Cirm Trento – 2014 – Iolanda Nagliati
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The journals of mathematics at the University of Pisa and European influences Iolanda Nagliati Mathematics and International Relationships in Print and Correspondence CIRM (Trento) Pisa and its University: . peculiar situation . long history of journals 1771 – present The journals Giornale de' letterati 1 (1771) - 102 (1796) Nuovo giornale de’ letterati 1 (1802) - 8 (1803) n.s. 1 (1804) - 4 (1806) Giornale pisano de' letterati 5 (1806) - 11 (1809) Giornale scientifico e letterario dell'Accademia italiana di scienze, lettere e arti 1 (1810) - 2 (1810) Nuovo giornale de' letterati 1 (1822) - 39 (1839) (Pisa 1839: First Congress of Italian Scientists) Antologia (1821-1832) Giornale Toscano di scienze mediche, fisiche e naturali 1840-43 Giornale di scienze morali, sociali, storiche e filologiche 1841 Miscellanee medico – chirurgiche farmaceutiche 1843, 2 vols Miscellanee di chimica, fisica, e storia naturale 1843 Il Cimento 1844-47, 5 vols (1855 Nuovo Cimento) Annali delle Università Toscane 1(1846) – 34 (1915) n.s. 1 (1916) – 9 (1924) Annali della Scuola Normale 1871 – 1930 (I s.) 1932 – 1950, 1951 – 1973, 1974 – 1997 1997 – Giornale de’ letterati (1771-1796) • Organ of the board of professors (strengths and weaknesses) • title inspired by the Journal des savants • Angelo Fabroni superintendent and director of the journal • One of the most influential journal in Italy in late XVII century • Rediscovery of Galileo: claim of scientific merits of Tuscany • 1796 Fabroni yields to Giovanni Rosini its printing activities Angelo Fabroni (1732 – 1803) “privilegio” to print in his home → very rapid circulation by sending to subscribers Giornale sold in Pisa, Florence, Rome, Bologna, Milan, Siena, Naples Explicit and continuos attention to foreign authors Abroad (Fabroni’s correspondence – journey in 1773): • d’Alembert • Bernoulli • Condorcet, • J.D.Cassini • count of Hertzberg • abbot Bartélhemy Importance of the Vitae First history of the university 1770 proposal (T. Perelli) of a journal in the university of Pisa with only original contributions, on the model of the proceedings of the Academy of Sciences, the Acta eruditorum etc. (G.A. Slop: publication of astronomical observations) Fabroni considered the teaching staff not qualified, and thought that the best researchers would prefer monographs Different choice: newspaper (less scientific commitment) Fabroni author of many articles and whole sections, others were generally written by professors, but some external collaborations were accepted In the first series the most contributions are anonymous, some information on the identity of the authors can be reconstructed from various sources, such as the correspondence (Fossombroni) In the following series authors sign their contributions and are solely responsible for (different reaction to the controversy) Structure of the journal: 9 – 10 scientific papers (2 – 3 mathematics or physics, 25-30% of pages) Reviews as “estratti” (sometimes written by the author himself): “si rendono assai più interessanti dell’opera stessa; onde è che più di cognizione si guadagna alle volte nella breve e piacevol lettura d’un articolo d’un buon Giornale, che nella lunga e noiosa d’un grosso volume.” (but for mathematical articles: “dover essere tanto più ristretti, quanto sono più interessanti l'eccellenti opere di cui si ragiona, giacché le profonde speculazioni analitiche ed i lunghi calcoli di rado sono suscettibili di estratto”) •Histoire de l’Académie des Sciences (separate reports for the physical, “più gioconda”, and mathematical parts) •Berlin Academy •Turin Academy Eulogies (appreciated by Fabroni, and frequently used also to convey manifestos) Letters (on scientific of literary topics) Novelle letterarie bulletin of new books, in small frame, ordered by the city Strengths and weaknesses Freedom from constraints of religious authorities but (for mathematics) discontinuous level of the contributions, unlike from fixed editorial staff Subjects chosen by the teachers following their ideas *** The most important mathematician in Pisa, Pietro Paoli, had difficult relationships with editors, and this had a negative effect Pietro Paoli Giuliano Frullani Pietro Ferroni Vittorio Fossombroni 1761 – 64 Paolo Frisi 1. Élémens du calcul intégral, Le Seur et Jaquier, Parma 1768 (review) 3. Report on Histoire de l’Académie des Sciences 11. Lalande, Reflexions sur les cometes (review) 15. Eloges des académiciens de l’Académie Royale des Sciences morts depuis 1666, jusq’en 1699 , by Condorcet Dissertation on the means to achieve the greatest perfection in glasses and telescopes, by Henner, Berlin 18. Relazione su esperienze fatte con una lente ustoria, comunicata dal sig. Cassini il figlio nel suo