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Felice Fontana Life and Works

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STUDI SU FEL I CE FONTANA ------- 2 ----- - - PETER K. KNOEFEL FELICE FONTANA LIFE AND WORKS TRENTO 1 98 4 FELICE FONTANA ENTI PROMOTORI ACCADEMIA ROVERETANA DEGLI AGIATI BIBLIOTECA COMUNALE DI TRENTO DOMUS GALILAEANA ISTITUTO E MUSEO DI STORIA DELLA SCIENZA DI FIRENZE MUSEO TRIDENTINO DI SCIENZE NATURALI SOCIETÀ DI STUDI TRENTINI DI SCIENZE STORICHE COMITATO SCIENTIFICO LUIGI BELLONI, Università di Milano, Presidente UMBERTO CoRSINI, Università di Venezia MARIO FERRARI, Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali PAOLO GALLUZZI, Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze PETER K. KNoEFEL, University of Louisville (Kentucky) CARLO MACCAGNI, Università di Genova RENATO G. MAZZOLINI, Univer~ità di. Trento BRUNO ZANOBIO, Università di Pavia STUDI SU FELIC.E FONTANA 2-------- PETER K. KNOEFEL FELICE FONTANA LIFE AND WORKS SOCIETA DI STUDI TRENTINI DI SCIENZE STORICHE TRENTO (ITALIA) Via Petrarca, 36 Questo volume è edito dalla Società di Studi Trentini di Scienze Storiche con il determinante contributo della Provincia Autonoma di Trento - Assessorato alle Attività Culturali e del Comune di Trento ©PROPRIETÀ LETTERARIA RISERVATA Tipolitografia TEMI - Trento Stampato nel 1984 To Franca PRESENTAZIONE Peter K. Knoefel nato nell'Indiana il 4 agosto 1906, laureatosi in medicina alla Harvard University (Boston) nel 1931, è un autorevo­ le professore emerito di Farmacologia, come attesta il suo invidiabile curriculum scientifico e dimostrano le sue significative ricerche soprat­ tutto in campo tossicologico sperimentale. Appunto dalla tossicologia nasce l'interessamento del Knoefel per la figura e l'opera di Felice Fontana. Pronubo fu il Traité sur le vénin de la vipère, capolavoro tra i più significativi della tossicologia. Giunto a Firenze nel 1968, lo Knoefel formatosi nella scienza anglosassone a sfondo neoempiristico, trovò nell'ambiente fiorentino lo stimolo irresistibile ad avvicinarsi alla cultura europea facente capo alla nostra tradizione umanistica: Di qui derivarono i suoi primi contat­ ti con la storia della scienza nel Settecento. «Visiting Professor» presso l'Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze dal 1968, ha continuato a polarizzare le sue ricer­ che sulla figura e l'opera di Felice Fontana. Suo primo frutto è stata la Annotated Bibliography (1980), apparsa come Numero 1 di questa collana, e che gli ha valso la prestigiosa nomina a membro della Roveretana Accademia degli Agiati. Qualche anno fa Peter Knoefel presentava a questo Comitato un voluminoso dattiloscritto contenente la bozza della ergobiografia di Felice Fontana, che viene ora pubblicata nel presente volume, la cui realizzazione è risultata in realtà più complessa di quanto si potesse supporre in un primo tempo ed ha presentato non lievi difficoltà. Comunque, la buona ·volontà e l'impegno posto hanno ancora una volta finito per trionfare, superando i vari ostacoli. Finora i dati biografici reperibili sul Fontana sono relatit)amente scarsi e si rifanno sovente a note a sfondo divulgativo o a biografie alquanto incomplete, ancorché tuttora valide come quelle del Mangi/i e dell'Adami, redatte secondo determinati schemi tradizionali. Ben diverso si presenta invece il Fontana di Knoefel giustamente, dato che l'autore si sforza di inquadrarne la biografia e l'attività scientifica -IX- nell'ambito della felice collaborazione austro-toscana nel corso del Set­ tecento. Da questa ergobiografia traspare inoltre la particolare affezione e la particolare passione dell'Autore per il suo personaggio. Sembra ormai giunto il momento di riscattare il Fontana - secon­ do soltanto allo Spallanzani - dalla minor fortuna che ha incontrato e incontra nell'arengo scientifico internazionale. La pubblicazione della presente opera nella madrelingua di Knoefel ha pertanto un duplice intento: quello di facilitare l'approccio dei potenziali lettori alla vita del Fontana, e quello di lanciare proprio da Rovereto e da Trento un messaggio su di lui che ovunque possa essere facilmente recepito. Ma pure un altro intento vi è stato: ed è stato