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Felice Fontana Life and Works

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Felice Fontana Life and Works STUDI SU FEL I CE FONTANA ------- 2 ----- - - PETER K. KNOEFEL FELICE FONTANA LIFE AND WORKS TRENTO 1 98 4 FELICE FONTANA ENTI PROMOTORI ACCADEMIA ROVERETANA DEGLI AGIATI BIBLIOTECA COMUNALE DI TRENTO DOMUS GALILAEANA ISTITUTO E MUSEO DI STORIA DELLA SCIENZA DI FIRENZE MUSEO TRIDENTINO DI SCIENZE NATURALI SOCIETÀ DI STUDI TRENTINI DI SCIENZE STORICHE COMITATO SCIENTIFICO LUIGI BELLONI, Università di Milano, Presidente UMBERTO CoRSINI, Università di Venezia MARIO FERRARI, Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali PAOLO GALLUZZI, Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze PETER K. KNoEFEL, University of Louisville (Kentucky) CARLO MACCAGNI, Università di Genova RENATO G. MAZZOLINI, Univer~ità di. Trento BRUNO ZANOBIO, Università di Pavia STUDI SU FELIC.E FONTANA 2-------- PETER K. KNOEFEL FELICE FONTANA LIFE AND WORKS SOCIETA DI STUDI TRENTINI DI SCIENZE STORICHE TRENTO (ITALIA) Via Petrarca, 36 Questo volume è edito dalla Società di Studi Trentini di Scienze Storiche con il determinante contributo della Provincia Autonoma di Trento - Assessorato alle Attività Culturali e del Comune di Trento ©PROPRIETÀ LETTERARIA RISERVATA Tipolitografia TEMI - Trento Stampato nel 1984 To Franca PRESENTAZIONE Peter K. Knoefel nato nell'Indiana il 4 agosto 1906, laureatosi in medicina alla Harvard University (Boston) nel 1931, è un autorevo­ le professore emerito di Farmacologia, come attesta il suo invidiabile curriculum scientifico e dimostrano le sue significative ricerche soprat­ tutto in campo tossicologico sperimentale. Appunto dalla tossicologia nasce l'interessamento del Knoefel per la figura e l'opera di Felice Fontana. Pronubo fu il Traité sur le vénin de la vipère, capolavoro tra i più significativi della tossicologia. Giunto a Firenze nel 1968, lo Knoefel formatosi nella scienza anglosassone a sfondo neoempiristico, trovò nell'ambiente fiorentino lo stimolo irresistibile ad avvicinarsi alla cultura europea facente capo alla nostra tradizione umanistica: Di qui derivarono i suoi primi contat­ ti con la storia della scienza nel Settecento. «Visiting Professor» presso l'Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze dal 1968, ha continuato a polarizzare le sue ricer­ che sulla figura e l'opera di Felice Fontana. Suo primo frutto è stata la Annotated Bibliography (1980), apparsa come Numero 1 di questa collana, e che gli ha valso la prestigiosa nomina a membro della Roveretana Accademia degli Agiati. Qualche anno fa Peter Knoefel presentava a questo Comitato un voluminoso dattiloscritto contenente la bozza della ergobiografia di Felice Fontana, che viene ora pubblicata nel presente volume, la cui realizzazione è risultata in realtà più complessa di quanto si potesse supporre in un primo tempo ed ha presentato non lievi difficoltà. Comunque, la buona ·volontà e l'impegno posto hanno ancora una volta finito per trionfare, superando i vari ostacoli. Finora i dati biografici reperibili sul Fontana sono relatit)amente scarsi e si rifanno sovente a note a sfondo divulgativo o a biografie alquanto incomplete, ancorché tuttora valide come quelle del Mangi/i e dell'Adami, redatte secondo determinati schemi tradizionali. Ben diverso si presenta invece il Fontana di Knoefel giustamente, dato che l'autore si sforza di inquadrarne la biografia e l'attività scientifica -IX- nell'ambito della felice collaborazione austro-toscana nel corso del Set­ tecento. Da questa ergobiografia traspare inoltre la particolare affezione e la particolare passione dell'Autore per il suo personaggio. Sembra ormai giunto il momento di riscattare il Fontana - secon­ do soltanto allo Spallanzani - dalla minor fortuna che ha incontrato e incontra nell'arengo scientifico internazionale. La pubblicazione della presente opera nella madrelingua di Knoefel ha pertanto un duplice intento: quello di facilitare l'approccio dei potenziali lettori alla vita del Fontana, e quello di lanciare proprio da Rovereto e da Trento un messaggio su di lui che ovunque possa essere facilmente recepito. Ma pure un altro intento vi è stato: ed è stato quello di non attenuare attraverso una traduzione la peculiare vivacità, l'arguzia e il compiaci­ mento per talune espressioni locali, anche ad impronta romantico-popo­ lare, che appunto contraddistinguono la fatica di Knoefel, sollecitando­ ne la lettura. Nel congedare questo libro il Comitato confida che esso sia fonte di soddisfazione per gli Enti politico-amministrativi e per gli Enti sponsori che ne hanno assicurato la stampa, e di stimolo ad ulteriori approfondimenti e contributi sulla figura e l'opera di Felice Fontana. IL COMITATO -X- PREFACE For mdny years, as a pharmacologist I had known o/ the two volumes o/ Fontana, the Treatise on the Venom o/ the Viper, but I knew nothing else about him. When I came to live in. Florence in 1968, I resolved to look /urther into· the matter; I found more than I had anticipated. But how much I had to learn! About the Hapsburgs, the Hapsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes o/ Tuscany, the Enlightenment, the Great Chain o/ Being, the invasion o/ Italy ·by the French, the Jacobins, the