passaggio per Pisa 28. Report on Nouvelles expériences sur la résistance des fluides, Condorcet ecc. (anonymous but Fossombroni) 35. Elogio di Newton, by P. Frisi 57. Eloge de M. d’Alembert, by Condorcet 102. Report on Herschel book Greater frequency of articles related to physics and astronomy: regular presence of meteorological observations (birth of meteorology as a science) *** 1782 Memorie di matematica e fisica della Società Italiana from 1784 Fabroni is charged to write the eulogies of members of the Società; some articles are published in both the journals Report on the Memorie della Società Italiana from t.52 Memorie: original papers Giornale: reports, books reviews from foreign countries Nuovo giornale (1802-1809) Interruption of the first journal after political events 1806 editorial staff in Florence (problems, due to the war) Ferroni “cooperatore matematico” to reinforce the dissemination of sciences The Società letteraria: -the Journal “tutti in somma i rami dell’umano sapere, faranno del nostro Giornale una universal Biblioteca di quanto si produce di bello e d’utile in Europa” - publisher • New research books (Elementi , P. Paoli, 3rd ed.) • Translation of important volumes (Legendre, Géometrie; Biot, Arithmétique) Report on astronomical researches in Germany (24 astronomers looking for a planet between Mars and Jupiter, too distant from each other) Physical problems, proposed by the Royal Society of Science in Copenhagen *** 1803 some critical letters: too much attention to foreign activities *** Rapid changes in the political situation in Tuscany Giornale dell’accademia italiana 1810 Pisa part of the French Empire (Departement of Ombrone) The Academy is based in Livorno Members: Scholars of the Kingdom of Italy or related to France Class of “exact and natural sciences” Two sections: Pure and mixed Mathematics Physics , chemistry, natural history Only one issue Atti of the Academy In 1810 it’s called Società (Academy is the name of the higher instruction institution) Only Italian contributions Antologia Monthly journal published in Florence by Gian Pietro Viesseux from 1821 to 1831 1819 Project by Gino Capponi for the consultants Report on some Scientific Societies: -Società toscana di geografia, statistica e storia naturale patria -Georgofili G. Frullani consultant for mathematics (president of the Society for statistics, growing importance of this discipline) September, 1820: Avviso della pubblicazione “Stimando di far cosa grata alle persone colte d'Italia, pubblicherò periodicamente, mediante l'assistenza d'alcuni letterati, una raccolta in lingua italiana dei più interessanti articoli d'ogni genere che si leggono nei giornali ultramontani. Questa raccolta sarà intitolata Antologia ossia Scelta di opuscoli d'ogni letteratura tradotti in italiano” The aim is "trasportare in Italia, senza averle prima sottoposte alla critica italiana, le produzioni letterarie d'ogni genere, dei francesi, degli inglesi, dei tedeschi, degli spagnoli ecc. e di far conoscere [...] la maniera [...] con cui considerano le nostre produzioni; ed ho pensato che sarebbe cosa utile [...] il riprodurre in lingua italiana gli articoli più piccanti che si leggono negli scritti periodici di queste diverse nazioni". Translations are prevailing in the first issues, but original papers gradually increase their numbers Reports on scientific activities developed in Italy and abroad Guglielmo Libri, in Paris from 1825 to 1830: - Scientific experiments - 1829 Radici primitive de’ numeri primi; written in Florence after Cauchy’s announcement to the Académie des Sciences about his discovery of a new method to find primitive roots of prime numbers; Libri claims priority 1828, proposal for «Annali italiani delle scienze matematiche fisiche e naturali» Vieusseux suggested a new journal, after the end of the Giornale di chimica fisica e storia naturale in Pavia, that was the only one to dial with mathematics and physics In his opinion it should have been a quarterly collection devoted only to exact and natural sciences, and he thought that “l’Italia non può più fare a meno” It should have been stricly linked with the Antologia, allowing it to come back to literature and human sciences New proposal in 1832 Evidence of the growing importance given to scientific studies, also in periodical press traditionally more devoted to literature Nuovo Giornale (1822-1839) The State Secretary allows the publication of a journal of “scienze, lettere ed arti”, but it must be called “Giornale di Pisa”, instead of “Giornale toscano”: the Grand Duchy supports Pisa, against Florence G.Savi director for the scientific section The journal contains research papers by the professors; specialized, with limited audience No educational purpose Introduction, (86 pages) first volume, 1822: The former journal “che