quello di non attenuare attraverso una traduzione la peculiare vivacità, l'arguzia e il compiaci­ mento per talune espressioni locali, anche ad impronta romantico-popo­ lare, che appunto contraddistinguono la fatica di Knoefel, sollecitando­ ne la lettura. Nel congedare questo libro il Comitato confida che esso sia fonte di soddisfazione per gli Enti politico-amministrativi e per gli Enti sponsori che ne hanno assicurato la stampa, e di stimolo ad ulteriori approfondimenti e contributi sulla figura e l'opera di Felice Fontana. IL COMITATO -X- PREFACE For mdny years, as a pharmacologist I had known o/ the two volumes o/ Fontana, the Treatise on the Venom o/ the Viper, but I knew nothing else about him. When I came to live in. Florence in 1968, I resolved to look /urther into· the matter; I found more than I had anticipated. But how much I had to learn! About the Hapsburgs, the Hapsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes o/ Tuscany, the Enlightenment, the Great Chain o/ Being, the invasion o/ Italy ·by the French, the Jacobins, the Viva Maria, and much more. I learned o/ the great holdings in Florence o/ the Tuscan Archivio di Stato, the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, the Marucelliana, the Riccardiana, the Biblioteca Medica at Careggi. I was introduced by Laura Picco/omini, wife o/ Curzio Ugurgieri, author o/ the Life o/ Pio II, to Professoressa Maria Luisa Righini Bonelli, Director o/ the Fiorentine Institute and Mu­ seum o/ the History o/ Science, who gave me free access to the library and the records o/ its ancestor, the Royal Museum o/ Physics and Natural History: Also I visited the Museum La Specola, and was astonished by the anatomica! models in wax. My search led me to libraries in other Italian cities: Milan, Bergamo, Venice, Pisa, Bologna, Forlz~ Reggio Emilia, and Siena; also outside o/ Italy, to Basel Geneva, Gottingen, Frankfurt a/M, and London. A great discovery was the Vallagarina, which has a magica! attraction /or me. At Rovereto I was helped much by Gina Adami, by . ' Pio Chiusole, librarian o/ the Biblioteca Civica with its many manuscripts, and by Ferrucio Trentini, .President o/ the Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati; they also took me to Pomarolo. Then I went on to Trento, where I learned o/ the important holdings o/ the Biblioteca Comunale, with its Director Dottoressa Schlechter always being help/ul. -XI- It became apparent that what was needed was a complete bibliography of Fontana, the existing ones being very poor. Accordin­ gly, I wrote one, with help /rom many sources. When I was honored by membership in the Scientific Committee Jor the publication of works by and about Fontana, I submitted the bibliography Jor consideration ofpublication, which took piace at Trent in 1980. From the articles I had written, I had not far to go to the Life and W orks. It has been a great experience, the search Jor Fontana in bis time and piace; eighteenth-century Italy. As I grew to appreciate bis greatness, and bis weakness, I could not help but Jeel some sympathy /or him, deplorable at times though bis behavior was. I ended by feeling mysel/ to be spiritually a part o/ the Trentt"no, particularly the Vallagarina where was born in 1730 Felice Fontana, fated to be periodically f orgotten and rediscovered. The book is aimed at a wider audience than scholars and students of the period. As a colleague said o/ it: «he obviously wrote· it Jor himself»; I feel there must be other ignoramuses like me, who might find Fontana's story o/ interest. Should someone say, there are lacunae bere, I reply, remember that Voltaire wrote ( more-or-less): «the surest way to boredom is to tell all». I have.given in the text, in English translation, some approximate titles o/ books not writt~n in English; most inexcusably I bave put '· them in italics. I hope thà[ scholars will not reprove me too harshly /or this lapse. Many of the book-titles, as noted in the text, were_-taken /rom the 1807 catalog o/ the library o/ the Royal Museum of Florence. It is of the first importance to know, what were the books which Fontana knew. Finally, O Reader, may you enjoy reading this book as I did writing it. Vale PETER