ISO Focus, June 2008.Pdf

ISO Focus The Magazine of the International Organization for Standardization Volume 5, No. 6, June 2008, ISSN 1729-8709

anica ch l e i M n n o v a t i o n

• Bosch : International Standards open up markets • Training trainers in developing countries Contents

1 Comment H. Glenn Ziegenfuss, Executive Director, Standards Engineering Society and Standards Officer, IIW 2 World Scene Highlights of events from around the world 3 ISO Scene Highlights of news and developments from ISO members 4 Guest View Siegfried Dais, Deputy Chairman of the Board of Management ISO Focus is published 11 times a year (single issue : July-August). of Robert Bosch GmbH It is available in English. 8 Main Focus Annual subscription 158 Swiss Francs Individual copies 16 Swiss Francs Publisher nic ISO Central Secretariat ha al (International Organization for c Standardization) e 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse i CH-1211 Genève 20 M n Switzerland n Telephone + 41 22 749 01 11 o Fax + 41 22 733 34 30 v E-mail [email protected] a o n Web www.iso.org t i

Manager : Roger Frost Acting Editor : Maria Lazarte Assistant Editor : Janet Maillard • Strike the first arc and attempt the perfect weld – Artwork : Pascal Krieger and How welding is changing the world Pierre Granier • Globally qualified welders ISO Update : Dominique Chevaux • Safety valves – Vital protection against excessive pressure Subscription enquiries : Sonia Rosas Friot • Performance-based innovation for boilers and pressure vessels ISO Central Secretariat • Reliable testing of metallic materials Telephone + 41 22 749 03 36 • Cutting costs for cutting tools Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail [email protected] • Springs – From the Stone Age to the Nano Age • Advanced gas turbine technology for power generation – © ISO, 2008. All rights reserved. Revolution or evolution ? The contents of ISO Focus are copyright and may not, whether in whole or in 30 Developments and Initiatives part, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or ISO/DEVCO/COPOLCO Train-the-trainer workshop by any means, electronic, mechanical, on consumer participation in standardization • The crucial photocopying or otherwise, without written permission of the Editor. role of statistical methods The articles in ISO Focus express the views 36 New on the shelf of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the views of ISO or of any of its members. • ISO/IEC standard for estimating the useful life of DVDs • ISO technical report to help oil and gas sector measure ISSN 1729-8709 flowrate in pipelines Printed in Switzerland

Cover photo : ISO. 37 Coming up ISO Focus June 2008 Comment

1 Comment H. Glenn Ziegenfuss, Executive Director, Standards Engineering Society and Standards Officer, IIW 2 World Scene A world of joining experience Highlights of events from around the world SO standards disseminate good prac- As one would imagine, with While the journey has not always 3 ISO Scene tice, facilitate trade and drive inno- three organizations now active in the been smooth, the deliverables have been Highlights of news and developments from ISO members I vation. They are valued because welding standards arena, the poten- a success and widely accepted by all they represent an international consen- tial for conflict was high. Duplication stakeholders. Right from the beginning, 4 Guest View sus. However, achieving consensus and of effort, a limited number of qual- there was a desire among all parties to Siegfried Dais, Deputy Chairman of the Board of Management avoiding duplication is rarely a sim- ified experts, funding for travel to find a way to collaborate, achieve con- ple task. ISO must sometimes resort to meetings, and ownership of the stand- sensus, and produce globally relevant of Robert Bosch GmbH innovative solutions and partnerships to ards were major concerns. Fortunate- standards for the welding community. best address the current context of the ly, there was some overlap of profes- “ Where there is a will, there is a way ” 8 Main Focus industry. Among the success stories is sionals participating in at least two of and, in the case of welding standards, that of welding, where ISO adopted an the groups, and they decided that, in there was definitely a strong will and approach based on synergy to find the order to achieve the ends, the means ultimately a successful way. best solution for addressing standardi- must be resolved. Mechanical innovation thus refers zation in this field. not only to areas where ISO is devel- Welding is a horizontal craft, used oping standards that are driving inno- in almost any product you can think of, “ The deliverables have vation, as shown in the articles in this from computer chips to cruise ships. “ A issue (such as safety for pressure ves- world of joining experience ” is the rel- been a success and sels and testing of metallic materials), evant new tagline of the International widely accepted by all but also to the innovative approaches Institute of Welding (IIW). IIW was the stakeholders.” and partnerships that ISO is adopting first of what are now four recognized to address the needs of the industry and “ International Standardizing Bodies ” its stakeholders. 1) in the ISO family . It was recognized that each organ- In 1984, ISO had concerns about ization had unique technical expertise in 1) The others are the International the speed of the standards development certain areas. As a result, the ISO Cen- Commission on Illumination (CIE), process. The ISO Council resolved to tral Secretariat assisted in the formation International Union of Leather Technologists create the category of recognized “ Inter- of a coordination committee to facilitate and Chemists Societies (IULTCS), and most national Standardizing Body ”, where decisions on who should be responsible recently the World Maritime Organization bodies that were similarly constituted for which standards. This coordinating (WMO). could develop ISO standards in a spe- committee helped to sort out the poli- cific technical field. tics and procedures so that the result- At that time, ISO/TC 44, Weld- ing standards would be agreeable to ing and allied processes, was somewhat all concerned. The Vienna Agreement dormant and there was a growing need was also used successfully by all three to develop standards in the filler met- organizations in order to consistently al and resistance welding testing are- implement the standards throughout as. IIW applied and was approved in the welding community within Europe 1986 as the first recognized Interna- and throughout the world. tional Standardizing Body. After a slow As the ISO-CEN Vienna Agree- start, IIW developed its first standard ment rules evolved to have all subse- in 1990. Since then, 24 International quent revisions managed by an ISO lead, Standards and one technical report have the operations of the three groups also been published, and there are 11 stand- changed. In 2006, a three-way under- ards projects in the pipeline. standing was established between IIW, While IIW was gearing up to CEN/TC 121, and ISO/TC 44 to allow develop welding standards, CEN/TC 121, complete transparency of information H. Glenn Ziegenfuss Welding, was also becoming active in among the three organizations. Mem- Executive Director, Standards Engineer- this area following new mandates from bers of the organizations are encour- ing Society and Standards Officer, the European Union. Along with the aged to attend meetings of all three, and International Institute of Welding increased activity in IIW and CEN, ISO/ their documents are circulated amongst TC 44 became re-energized and began them. This also allows for better feed- to meet more often to address the grow- back during the periodic review of ISO ing need for welding standards. standards.

