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1 Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources “Alan Turing's Trial Charges and Sentences, 31 March 1952.” Alan Turing: The Enigma, ​ ​ Andrew Hodges, https://www.turing.org.uk/sources/sentence.html. This source is an image from the Alan Turing: The Enigma website depicting the ​ ​ ​ arrest and sentencing record of Alan Turing and his lover Arnold Murray from 1952. This primary source shows off the fact that Turing stood strong against the charges of “indecency” that were leveled his way due to his sexuality and pleaded guilty. It interested our group to find out that Murray received a much lighter sentence than Turing for the same “crime” “A Memoir of Turing in 1954 from by M.H. Newman.” The Turing Digital Archive, King's ​ ​ College, Cambridge, http://www.turingarchive.org/viewer/?id=18&title=Manchester Guardian June 1954. This source is a primary source image from The Turing Digital Archive containing ​ ​ newspaper clippings of Turing’s obituary and an appreciation article. These images helped us to understand the significance that Alan Turing had to society at the time of his death, giving us a starting point to observe how the legacy of Turing grew after his death, as well as the impact his life had even after it came to a close. “AMT Aged 16, Head and Shoulders.” The Turing Digital Archive, King's College, Cambridge, ​ ​ http://www.turingarchive.org/viewer/?id=521&title=4. This image of Alan Turing as a young man helps us depict his life as a story rather than a disconnected series of events. We included it because we felt that it was important to discuss Turing’s early years and education as well as his work on Enigma and his personal life in order to present the full story to the best of our ability on our website. “AMT Sitting Lower Left. Photograph Possibly Taken at a Meeting in Cambridge in 1951. .” The Turing Digital Archive, King's College, Cambridge, ​ http://www.turingarchive.org/viewer/?id=527&title=17. This primary source image depicts Alan Turing with other members of the Ratio Club that he was a part of at Cambridge in 1951. This source helps us paint the narrative of Turing as a brilliant young mind that delved deep into mathematics and computer science principles at a relatively young age, joining several scholarly groups and receiving a top-notch education from several universities and colleges. “AMT With School Friends.” The Turing Digital Archive, King's College, Cambridge, ​ ​ http://www.turingarchive.org/viewer/?id=520&title=3. 2 This primary source image is a picture of a young Alan Turing with school friends. As mentioned previously, we wanted to include pictures of Alan Turing throughout his early life in order to tell the whole narrative of his life instead of picking out only bits and pieces that suit our argument. “An Image of Joan Clarke, Who Was Engaged to Alan Turing.” Bletchley Park Research, Kerry Howard, 19 Feb. 2015, http://www.bletchleyparkresearch.co.uk/have-you-seen-photograph-joan-clarke-from-193 6/. ​ This primary source image depicts Joan Clarke, the cryptanalyst and codebreaker at Bletchley Park that Alan Turing was engaged to. Clarke is one of the most important figures in telling the tale of Turing’s sexuality and the barriers that he ran into due to it, and we feel that this image helps us better draw readers into the story by putting a face to the name. “Bletchley Park Mansion.” The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook, Andrew Hodges, ​ ​ https://www.turing.org.uk/scrapbook/ww2.html. This primary source image depicts the Bletchley Park Mansion. Bletchley Park was where Alan Turing was stationed along with the team that helped to break the Enigma Machine code. This is the first of the many images and sources we have of the World War 2 code breaking part of Turing’s story, and helps give the scenery for one of the most important parts of Turing’s life and story. Bletchley Park. “WW2 Codebreakers: Original Footage of MI6 staff at Whaddon Hall - The Hidden Film.” YouTube, April 3, 2020, ​ ​ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bvVaFE5O3eY. ​ This source contains the only known footage of Bletchley Park, the site of Turing’s work during World War 2, that has survived till today. While the footage came out the day that our websites were due, we still believe that it has potential value and thought it apt to include it in our bibliography, as we cannot wait to use it in the future. “‘Bomba’ (Bombe) by Marian Rejewski, an Early Polish Effort to Decipher the Enigma.” Virtual ​ Bletchley Park, Bletchley Park Museum, ​ http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/poles/poles.htm. This primary source image depicts a machine created in the initial effort to decipher codes created by the Enigma machine. Alan Turing and his team innovated on and created a functioning version of this machine that cracked the Enigma code. We included this image as it shows the foundation of Turing’s work, giving readers a strong insight into what Turing was actually doing. 