K. KNOEFEL -XII- CONTENTS Chapter ARGUMENT Page PARTI - LIFE 1 FAMILY AFFAIRS. THE PLACE. THE PEOPLE 3 The Vallagarina - Rovereto - Pomarolo - Family Fontana 2 EDUCATION 9 Rovereto: Tartarotti · Parma: Belgrado - Padua: Morgagni - Bologna: Caldani - Haller 3 THE HOUSE OP HAPSBURG. THE ENLIGHTENMENT 19 Hapsburgs - Hapsburg-Lorraine - Bayle - Locke - Galileo - Ba- con - Boyle - Newton - ·Fontenelle - Voltaire - Kant 4 PETER LEOPOLD, GRAND DUKE OP TUSCANY 25 5 FELICE FONTANA, COURT PHYSICIST 31 The Useful Sciences - The Great Chain of Being 6 FROM COLLECTION OP CURIOSITIES TO MUSEUM 39 .Accademia del Cimento - Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History 7 PARIS AND LONDON , 51 Letters to Italy - Boscovié - Ingenhousz / 8 RETURN TO FLORENCE 59 The Annus Mirabilis - Departure of Peter Leopold 9 LAST YEARS 67 A New Grand Duke - Death - Burial - XIII - Chapter ARGUMENT Page 10 CONTROVERSIES 77 Targioni Tozzetti - Corti - Roffredi - Giorgi 11 LEGACIES 87 Matters Materiai - Matters Spiritual - Character - Women in his Life - Position in Society - Contributions to Knowledge - Posi­ tion as Scientist - Return to the Argument - Celebrations 12 FRIENDS AND ENEMIES 109 Americans - French and English - Swedish Chemists - Bernoulli - Boscovié - Brambilla - Brunati - Caldani - Canterzani - Cocchi - Fabbroni - Ferroni - Girardi - Grisellini - Haller - Ingenhousz - Landriani - Mangili - Mascagni - Scarpa - Scopali - Slop - Spallan­ zani - Targioni Tozzetti - The Verri Brothers - Volta PART II - WORKS 13 AIR, WATER, EARTH, FIRE 163 'Fixed Air - Salubrity of the Air - Nitrous and Dephlogisticated Airs - The Air from Saltpetre - Airs from Waters - On the Elasticity of Aeriform Fluids - The Density of an Air - Evapora­ tion of Fluids - On Water into Earth - On the Decomposition of Water - On Malachite - On Sulfur - The Adsorption of Airs by Charcoal - On Gold - Felice Fontana as Physicist - Felice Fonta­ na as Chemist - Phlogiston 14 ANIMAL PHYSICS 191 Epistolary Dissertation - The Laws of Irritability - Animai Phy­ sics - Animai Respiration - Breathing Hydrogen.
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    MAURICE A. FINOCCHIARO: CURRICULUM VITAE CONTENTS: §0. Summary and Highlights; §1. Miscellaneous Details; §2. Teaching Experience; §3. Major Awards and Honors; §4. Publications: Books; §5. Publications: Articles, Chapters, and Discussions; §6. Publications: Book Reviews; §7. Publications: Proceedings, Abstracts, Translations, Reprints, Popular Media, etc.; §8. Major Lectures at Scholarly Meetings: Keynote, Invited, Funded, Honorarium, etc.; §9. Other Lectures at Scholarly Meetings; §10. Public Lectures; §11. Research Activities: Out-of-Town Libraries, Archives, and Universities; §12. Professional Service: Journal Editorial Boards; §13. Professional Service: Refereeing; §14. Professional Service: Miscellaneous; §15. Community Service §0. SUMMARY AND HIGHLIGHTS Address: Department of Philosophy; University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Box 455028; Las Vegas, NV 89154-5028. Education: B.S., 1964, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Ph.D., 1969, University of California, Berkeley. Position: Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, Emeritus; University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Previous Positions: UNLV: Assistant Professor, 1970-74; Associate Professor, 1974-77; Full Professor, 1977-91; Distinguished Professor, 1991-2003; Department Chair, 1989-2000. Major Awards and Honors: 1976-77 National Science Foundation; one-year grant; project “Galileo and the Art of Reasoning.” 1983-84 National Endowment for the Humanities, one-year Fellowship for College Teachers; project “Gramsci and the History of Dialectical Thought.” 1987 Delivered the Fourth Evert Willem Beth Lecture, sponsored by the Evert Willem Beth Foundation, a committee of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, at the Universities of Amsterdam and of Groningen. 1991-92 American Council of Learned Societies; one-year fellowship; project “Democratic Elitism in Mosca and Gramsci.” 1992-95 NEH; 3-year grant; project “Galileo on the World Systems.” 1993 State of Nevada, Board of Regents’ Researcher Award.