ISO Focus June 2008 1 World Scene

UN Secretary-General A step forward for warns on food crisis energy management “The current food crisis Another step forward towards threatens to undo all the recent an ISO standard on energy efforts to lift people out of management systems (EMS) poverty around the world and was taken in April 2008 in could spark related economic, Beijing, China, following an experts’ meeting organized by social and political crises,” Participants at the 31st PASC meeting. said UN Secretary-General the United Nations Industrial Ban Ki-moon at the inaugural Development Organization Pacific area’s strong bers were invited to actively participate. event in April 2008 of the (UNIDO) and the Standardi- collaboration with ISO Geneva Lecture series organ- zation Administration of Chi- The Pacific Area Standards In its resolutions, PASC reiter- ized by the UN Office at Gene- na (SAC). The meeting Congress (PASC) held its 31st ated its commitment to cooper- va and the UN Institute for brought together representa- meeting in Shanghai, China, in ate closely with ISO, recogniz- Training and Research. tives of standards authorities, ing the importance of ISO experts, officials of govern- April 2008. The event – hosted by SAC, ISO member for China standards for sustainable ment agencies and Chinese development and trade, as well industry. and PASC member for the country – was attended by 95 dele- as the advantage of twinning Early in 2008, ISO created a gates from some 20 countries for capacity building. project committee (ISO/PC and a number of international 242) to develop an Interna- and regional organizations. Moving towards tional Standard on EMS (ISO e-accessibility for all 50001) expected to be pub- In his speech, ISO President Håkan Murby underlined how As cyberspace and the infor- lished end 2010. The standard mation highway become the will provide organizations with closely the interests of PASC and ISO coincide, and wished communication tools of choice, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon a practical approach to increase concerted action is needed if energy efficiency, reduce costs “for a continuing and even presents the first lecture. stronger collaboration between persons with disabilities – and improve environmental thought to represent some 650 “We are familiar with the causes : our organizations”. He gave a performance. million people worldwide, the rising oil prices, growing global majority in developing coun- demand, bad trade policies, bad tries – are not to be deprived weather, panic buying and spec- of access to these vital infor- ulation, the new craze of biofuels mation channels. Standards are derived from food products and seen as a key first step to facil- so on,” stated Mr. Ban Ki-moon. itating accessibility. He warned that the recent surge in prices of basic foods could A joint ITU and G3ict forum, have terrible consequences for “The Convention on the rights poor people worldwide. of persons with disabilities: Challenges and opportunities But the Secretary-General was for ICT (Information and Com- confident that the world has the munication Technology) stand- resources and the knowledge ards”, was held in April 2008 in to deal with the problem, and Committed to energy efficiency, Geneva, Switzerland. The urged leaders to see the crisis as number of examples of these participants at the UNIDO/SAC event. forum brought together an an opportunity for improve- common interests (such as international group of experts ment. He called for a mix of The UNIDO-SAC meeting dis- energy, environment, and from industry, standards devel- short- and long-term measures, cussed its development and imple- healthcare), and emphasized opment organizations, NGOs, including steps to immediately mentation, and how UNIDO can that the Council’s review of international development insti- feed the most hungry and help help developing countries active- ISO’s regional policy had re- tutions, government and farmers bring in their harvests. ly participate in ISO/PC 242. affirmed the importance of academia to examine implica- cooperation with regional A proposed development tions for ICT accessibility In the presence of Mrs. standardization entities. Micheline Calmy-Rey, Swiss framework based on the standards. Federal Counselor, he under- event’s inputs will be submit- He added “I am happy to report Representatives of two of the lined the role of Geneva as a ted to ISO/PC 242 as a pre- that the PASC members have ISO committees developing hub for international cooperation paratory contribution. The been increasing their participa- accessibility standards partici- on sustainable development. first meeting of ISO/PC 242 tion” in ISO’s work. Currently, pated in the programme and is scheduled for September PASC members hold some 270 presented ISO’s work on This lecture followed a meeting 2008. The Secretariat is held technical secretariats, an ergonomics for accessible in Bern, Switzerland, between by the ISO members for Bra- increase of 11 % since 2004. ICT (ISO/TC 59/SC 4) and Mr. Ban Ki-moon and UN agen- zil and the USA. cies – with many of whom ISO Attendees also discussed with new standards and approaches has an ongoing relationship – Contact: ISO/PC 242 Secretary interest the development of an for ICT access by users which agreed on a concerted UN Jason Knopes (JKNOPES@ ISO energy management sys- with disabilities (ISO/IEC action plan to address the crisis. ansi.org). tems standard, and PASC mem- JTC 1/SC 35).