Viva Maria, and much more. I learned o/ the great holdings in Florence o/ the Tuscan Archivio di Stato, the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, the Marucelliana, the Riccardiana, the Biblioteca Medica at Careggi. I was introduced by Laura Picco/omini, wife o/ Curzio Ugurgieri, author o/ the Life o/ Pio II, to Professoressa Maria Luisa Righini Bonelli, Director o/ the Fiorentine Institute and Mu­ seum o/ the History o/ Science, who gave me free access to the library and the records o/ its ancestor, the Royal Museum o/ Physics and Natural History: Also I visited the Museum La Specola, and was astonished by the anatomica! models in wax. My search led me to libraries in other Italian cities: Milan, Bergamo, Venice, Pisa, Bologna, Forlz~ Reggio Emilia, and Siena; also outside o/ Italy, to Basel Geneva, Gottingen, Frankfurt a/M, and London. A great discovery was the Vallagarina, which has a magica! attraction /or me. At Rovereto I was helped much by Gina Adami, by . ' Pio Chiusole, librarian o/ the Biblioteca Civica with its many manuscripts, and by Ferrucio Trentini, .President o/ the Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati; they also took me to Pomarolo. Then I went on to Trento, where I learned o/ the important holdings o/ the Biblioteca Comunale, with its Director Dottoressa Schlechter always being help/ul. -XI- It became apparent that what was needed was a complete bibliography of Fontana, the existing ones being very poor. Accordin­ gly, I wrote one, with help /rom many sources. When I was honored by membership in the Scientific Committee Jor the publication of works by and about Fontana, I submitted the bibliography Jor consideration ofpublication, which took piace at Trent in 1980. From the articles I had written, I had not far to go to the Life and W orks. It has been a great experience, the search Jor Fontana in bis time and piace; eighteenth-century Italy. As I grew to appreciate bis greatness, and bis weakness, I could not help but Jeel some sympathy /or him, deplorable at times though bis behavior was. I ended by feeling mysel/ to be spiritually a part o/ the Trentt"no, particularly the Vallagarina where was born in 1730 Felice Fontana, fated to be periodically f orgotten and rediscovered. The book is aimed at a wider audience than scholars and students of the period. As a colleague said o/ it: «he obviously wrote· it Jor himself»; I feel there must be other ignoramuses like me, who might find Fontana's story o/ interest. Should someone say, there are lacunae bere, I reply, remember that Voltaire wrote ( more-or-less): «the surest way to boredom is to tell all». I have.given in the text, in English translation, some approximate titles o/ books not writt~n in English; most inexcusably I bave put '· them in italics. I hope thà[ scholars will not reprove me too harshly /or this lapse. Many of the book-titles, as noted in the text, were_-taken /rom the 1807 catalog o/ the library o/ the Royal Museum of Florence. It is of the first importance to know, what were the books which Fontana knew. Finally, O Reader, may you enjoy reading this book as I did writing it. Vale PETER K. KNOEFEL -XII- CONTENTS Chapter ARGUMENT Page PARTI - LIFE 1 FAMILY AFFAIRS. THE PLACE. THE PEOPLE 3 The Vallagarina - Rovereto - Pomarolo - Family Fontana 2 EDUCATION 9 Rovereto: Tartarotti · Parma: Belgrado - Padua: Morgagni - Bologna: Caldani - Haller 3 THE HOUSE OP HAPSBURG. THE ENLIGHTENMENT 19 Hapsburgs - Hapsburg-Lorraine - Bayle - Locke - Galileo - Ba- con - Boyle - Newton - ·Fontenelle - Voltaire - Kant 4 PETER LEOPOLD, GRAND DUKE OP TUSCANY 25 5 FELICE FONTANA, COURT PHYSICIST 31 The Useful Sciences - The Great Chain of Being 6 FROM COLLECTION OP CURIOSITIES TO MUSEUM 39 .Accademia del Cimento - Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History 7 PARIS AND LONDON , 51 Letters to Italy - Boscovié - Ingenhousz / 8 RETURN TO FLORENCE 59 The Annus Mirabilis - Departure of Peter Leopold 9 LAST YEARS 67 A New Grand Duke - Death - Burial - XIII - Chapter ARGUMENT Page 10 CONTROVERSIES 77 Targioni Tozzetti - Corti - Roffredi - Giorgi 11 LEGACIES 87 Matters Materiai - Matters Spiritual - Character - Women in his Life - Position in Society - Contributions to Knowledge - Posi­ tion as Scientist - Return to the Argument - Celebrations 12 FRIENDS AND ENEMIES 109 Americans - French and English - Swedish Chemists - Bernoulli - Boscovié - Brambilla - Brunati - Caldani - Canterzani - Cocchi - Fabbroni - Ferroni - Girardi - Grisellini - Haller - Ingenhousz - Landriani - Mangili - Mascagni - Scarpa - Scopali - Slop - Spallan­ zani - Targioni Tozzetti - The Verri Brothers - Volta PART II - WORKS 13 AIR, WATER, EARTH, FIRE 163 'Fixed Air - Salubrity of the Air - Nitrous and Dephlogisticated Airs - The Air from Saltpetre - Airs from Waters - On the Elasticity of Aeriform Fluids - The Density of an Air - Evapora­ tion of Fluids - On Water into Earth - On the Decomposition of Water - On Malachite - On Sulfur - The Adsorption of Airs by Charcoal - On Gold - Felice Fontana as Physicist - Felice Fonta­ na as Chemist - Phlogiston 14 ANIMAL PHYSICS 191 Epistolary Dissertation - The Laws of Irritability - Animai Phy­ sics - Animai Respiration - Breathing Hydrogen.
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