  • 2013 Bologna Artelibro Book Fair List

    2013 Bologna Artelibro Book Fair List

    Artelibro Bologna 19 - 22 September 2013 Bernard Quaritch Ltd 1.AGRATI, Giuseppe. Delle sedizioni di Francia. Cenni storici di G. Agrati onde illustrare un discorso di Torquato Tasso; a cui se ne aggiugne un altro del maresciallo di Biron: si questo che quello tolti da manoscritti inediti. Brescia, Nicolò Bettoni, 1819. Large 16mo, pp. viii, 160; occasional very light spotting, some foxing on edges, but a crisp, tight, clean copy; nineteenth-century ownership inscription of Dr. Antonio Greppi, recording the book as a gift from Domenico Agrati, the author’s brother; contemporary boards, ink titling on spine. € 310 First and only edition, rare. Styled as the ‘transcription’ of unpublished manuscripts by Tasso and Biron on the French unrest from Calvin to Nantes, this publication was in fact intended to support the reaction of European aristocracy against the outcome and repercussions of the French Revolution. Hume’s and Rousseau’s visions of popular fury depict the violence of the French ‘populace’. Throughout history, Agrati argues, the French have fomented factions, incited rebellion and regularly spoiled the constructive efforts of well-meaning monarchs. In line with the spirit that had just animated the Congress of Vienna, Agrati maintains that only a ‘firm and absolute’ (p. 153) ruler can avert the lethal threat of anarchy. Rare outside Italy: one copy at BL, one listed in OCLC (Alberta). ALBERTI’S POLITICAL THOUGHT 2.ALBERTI, Leon Battista. Momus [or De principe]. Rome, Jacopo Mazochi, 1520. 4to., 104 leaves, including a leaf of errata at end; printed in roman letter, several large white-on-black initial letters; some light spotting but a very good large copy in marbled paper boards with paper spine label.
  • The Fennel Fields a Little Scene Setting

    The Fennel Fields a Little Scene Setting

    A HISTORY OF BORGO FINOCCHIETO by Judy Canton, with side notes by Mary Grace Hicks The Fennel Fields Finocchieto is a charming name. Finocchio is sweet fennel and finocchieto means fennel orchard or fennel fields, just as frutto is fruit and frutteto means orchard. Sweet fennel grows wild all over Tuscany in fields, hedgerows, at roadsides, along the railway, and in gardens. Finocchieto was no doubt known locally for the wild fennel plants growing around the slopes of Bibbiano. It has certainly had the name since 1318, and maybe for much longer. To this day, when the wild fennel seeds ripen every year at the end of August, gatherers of all types and both sexes go to work collecting the seeds that will stud the delicious local salami, finocchiona, with flavor. It has been eaten for centuries, usually on thick slices of unsalted bread and accompanied with a glass of red wine. The farm at Finocchieto, like many Tuscan country properties no longer in agricultural use, has found a new lease on life. Its name, however, will link it to the old way of life and the tradition of eating slices of finocchiona with bread and wine will remind those who enjoy its stone walls and quiet, beautiful setting of the thousands who have already appreciated the same delights in its long history. A Little Scene Setting The part of Italy where Finocchieto was built has a long prehistory; - 228 - a long period of settlement before we have evidence of the farm’s existence. Navigable rivers and valleys were of fundamental importance in the siting of early settlements and in spreading cultural influence.