2 ISO Focus June 2008 ISO Scene

Marketing course on Russia demonstrates ISO standards becomes growing interest in ISO regular event The ISO member for the Russian The first regular session of Federation – the Federal Agen- the training course on Market- cy on Technical Regulations and Participants from around the world ing and Promotion of Interna- Metrology (GOST-R) – organ- dedicated to building on solid ground. Water has no frontiers tional Standards took place ized a series of high-level meet- Water quality can be a matter at the ISO Central Secretariat ings to further promote partic- Getting the foundation of life and death. ISO/TC 147 in Geneva, Switzerland, in ipation in and use of ISO Inter- right develops standards that establish March 2008. This event fol- national Standards in Russia. The 18th plenary meeting of reliable test methods to ensure lowed four previous training water quality. International A conference organized on ISO/TC 195, Building construc- sessions, in Indonesia, Costa Standards in this area are par- 9 April 2008 was attended by tion machinery and equipment, Rica, Croatia and Kenya. ticularly important as water is 200 Russian experts involved took place in April 2008 in Chicago, USA. an element that has no real in ISO standardization. frontiers. State authorities, The following day, a confer- The meeting was hosted by the industry, laboratories, con- ence on the role of interna- Association of Equipment Man- struction services and ultimate- tional standards to enhance ufacturers (AEM) with partici- ly all citizens will benefit from industrial competitiveness pating experts from around the application of its standards. gathered some 400 participants the world: China, Finland, from Russian public authorities Germany, Italy, Japan, Poland, Standards Council of Canada and industries, among them Sweden and the host country. hosted in April 2008 the ISO/ MM. Alexander Shokhin, TC 147 plenary in Niagara- To prepare for this event, on-the-Lake, Canada. The President, and Mr. Dimitri ISO/TC 195/SC 1 and Marketing course participants at the Pumpjansky, Vice President, of event was attended by some 55 ISO Central Secretariat in Geneva. working groups held discus- participants from 15 countries. the Russian Union of Industri- sions on standards covering Some 19 participants from alists and Entrepreneurs, and equipment for concrete work, Progress was made on a countries in Africa, Asia and participants from ISO members road building and mainte- number of projects, including : Europe attended the three-day in neighbouring countries. nance machinery, pedestrian determination of selenium, course conducted by Mr. antimony or arsenic, cyanide, ISO Secretary-General Alan controlled compaction equip- Nicolas Fleury, Director, ment, and equipment for bromate, volatile lipophilic Bryden participated in both Marketing and Communication, aggregates processing. substances index, mercury, and Mr. Régis Brinster, events. He also met with MM. and chloroalkanes. Manager, Marketing Services, Sergei Ivanov, Deputy Prime Among the proposals for new from the ISO Central Secre- Minister, Victor Khristenko, work items were standards for tariat. Minister for Industry and concrete floating machines Energy, and the newly created and self-propelled sweepers “ This yet again successful “ Russian Technologies ” cor- and cleaning equipment for experience confirms the poration, a conglomerate of road maintenance. importance of organizing some 400 Russian companies such training courses on a Due to the worldwide concern regular basis ”, commented investing in modernization with standardization on safety Mr. Fleury. “ Not only does and high technologies. requirements for building the course provide ISO mem- These events highlighted the construction machinery, the bers with practical informa- growing interest of Russian committee now has five tion, case studies and tools to public authorities and industry standards on this topic in help them promote standardi- in ISO and International preparation. These include : Niagara Falls provides background for conveying, spraying and plac- zation in their countries and Standards – a move fully in water quality plenary. provide users with an easy ing concrete mix equipment, line with recent national legis- Participants learnt about the access to ISO standards, but concrete batching plants, road lative evolutions related to terminology database that will it is also a unique opportunity building and maintenance technical regulations and stand- contain all the terms and defi- to exchange views and experi- machinery, pedestrian control- ards, and with the perspective nitions related to water quality ences, and reinforce the led vibratory plates and ram- for Russia to eventually join currently in ISO 6107. Presen- network of marketing and mers, and mobile crushers. tations were also made on communication experts in the the World Trade Organization. The committee is also preparing new projects such as determi- ISO community.” From left : Sergei Ivanov, First a standard on general classifi- nation of legionella, determi- The marketing and communi- Deputy Prime Minister of Russia ; cation of building construction nation of strontium and cation training course on the Alan Bryden, ISO Secretary-General ; machinery and equipment. uncertainty of measurements. Grigory I. Elkin, Head of GOST-R. promotion and marketing of The Polish Committee for During the event a certificate of International Standards is part Standardization (PKN), ISO appreciation was given to the of the ISO Action plan for member for Poland, holds the Chair of ISO/TC 147, Dr. Sibylle developing countries. Secretariat of ISO/TC 195, Schmidt, who has been in For more information, see which consists of 14 participat- this position since 1982, for her [email protected] ing and 17 observer countries. exceptional commitment.

