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5 Libro Pm.Pdf Programa de Manejo Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Meseta de Cacaxtla D. R. © Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Av. Ejército Nacional No. 223, Col. Anáhuac, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo C.P. 11320, México, Ciudad de México www.gob.mx/semarnat Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas Av. Ejército Nacional No. 223, Col. Anáhuac, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo C.P. 11320, México, Ciudad de México www.gob.mx/conanp [email protected] Primera edición diciembre 2016 Impreso y hecho en México / Printed and bound in Mexico. PRESENTACIÓN Quien visite esta Área Natural Protegida provincias sinaloenses, de la Sierra Madre en el estado de Sinaloa quedará Occidental y del Desierto Sonorense, impresionado, no sólo por la variedad lo que enriquece considerablemente su de ecosistemas terrestres y acuáticos, número de especies y eleva su grado de sino por el alto grado de integridad y endemismo. Alberga una extraordinaria conservación de los mismos, así como riqueza de vertebrados con 533 especies por sus distintos y bellos paisajes y que corresponden al 64 por ciento del por las misteriosas manifestaciones total que ha sido registrado para Sinaloa. culturales ancestrales De éstas, casi la mitad (49.3 por ciento) son endémicas para el país. El área cuenta La importancia de la conservación con especies emblemáticas en peligro de del Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna extinción, como por ejemplos se pueden “Meseta de Cacaxtla” se fundamenta mencionar felinos como el jaguarundi, en que las selvas secas del Pacífico de el jaguar y el ocelote, tortugas marinas México, están consideradas como una de como la prieta, la carey, la golfina y la las más altas prioridades de conservación laúd, aves como el halcón peregrino y el a nivel internacional, pero, también, perico corona lila. porque proporciona conectividad a dos sitios Ramsar, el Sistema Lagunar Ceuta y Otro aspecto fundamental que la Playa Tortuguera El Verde Camacho. Su justifica conservar la “Meseta de riqueza florística se debe a que conjunta Cacaxtla”, es la presencia de restos elementos del trópico seco provenientes arqueológicos únicos en Mesoamérica. de las regiones florísticas del Pacífico Sur En la playa Las Labradas se encuentra un y de las del Golfo de California. Su flora conjunto de petrograbados, el Instituto cuenta con 76 familias y 289 especies. Nacional de Antropología e Historia tiene la hipótesis de que el grupo cultural En cuanto a su fauna, la “Meseta de que desarrolló estas manifestaciones Cacaxtla”, conjuga elementos de las fue sedentario o semisedentario y sus 3 Programa de Manejo Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Meseta de Cacaxtla asentamientos debieron localizarse en Por último, resulta fundamental las márgenes del arroyo de La Chicayota. reconocer y agradecer la participación Así, la zona de la playa sería su centro de cada uno de los actores del área, ceremonial con alrededor de trescientos académicos, organizaciones de la grabados rupestres de diversos diseños sociedad civil, pero sobre todo, de los y tamaños, que fueron realizados por habitantes y las autoridades de los percusión y pulimento con diseños en municipios de San Ignacio y Mazatlán, bajorrelieve. así como del Estado de Sinaloa, quienes hicieron posible la elaboración, la El Programa de Manejo que tengo el retroalimentación y la consulta de este gusto de presentar, culminará la posibilidad instrumento de planeación. de conservar este patrimonio mixto y se constituirá como el instrumento rector de planeación y regulación que establecen las actividades, acciones y lineamientos QUIRINO ORDAZ COPPEL básicos para el manejo y la administración Gobernador Constitucional del Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna del Estado de Sinaloa “Meseta de Cacaxtla”. 4 CONTENIDO PRESENTACIÓN................................................................ 3 1. INTRODUCCIÓN........................................................... 11 Antecedentes del Proyecto del Área Natural Protegida, en los contextos nacional, regional y local ........................................................ 12 En el contexto internacional ......................................... 15 En el contexto nacional.............................................. 15 En el contexto estatal............................................... 15 2. OBJETIVOS DEL ÁREA NATURAL PROTEGIDA................................. 17 Objetivo general....................................................... 17 Objetivos específicos................................................... 17 3. OBJETIVOS DEL PROGRAMA DE MANEJO.................................... 19 Objetivo general....................................................... 19 Objetivos específicos................................................... 19 4. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL ÁREA PROTEGIDA........................................ 21 Localización y límites................................................... 21 Características físico‑geográficas........................................ 21 Geología........................................................... 21 Geomorfología y suelos ............................................. 22 Geomorfología .................................................. 22 Suelos.......................................................... 24 Hidrología ......................................................... 24 Clima.............................................................. 29 Precipitación y temperatura ...................................... 29 Fenómenos meteorológicos. 30 5 Programa de Manejo Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Meseta de Cacaxtla Características biológicas............................................... 30 Flora y vegetación .................................................. 30 Fauna ............................................................. 34 Contexto arqueológico, histórico y cultural............................... 36 Petrograbados en Las Labradas y áreas circunvecinas .................. 36 Contexto demográfico, económico y social............................... 37 Crecimiento poblacional............................................. 38 Densidad de población .............................................. 39 Economía ............................................................. 40 Principales actividades económicas................................... 40 Social.............................................................. 43 Vocación natural del uso del suelo ....................................... 44 Análisis de la situación de la tenencia de la tierra.......................... 44 Normas Oficiales Mexicanas ............................................ 46 5. DIAGNÓSTICO Y PROBLEMÁTICA DE LA SITUACIÓN AMBIENTAL .............. 49 Ecosistémico .......................................................... 49 Uso y aprovechamiento de las plantas ................................ 50 Especies de fauna protegidas en las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas........ 51 Especies de aves endémicas, cuasiendémicas y semiendémicas a México . 51 Especies de aves protegidas en las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas......... 52 Especies endémicas de México de mamíferos terrestres................ 53 Especies de mamíferos protegidos en las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas ... 53 Especies maderables . 58 Actividades antropogénicas que inciden sobre los recursos naturales renovables................................................ 60 Recursos no renovables ............................................. 63 Demográfico y socioeconómico......................................... 64 Demográfico ....................................................... 64 Económico ......................................................... 65 Procesos socioeconómicos internos que generan presión en el Área Natural Protegida................................................ 65 Procesos socioeconómicos externos que generarán en el corto plazo una gran presión en el Área Natural Protegida.......................... 67 Social.............................................................. 68 Presencia y coordinación institucional.................................... 69 6. SUBPROGRAMAS DE CONSERVACIÓN....................................... 71 Subprograma de protección............................................. 72 Estrategias...................................................... 72 Objetivo general................................................. 72 Componente de inspección y vigilancia. 73 Objetivos específicos. 73 Metas y resultados esperados .................................... 74 6 Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas Componente de prevención, control y combate de incendios forestales y contingencias ambientales........................................... 75 Objetivo específico .............................................. 76 Metas y resultados esperados .................................... 76 Componente de protección contra especies exóticas invasoras y control de especies y poblaciones que se tornen perjudiciales..................... 77 Objetivo específico .............................................. 77 Metas y resultados esperados .................................... 77 Componente de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático............ 78 Objetivos específicos. 81 Metas y resultados esperados .................................... 81 Subprograma de manejo................................................ 82 Objetivo general................................................. 82 Estrategias...................................................... 83 Componente actividades productivas................................. 83 Objetivos específicos.
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