NAKAO CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2 I. THE LAW AND INCIDENCE OF BRUTALITY BY STATE ACTORS ............................................... 5 1. WHAT IS POLICE BRUTALITY AND HOW OFTEN DOES IT OCCUR? ............................... 5 2. THE CHALLENGE OF IMPOSING CRIMINAL PENALTIES: PROSECUTORS, THE CODE OF SILENCE & ARBITRATORS ................................................................................................................... 9 3. IS POLICE BRUTALITY A “CRIME”? ............................................................................................................ 12 4. CIVIL LAWSUITS BROUGHT BY VICTIMS UNDER SECTION 1983...................................... 14 5. QUALIFIED IMMUNITY AND “CLEARLY ESTABLISHED” LAW ............................................. 18 6. INDEMNIFICATION ............................................................................................................................................... 20 II. INSTITUTIONAL POLICE REFORMS .............................................................................................................. 24 1. LIMITING POLICE UNION AUTHORITY .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]