ISO Focus June 2008 3 Guest View Siegfried Dais

iegfried Dais has allow markets to be opened been Deputy Chair- up, since standardized prod- S man of the Board ucts offer customers a tangi- of Management of Robert ble benefit. Bosch GmbH since Janu- ary 2004, and a limited ISO Focus : As an indus- partner of Robert Bosch trial company with a Industrietreuhand KG broad portfolio, to what since January 2007. He is extent does Bosch use an responsible for the Bosch environmental manage- Rexroth division. In addi- ment system based on tion, he is responsible for ISO 14001 ? How does the corporate sectors the portfolio of Interna- Research and Advance Engineering and Informa- tional Standards support- tion Technology, and for ing environmental protec- product planning and tech- tion, carbon emissions nology in the Automotive credits trading (cf. ISO Technology, Industrial 14064 and ISO 14065), Technology, and Consumer energy efficiency and Goods and Building Tech- renewable sources con- nology business sectors. tribute to Bosch’s vision for responding to climate Dr. Dais was born in change and supporting Stuttgart, Germany, in sustainable development? 1948. He is married and has three sons. After Siegfried Dais : Our princi- graduating from high ples of work safety and envi- school in 1966 and ronmental protection apply completing his military to all locations, regional service, he studied physics companies, and subsidiar- at the University of ies worldwide. The focal points of our Stuttgart from 1968 to 1974. He “ Bosch company standards company’s environmental protection received his doctorate in natural are based on national and concept differ from region to region, sciences from the Max Planck but all our locations share the belief Institute in 1978, where he then international standards.” that resource-efficient and eco-friend- worked as a research scientist before ly production makes a crucial contribu- joining Bosch. Siegfried Dais : As you rightly guess, tion to the competitiveness of the Bosch Bosch has had company standards for Group and to our social responsibility years. The Bosch standards department in all parts of the world. was established in 1921 in order to com- Our “ BeQIK ” mission, which ISO Focus : Bosch must have had pile specifications for materials, parts addresses quality, innovation, and custom- company standards for many years. and tools. The Bosch company stand- er orientation, applies equally to environ- What advantages do international ards are based on national and interna- mental management. At all locations, envi- standards bring to your business ? tional standards. ronmental management systems have been How effective are they in driving Having one single standard world- developed according to a mandatory mile- your worldwide operations in more wide avoids duplication of work and can stone plan. The systems are reviewed in an than 50 countries ? therefore reduce cost. Standards also internal audit process, and in isolated cases

4 ISO Focus June 2008 gies, avoiding energy waste, allowing the use of alternative fuels, and reducing emissions. Any Bosch product whose operation involves the consumption of raw materials is continuously developed further so that it gets by with less material, energy, and water. We regard the excellent environmental benefit of our products as vital for securing our long-term position in the world market.

“ Standards allow markets to be opened up.” Headquarters Bosch Group, Gerlingen, Germany

by an external certification agency. Con- which have large furnaces and kilns, are ISO Focus : Bosch is a partner with tinuous improvement is a defining char- taking a number of steps to reduce their the Global Reporting Initiative and

acteristic of the environmental manage- CO2 emissions. In Reutlingen, for example, the UN Global Compact. What added ment systems which we began to estab- a membrane degassing plant is being used value would you see in the Interna- lish at our production sites in 1996. Since to replace the vacuum degasser. This sig- tional Standard giving guidelines on then, 145 of our 264 sites have been cer- nificantly reduces the energy required for social responsibility being devel- tified to ISO 14001. ultrapure water treatment and will result oped by ISO (cf. ISO 26000) ? A few Bosch locations are involved in an annual saving of some 800 metric

in the Europe-wide trading of emissions tons of CO2 a year. certificates adopted at the start of 2005. Many appliances, systems and com- Siegfried Dais : Organizations around ponents from Bosch contribute directly to the world, as well as their stakeholders, As part of their CO2 reduction plans, the four German sites in Bamberg, Hildeshe- protecting the environment by reducing the are becoming increasingly aware of the im, Schwieberdingen, and Reutlingen, demand for energy, using renewable ener- need for socially responsible behaviour.

