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A New Era of American Architectural Concrete: from Wright to Som First Volume

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A New Era of American Architectural Concrete: from Wright to Som First Volume Roberto Gargiani A NEW ERA OF AMERICAN ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE: FROM WRIGHT TO SOM FIRST VOLUME TREATISE ON CONCRETE Treatise on Concrete Directed by Roberto Gargiani A NEW ERA OF AMERICAN ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE: FROM WRIGHT TO SOM FIRST VOLUME prologue chapter five. Effects of Scale and Prestressing: Surface Finishes by the Book: The Accomplishments Works by SOM and Mies of Architectural Concrete Goldsmith: Superstructure and Bracing Learning from Nervi chapter one. The Self-Built Construction of Wright SOM’s Quest for an Expressive Structure and Residential Fabrication Systems The Bridges and Prestressed Girders of SOM and Khan Wright’s Desert Concrete: Toward a Constructional New Paths of Gravity: Goldsmith and Lin Primitivism Mies’s Reinforced Trilith Textile and Concrete Blocks for the Usonian Houses The Experimental Residential Construction chapter six. The Skyscrapers of Mies, Kahn, and Wright of Rudolph and Goldberg The Unclear Structure of Mies and Severud The Monolithic Houses of Le Tourneau and IBEC for the Seagram Building The Lift Slab Method by Youtz & Slick and by the Johnson and the Enigma of Diagonal Bracing Vagtborg Corporation Kahn’s Tower of Triangular Concrete Frames The Richards Laboratories: Prefabrication chapter two. The Primitive Frame of Mies and Post-Tensioning Beauty is the Splendor of Truth: Mies’s Chicago Debut Wright’s Tripod Frame Construction and Molded Belluschi’s Equitable Building: The Copy Ornament The Promontory Apartments: The Degree Zero The Illinois Mile-High Cantilever Sky-City of the New Chicago Frame Prototype Variations chapter seven. Architectural Concrete Variations, Affordable Housing in Chicago, or the Miesian Aesthetic from Breuer to Saarinen Mo-Sai Precast Concrete Cladding Panels chapter three. Prestressing and New Structures The Bush-Hammered Concrete of Breuer for Concrete and the Sandblasting of Anshen & Allen Prestressed Girders and the Walnut Lane Bridge The Ineffable Material Substance of Saarinen’s Wright’s Butterfly Bridge and Soleri’s Tubular Bridge Concrete The Helio-Laboratory Tower in Racine SOM’s Experiments for a Concrete Skyscraper Pei and Severud’s Structure for the Helix Apartment Rudolph, Pei, Harrison & Abramovitz, Tower and Prefabricated Panels Saarinen’s rubble aggregate concrete chapter four. Kahn’s Space Frame Applied ornament versus texture: plastic and transfers The Tetrahedron Floor System and Béton Brut of the Yale Art Gallery Growth, Stratification, and Groove: The Impossible Monolith A Space Frame for the City Hall Building Treatise on Concrete Roberto Gargiani A NEW ERA OF AMERICAN ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE: FROM WRIGHT TO SOM FIRST VOLUME Treatise on Concrete Directed by Roberto Gargiani Roberto Gargiani A NEW ERA OF AMERICAN ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE: FROM WRIGHT TO SOM FIRST VOLUME Translated from the Italian by Maureen Young, with the collaboration of Silvia Groaz and Nicholas Rigo Elliott The EPFL Press is the English language The graphical layout of the book imprint of the Foundation and the cover design are by Paola of the Presses polytechniques et Ranzini Pallavicini of Studio Pagina universitaires romandes (PPUR). The Milan, Italy. The photolithographic PPUR publishes mainly works of services were provided by Walter teaching and research of the Ecole Bassani, Milan Italy. polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), of universities and other This work was translated from the italian by institutions of higher education. Maureen Young, with the collaboration of Silvia Groaz and Nicholas Rigo Elliott. Presses polytechniques Proofreading by Jo Nicoud-Garden et universitaires romandes EPFL – Rolex Learning Center Post office box 119 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +41 (0)21 693 2130 Series Editors for the publication Fax: +41 (0)21 693 4027 program in Architecture are Professors Jacques Lucan www.epflpress.org and Luca Ortelli. © 2020, first edition, EPFL Press The publisher and authors express This book should not be sold their thanks to the Ecole separately polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne ISBN 978-2-88915-402-9 (EPFL) for its generous support Printed in Italy towards the translation of this book. All rights reserved, including those of translation into other languages. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprint, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publisher. Treatise on Concrete Directed by Roberto Gargiani The volumes of the Treatise on Concrete intend to offer a new and documented vision of the evolution of construction techniques and of the creative potential and formal expressions of concrete, from antiquity to the present time. Each book in the series will be based on specific archival research; the analysis of scientific, technical, and iconographic original sources; and the investigation into documents made available by companies, engineers, architects, and artists. The full spectrum of the use of concrete will be covered, including the building of foundations, ports, moles, bridges, vaults, domes, fortresses, bunkers, houses, and monuments, as well as the manufacture of artificial stones and sculptures. In addition, the volumes will address the theoretical issues of béton brut, Brutalism, and the true nature of matter. All volumes focus on the techniques and materials for the manufacture of formwork, from wood to fabric; on the meaning of the imprint; on the surface processing of concrete by hand or with machine; and on the composition of the mixture. The series of books aims to provide the scientific community with a unique and updated reference on the historical and contemporary uses of concrete, which will open a new chapter in the knowledge of this crucial material for architectural construction, as well as for masterpieces of engineering and art. Volumes published: Concrete, From Archeology to Invention, 1700–1769 Louis I. Kahn, Exposed Concrete and Hollow Stones, 1949−­­­­1959 Louis I. Kahn, Towards the Zero Degree of Concrete, 1960−1974 German Concrete: the Science of Cement from Trass to Portland, 1819−1877 The Rethoric of Pier Luigi Nervi. Concrete and ferrocement forms Volumes in preparation: Tadao Ando, Concrete Spaces Mnemosyne in Concrete Research on Roman Cement, 1770−1779 Concrete Sculpture, from 1950 to Today: Visions of a Material Contemporary Ornament in Concrete Bared Concrete of Natural and Artificial Pozzolanas, 1780−1817 Formless: Beyond Formwork The Concrete of Perret and Pupils Table of Contents FIRST VOLUME Chapter Seven. Architectural Concrete Variations, Prologue from Breuer to Saarinen 9 Surface Finishes by the Book: The Accomplishments 201 Mo-Sai Precast Concrete Cladding Panels of Architectural Concrete 206 The Bush-Hammered Concrete of Breuer and the Sandblasting of Anshen & Allen Chapter One. The Self-Built Construction of Wright 214 The Ineffable Material Substance of Saarinen’s Concrete and Residential Fabrication Systems 223 SOM’s Experiments for a Concrete Skyscraper 17 Wright’s Desert Concrete: Toward a Constructional 226 Rudolph, Pei, Harrison & Abramovitz, Primitivism and Prefabricated Panels 32 Textile and Concrete Blocks for the Usonian Houses 238 Saarinen’s Rubble Aggregate Concrete 43 The Experimental Residential Construction of Rudolph 246 Applied Ornament Versus Texture: Plastic and Transfers and Goldberg 47 The Monolithic Houses of Le Tourneau and IBEC SECOND VOLUME 53 The Lift Slab Method by Youtz & Slick and by the Chapter Eight. Shells and Formwork: A New World of Forms Vagtborg Corporation 255 Neff’s Airform House 259 Wright’s Guggenheim Museum, or the Gunite Spiral Chapter Two. The Primitive Frame of Mies 265 The Construction Site of the Monolith without Imprints 59 Beauty is the Splendor of Truth: Mies’s Chicago Debut 273 Kiesler’s Endless House and Johansen’s Sprayed 65 Belluschi’s Equitable Building: The Copy Concrete House 66 The Promontory Apartments: The Degree Zero 287 Cosanti and Arcosanti by Soleri: Modeling Concrete of the New Chicago Frame with Earth 74 Prototype Variations 298 Saarinen, Nowicki, and Yamasaki: The New Search 83 Affordable Housing in Chicago, or the Miesian Aesthetic for Symbolic Forms 310 The Rise of Shells and Candela’s Hyperbolic Paraboloid Chapter Three. Prestressing and New Structures for Concrete 318 Warped Surface Structures by Catalano and Caminos 93 Prestressed Girders and the Walnut Lane Bridge 324 The Prefabrication of Structural Shells in the Manner 102 Wright’s Butterfly Bridge and Soleri’s Tubular Bridge of Nervi 108 The Helio-Laboratory Tower in Racine 331 Breuer’s Hyperbolic Paraboloids and Pleated Walls 113 Pei and Severud’s Structure for the Helix Apartment Tower 347 The Pleated Shells of Harrison & Abramovitz 355 Distinctive and Memorable: Saarinen’s Airport Terminals Chapter Four. Kahn’s Space Frame 372 Thin Shells in Sprayed Concrete at the New York World’s Fair 117 The Tetrahedron Floor System and Béton Brut of the Yale 376 Cast and Prefabricated Earth Form Shells Art Gallery 379 The Diffusion of Gunite Shells 123 Growth, Stratification, and Groove: The Impossible 388 Empathic Shells by Johnson and Lautner Monolith 127 A Space Frame for the City Hall Building Chapter Nine. The Béton Brut and Architectural Concrete of Kahn, Breuer, Pei, Mies, and Le Corbusier Chapter Five. Effects of Scale and Prestressing: 395 Kahn’s Concrete Blocks Works by SOM and Mies 397 The Béton Brut of the First Unitarian Church 135 Goldsmith: Superstructure and Bracing 399 The Concrete of Kahn’s Disciples 143 Learning from
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