3 “Can Automatic Calculating Machines Be Said To Think?” Can Automatic Calculating ​ Machines Be Said To Think?, BBC, 14 Jan. 1952. ​ This source is a radio interview with Alan Turing on the BBC radio station. We found the interview interesting because it came almost a year after Turing’s paper “Can Digital Computers Think” was aired on BBC. The interview and papers from Turing on BBC aid in showing how Alan Turing helped to push the boundaries of computer science and artificial intelligence by proposing to the public and pushing his theories that digital computers acted in a similar fashion to brains. Clark, Andy, et al. The Legacy of Alan Turing. Clarendon Press, 1996. ​ ​ This 1996 book about the Legacy of Alan Turing contains both sections from Turing himself as well as selections from people who knew Turing. The section that we read from this book contained an alternate view of the Turing test, stating that the Turing test was confined by its attempt to create human behavior. While the source acknowledges the importance and the significance of the Turing Test, it was interesting to see a criticism of an idea that is so central to the legacy of Turing. “Enigma Machine.” The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook, Andrew Hodges, ​ ​ https://www.turing.org.uk/scrapbook/ww2.html. This primary source image depicts an Enigma machine. In World War 2, the German Army utilized Enigma machines to encrypt their messages. These encryptions stumped the Allied forces until Turing and his team managed to break the code. It is estimated that Turing saved over a million lives through his work in cracking the Enigma Machine code, and we utilized this image in order to show how important the technology was in the course of World War 2. Hinsley, Harry. “The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War.” The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War. 19 Oct. 1993, http://www.cix.co.uk/~klockstone/hinsley.htm. This source is a 1993 lecture from Harry Hinsley, a historian that worked at Bletchley Park under Alan Turing and his associates. Hinsley provides an insight about the methods of Turing, as well as the results of his team. One of the claims that we found interesting was that Turing’s Bombe machine was fifteen times more powerful than the original, putting into perspective the impressive nature of Turing’s work. Howard, Kerry. “My Engagement to Alan Turing by Joan Clarke (later Joan Murray).” YouTube, ​ ​ Oct, 31, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MB2e9R7bXCk&feature=youtu.be ​ This primary source is an excerpt from a 1992 Horizon program surrounding Alan Turing. The video revolves around Turing’s relationship with Joan Clarke, the woman with which he was engaged. It provides an in-depth insight into both Turing’s relationship with Clarke as well as the general attitude towards homosexuality by society 4 at the time. The quote “It was probably a good thing that the security people didn't know because he might then have been fired and we might have lost the war” really stood out to us as exemplary of the time Turing lived in. We consider this to be one of our most valuable educational sources because we struggled to find info of this quality on Turing’s personal life anywhere else. “In 2009 the National Portrait Gallery Included Alan Turing's Portrait in a Special Exhibition of Gay Icons.” The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook, Andrew Hodges, ​ ​ https://www.turing.org.uk/sources/archive.html. This portrait of Alan Turing holds a special significance. While it is a primary source, it was included in a 2009 exhibit of Gay Icons. This source helped our group to understand the significance that Turing’s actions and life had on the public perception of homosexuality and its criminal status at the time that Turing was alive. It also helped us compare modern day stances on homosexuality to stances in Turing’s time to see how far we have come as a society. “Letter to Norman Routledge. Feb. 1952.” The Turing Digital Archive, King's College, ​ ​ Cambridge, http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/D/14a This primary source image depicts a letter from Alan Turing to his friend Norman Routledge during the events of his trial for sexual indecency due to his homosexuality. This source provides valuable insight on Turing’s thoughts during the events surrounding the trial and charges. Our group found the manner that Turing discusses the charges very interesting, as well as the stigma around homosexuality that was present at the time in England.
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