Generator gear units from Bosch Rexroth to “ harvest ” wind. The generators help convert energy captured by a wind turbine’s rotor blades into electrical power. Shown here : Measuring clearance of the lower half of the generator gear unit before the upper half is lowered and bolted into place. A leader in technology Guest View and services

Robert Bosch (1861-1942) created val- The Bosch Group is a leading The new International Standard will ues that still apply in the company today. global supplier of technology and provide guidance to all organizations on the For him, success did not just mean eco- services. In the areas of auto- integration of socially responsible behav- nomic growth and good earnings, but also motive and industrial technolo- iour into existing organizational strategies, encompassed an improvement of working gy, consumer goods and build- systems, practices and processes, with an and living conditions, both for his working technology, some 271 000 emphasis on results and improvements in force and for the community. associates generated sales of performance. The standard will help com- We have therefore always been EUR 46,3 billion in fiscal 2007. panies to achieve this objective by provid- aware of the challenges involved in bal- The Bosch Group comprises Rob- ing guidance on the underlying principles ancing economic and social responsibil- ert Bosch GmbH and its more than of social responsibility, on the core subjects ity. As interpretations of social responsi- 300 subsidiaries and regional and issues pertaining to social responsibility, bility can vary, an internationally accept- companies in roughly 50 coun- and on ways of promoting socially respon- ed standard may be of benefit in helping sible behaviour within an organization. tries. This worldwide develop- the global business community to achieve Last but not least, organizations that ment, manufacturing, and sales a common perspective and understanding pro-actively engage in and support sustain- network is the foundation for of the principles and practices of social able activities will not only have a com- responsibility. further growth. In 2007, Bosch petitive advantage, but also improve their The aim of social responsibility is spent roughly EUR 3,6 billion chances of establishing good long-term to contribute to sustainable development, for research and development, relationships with their associates. health and the welfare of society. More and applied for just under 3 300 than ever, the way an organization relates patents worldwide. The company to the social environment in which it oper- was set up in Stuttgart in 1886 ISO Focus : The incorporation of pat- ates, and its impact on the natural environ- by Robert Bosch (1861-1942) ented technologies in standards is ment, are now major criteria for measur- as the “ Workshop for precision becoming increasingly important, and ing its overall performance and its ability mechanics and electrical engi- ISO, IEC and ITU have now a com- to continue operating effectively. neering ”. mon policy on this matter. What are

The current common-rail generations from Bosch make diesel engines powerful, quiet, and economical, as well as reducing their emissions of pollutants. Bosch is at present applying two approaches : the second common-rail generation with solenoid operated injectors, and the third generation with piezo-inline injectors.

6 ISO Focus June 2008 nic cha al e i M n Bosch is one of the world’s n leading manufacturers of o v power tools. Its hammers are a t i o n used around the world, for example at the tallest building of the world, the Burj Dubai.

your views on the Common Patent ISO Focus : Every day, the many the international standardization Policy as a mechanism that balances Bosch scientists, engineers and tech- system ? the interest of patent holders while nicians around the world are involved facilitating access to technology for in the development of new products Siegfried Dais : In general, we welcome end users? What do you see as the and systems, as well as of innovative standards that give people, the environment benefits of sharing your proprietary manufacturing processes. What is the and market participants a real benefit. Ide- technology through ISO standards role of standards for the successful ally, these standards meet our Bosch slo- that are implemented worldwide ? dissemination of innovation ? To what gan “ safe, clean and economical ”. extent does Bosch support the use of Nevertheless, the accelerating com- Siegfried Dais : We believe that the Com- international standards to open up petition between standardization organiza- mon Patent Policy provides a fair balance global markets for innovative prod- tions is something that worries us. It is a big waste of resources, and endangers the between the interests of the patent holder ucts ? on the one hand and those of the user of a acceptance of the international standardi- technology on the other. In particular, as it zation system. One example is the grow- gives patent holders the option of licens- “ Organizations around ing tendency of organizations other than ing on reasonable terms and conditions, the world … are becoming ISO to develop standards for the automo- it provides an incentive for the research tive industry. Agreements between ISO and development activities that are need- increasingly aware of and these organizations either appear not ed to generate technically advanced solu- the need for socially to exist or, if they do, to be simply ignored. tions in the first place. responsible behaviour.” We would like ISO to negotiate with For us, the main advantage of shar- these competing standardization organi- ing our technologies in the standardization zations, in order to clarify who is respon- process is that it will allow technological Siegfried Dais : Standards mirror the sible for what. developments to be speeded up. If pat- acknowledged state-of-the-art, as well as Also, the unresolved dispute between ented technologies are shared among the channel and document innovation. Inter- ISO and SAE concerning intellectual prop- pioneers in the respective fields, products national standards are frequently referred erty (IP) rights is hindering a timely devel- can be brought to market more quickly, to to in legislation, which can be necessary opment of standards, and creating uncer- the benefit of consumers and producers to either allow innovative products to be tainty for the experts developing the stand- alike. One good example of sharing tech- used or, in some cases, even to mandate ards. This dispute must be resolved fast, nologies under ISO standards that comes their installation. with a clear result, such as a shared IP to mind is the CAN (controller area net- agreement. As a matter of principle, we work) protocol, which has been stand- ISO Focus : What new International would like to see more common (shared) ardized under the multipart standard ISO Standards would Bosch like to see standards between SAE and ISO so as to 11898, Road vehicles – Controller area coming out of ISO and, more gener- avoid duplication of efforts. network (CAN). ally, what are your expectations on

ISO Focus June 2008 7 Main Focus

Mechanical innovation

hroughout the ages, the art of ablers, playing a central role in enrich- Strike the first metalworking has been inextrica- ing our lives at work and play. arc and attempt Tbly linked to copper, bronze and This art of shaping and joining iron, and the ability of smiths to work metals that we know as welding does not the perfect weld the then-newfound materials into inven- receive much attention – and precious little tions. When we consider the Copper Age, credit – for any of the benefits that tech- – How welding is the Bronze Age and the Iron Age against nology has given society over the centu- the framework of human history, we tend ries. Advances that have revolutionized changing the world to view these as evolutionary scales in the face of our planet would simply have our ancient civilizations. But are they been impossible without the arc, torch really that long ago ? and helmet or, travelling back in time, by Viwek Vaidya, Chair of the Imagine for a moment that all the the hammer, forge and anvil. Canadian Standards Association iron, copper and bronze that are part of modern daily life were to be removed Strategic Steering Committee on from every object around you. Your car, Beyond the forge Welding and Structural kitchen appliances, home computers, Yet, welding has now progressed Materials office machines, mobile phones, and beyond the days of forge welding, a thousands of other “ things ”… all of process that attempts to join metals these are gone. So, while we live today through heating, pounding and strik- in a knowledge-based and entertainment- ing. Today, metal joining can be per- driven world, the reign of metals has not formed in almost any environment, from really disappeared. Instead, they are en- the depths of underwater oceans to the

8 ISO Focus June 2008 nic cha al e i M n n o v distant reaches of space. Housing, com- al joining are usually associated with a t i o n munications, transportation, manufac- industrial manufacturing as well as a More than ever before, patients turing – welding has been instrumental number of other traditional applica- today feel the influence of welding in in advancing all areas of life. tions, including: the medical, pharmaceutical and dental In fact, welding is the sole meth- • petrochemicals, oil and gas ; professions, as hip and knee implants, od of joining two or more metal piec- pacemakers and braces are becoming rou- • onshore and offshore pipelines ; es that ultimately act as a single cohe- tine procedures the world over. Some of sive unit. Almost everything we see and • pressure vessels and piping; the new methods in welding innovation touch has been welded or produced by • boilers ; for the medical industry involve ultra- machinery that is welded. The horizon- sonic assembly, hot plate welding for tal nature of the most important joining • ships and marine vessels and medical applications, vibration welding, process is reflected in the very diverse structures ; spin welding and laser welding. innovations in welding. Skyscrapers, • thermal, nuclear and hydroelectric drilling rigs, space vehicles and count- power stations ; less other metal-infused products can “Imagine for a moment trace their origins to welding. • steel fabrication and erection ; that all the iron, copper Whether we are burning a com- • maintenance and upgrades ; and bronze that are part of pact disc on a computer, driving our • gas and steam turbine-driven com- automobile to work or putting a roast modern daily life were to be pressors, generators and pumps. into the oven, welding plays a key role removed from every object in our everyday lives. This joining process is often the key enabling technol- around you.” ogy for activities ranging from natural resources extraction to manufacture of industrial goods. Consider the construction industry: from carving tunnels and extending subways to raising bridges and building plants, welders are literally rebuilding the building trade. Welding and met-

About the author

Viwek Vaidya, M. Eng. P. Eng., is Director, Welding Technol- ogy and Business Development, for Air Liquide Canada and is a Group Senior Nd:YAG high precision spot welding of razor Expert in the blades. Production rate of 117 000 spots per application of hour. Photo courtesy of TWI Welding Technology and Services for Air Liquide. Mr. Vaidya is the chair of the Canadian Welding in medicine Standards Association (CSA) Strategic Electrical outlets, mobile phones, Steering Committee (SSC) on Welding Yet, there is virtually no limit to and Structural Materials, which oversees the potential reach of welding into non- transport systems – we live in a world all welding standards in Canada, and a traditional areas. For example, biomed- of standards. As welding becomes more voting member of ISO/TC 44, represent- ical micro-electromechanical systems entrenched in our activities, there is a ing the SCC, Canada. Mr. Vaidya is an are microscopic medical devices that growing need for standardization to active member of the American Welding can deliver medicine directly to the site promote safety and reliability in glo- Society, Society of Manufacturing Engi- of a disease. Joining such devices with- bal markets. This important task is the neers, and Canadian Welding Society, out clogging the tiny channels presents mandate of ISO/TC 44, the ISO tech- and is actively involved with applying a challenge that could only be met with nical committee on welding and allied Lean to Welding practices. welding. processes.

ISO Focus June 2008 9 Main Focus

ISO/TC 44 and its subcommittees destructive testing, but mostly depends are involved in the global standardiza- Globally qualified on validation, verification, documen- tion of welding, including areas such as tation and control of the welding pro- terminology, symbols, equipment, con- welders cesses themselves. sumables and electrodes, welder qualifi- Qualification of welding pro- cations, welding procedures, and health cedures and welders is recognized as and safety. Delegates from 33 countries by Frédéric Lobinger, Chair a key issue for the safety and quality participate in the work of ISO/TC 44 of tanks, pipelines, boilers, pressure (plus 38 observers), and more than 270 of ISO technical committee vessels, aircraft, trains, ships, metallic ISO standards have been produced under ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied engineering and a wide range of other the guidance of ISO/TC 44. France cur- processes equipment. rently holds the chair. Specific rules have existed for hat does the chair you are sit- this purpose for many years at national ting on and the bridge you may and regional levels. However, the global An ancient heritage Whave crossed to go home or to market, the exchange of finished prod- Modern welding technology owes your office have in common ? “ Nothing ! ” ucts between countries, the installation of its heritage to those who made welding you might say. But, in fact, they both have production plants for the same company and the world of metals what they are been welded. in different locations – in other words, today – the ancient smiths, the sculp- A significant portion of metal- multinational transactions – drive the tors, the alchemists, the gold and silver- lic products and structures includes industry to call for qualification cer- smiths of antiquity, the physicists, the at least one weld. The safety of those tificates recognized everywhere in the metallurgists and the engineers. And the products relies on the quality of those world, and harmonization of practices world of welding today is dramatically welds, which is checked partly by non- through international standards. different than yesteryear, as it likely will be in the future. Electronics, intelligent robots, lasers and hybrid processes are on the verge of revolutionizing the metal fabrication industry. This means new welding processes, metal joining techniques and innovations in real-world applications will emerge out of the need for continuous improvement.

“ More than ever before, patients today feel the influence of welding in the medical, pharmaceutical and dental professions.”

As the most cost-effective manufacturing method to join metals for structural integrity, welding will enjoy a healthy future, with growth in alternative materials such as plastics, composites and new alloys. Perhaps the increased use of automation in welding operations will also leave its mark as an important growth sector within the welding industry. Welding will continue to thrive as a horizontal process, almost as a neces- sity of invention; cutting across market segments to positively impact our lives in many significant ways.

10 ISO Focus June 2008 nic cha al e i M n n o v Specification and It has been an essential challenge a t i o n qualification of ISO/TC 44 to follow the global rele- vance in order to harmonize the differ- To date, 30 % of the standards ent approaches and develop International The International Standards for developed by ISO technical commit- Standards that can be locally applied. qualification of welders provide a set of tee ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied pro- technical rules independent of product cesses, are dedicated to qualification of type, location and examiner or examining welding procedures and welders. Independent technical body. The basic philosophy is the same : The standards in the range ISO welders must pass a test demonstrating 15609 through ISO 15614 focus on rules that they can deposit sound weld metal, specification and qualification of weld- The technical report ISO/TR 15608, and perform welding processes under ing procedures for metallic materials. published in 2005, establishes a uniform conditions that are at least as challeng- These standards specify welding proce- system for the grouping of materials for ing as the conditions encountered in pro- dure specifications for main processes welding purposes. The major elements of duction welding. such as arc welding, gas welding, elec- welding standards are based on this group- When qualifying welders, empha- tron beam welding and laser beam welding system, which takes into consideration sis is placed on the welder’s ability to ing. They qualify preliminary welding the following materials : steel; aluminium manually manipulate the welding torch procedures, defining the conditions for and its alloys ; nickel and its alloys ; cop- and thereby produce a weld of accept- the execution of welding procedure tests per and its alloys ; titanium and its alloys ; able quality. and the range of qualifications for weld- zirconium and its alloys ; cast iron. This The welding processes referred ing procedures for all practical welding grouping system may also be applied to to in these standards include those fusion operations (see Table 1). other purposes such as heat treatment, welding processes which are designated forming and non-destructive testing. as manual or partly mechanized welding.

Process Arc Gas Electron Laser Resis- Stud Friction welding welding beam beam tance welding welding welding welding welding

General rules ISO 15607

Guidelines for a ISO/TR 15608 Not applied ISO/TR 15608 grouping system

Welding procedure ISO 15609-1 ISO ISO ISO ISO ISO 14555 ISO 15260 specifications 15609-2 15609-3 15609-4 15609-5

Approved ISO 15610 Not applied consumables

Previous welding ISO 15611 ISO 15611 ISO 15611 experience ISO 14555 ISO 15620

Standard ISO 15612 Not applied procedure

Pre-production ISO 15613 ISO 15613 ISO 15613 test ISO 14555 ISO 15620

Welding ISO 15614 ISO 15614 ISO 15614 ISO 15614 ISO 14555 ISO 15620 procedure test Part 1: Steel/nickel Part 1: Part 7: Surfacing Part 12: Part 2: Aluminium Steel/ Part 11: Electron beam/ Spot, nickel seam and Part 3: Cast iron laser beam Part 3: projection Part 4: Finishing welding of Cast iron Part 13: aluminium castings Part 6: Flash and Part 5: Titanium/zirconium Copper butt Part 6: Copper Part 7: Part 7: Surfacing Surfacing Part 8: Tube to tube sheet Part 9: Wet hyperbaric Part 10: Dry hyperbaric

Table 1 – Details of the standards dealing with specification and approval of welding procedures

ISO Focus June 2008 11 Main Focus

They are not intended to qualify fully the relevant designation and qualifica- fusion welding. This standard, specify- mechanized and automated welding pro- tion. At the same time, it is intended to ing the approval testing of welders, is cesses. instil confidence that qualified welders used for steel (Part 1), aluminium and – who must be able to follow verbal alloys (Part 2), copper and alloys (Part and written instructions, and demon- 3), nickel and alloys (Part 4) and tita- Verifying skills to instil strate their ability to manually manipu- nium and alloys, and zirconium and confidence late the relevant welding tools – will be alloys (Part 5). The principle of these standards skilled in handling the products, ensur- Following an unsuccessful attempt is that a qualification test should qualify ing that they meet their company pro- to revise ISO 9606-1 in 1998, the ISO/TC the welder not only for the procedures duction quality standards. Their weld- 44 Chair decided to create a specific task used in the test, but for all joints intended ing skills are essential to avoid unnec- force directly under the responsibility of for welding, on the assumption that the essary wastage, recalls and expensive the technical committee. By the end of welder has received a particular training production downtime. 2007, this task force had succeeded in and/or has industrial practice within the producing a draft International Stand- range of qualification. ard (DIS). The different stakeholders are By following the guidelines of Qualification backbone now confident in the future publication these standards, it is possible to veri- ISO 9606, Approval testing of of a globally relevant standard. fy the skill of welders and, provided welders – Fusion welding, is the back- ISO 15618, Qualification test- they have passed the test, award them bone of the qualification scheme for ing of welders for underwater welding,

Material STEEL Al Cu Ni Cast TI and and and iron and Non High Creep Stainless alloys alloys alloys alloys Type of alloyed strength resisting and heat consumable and fine resisting grain

Manual metal ISO ISO ISO ISO Not ISO ISO ISO N.A. 2560 18275 3580 3581 currently needed 14172 1071 arc needed (Covered electrodes) Gas metal arc ISO ISO ISO ISO/ ISO ISO 14341 21952 18273 FDIS 18274 24034 (Wire 24373 electrodes, ISO wires 16834 ISO & rods) 14343 Tungsten ISO 636 N.A. ISO Inert gas 24598 (Wires, rods & N.A. deposits) Submerged arc ISO ISO/DIS N.A. N.A. N.A. (Wire 14171 26304 electrodes, ISO wires 14174 & fluxes) Tubular cored ISO ISO ISO ISO N.A. N.A. N.A. ISO N.A. electrodes 17632 18276 17634 17633 1071 Gas welding ISO N.A. ISO N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. (Rods) needed needed

Table 2 – Matrix of consumable (Classification) standards N.A : not applicable

12 ISO Focus June 2008 nic A history of commitment cha al to welding e i M n n o ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied va n was developed for qualification testing processes, produces standards t i o of diver-welders for underwater wet and in the field of welding, by all the welding conditions used are care- dry welding. To these publications has processes, as well as allied fully selected according to a standard- been added ISO 14731, Welding coordi- processes. These standards nation – Tasks and responsibilities, pub- include terminology, definitions ized procedure. lished in 2006. and the symbolic representation of welds on drawings, apparatus “ A significant portion of and equipment for welding, Welding consumables raw materials (gas, parent and metallic products and Like standards for the qualifica- filler metals) welding processes structures includes at least tion of welding procedures, welding con- and rules, methods of test and one weld.” sumable standards are built in a scheme control, calculations and design according to the welding process and the of welded assemblies, welders’ ISO 15012, Health and safety in material to be welded (see Table 2). qualifications, as well as safety welding and allied processes – Require- In the field of resistance weld- and health. ments, testing and marking of equipment ing, no less than 53 ISO International Electrical safety matters for air filtration, deals with the signifi- Standards have been published, along related to welding are excluded cant hazards caused by the emission of with another 22 standards for gas weld- from the scope of ISO/ welding fume particles. This document ing equipment, cutting and allied pro- TC 44, since they fall under specifies safety requirements concern- cesses. Standards on friction stir weld- the responsibility of the ing the separation of welding fumes and ing are under development. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). However, describes a method for determining the ISO/TC 44 and the IEC particle separation efficiency of weld- Importance of health committee, IEC/TC 26, Electric ing fume extraction devices. and safety welding, are in liaison to ensure harmonization of their work. Another important aspect of the work of ISO/TC 44 is health and safety. ISO/TC 44 is responsible for standardization concerning an The purpose of ISO 15011, Health industrial field which cannot and safety in welding and allied pro- be considered alone, but cesses – Laboratory method for sam- must always be considered pling fume and gases generated by arc in close liaison with the welding, is to determine fume emission needs expressed by other chemical composition data for use in industrial fields which use the health and safety applications. Clear techniques defined above. instructions and supporting informative It is positioned between the guidance are provided to ensure that work of “upstream” technical committees, such as base material or non-destructive About the author testing methods, and the work of “downstream” product Frédéric technical committees (also Lobinger is a called user committees), such qualified weld- as pressure vessels. ing engineer, 1 ) First created in 1938, ISA 44 Worldwide who has been held its first meeting in Berlin. involved in Since its creation, the Chair implementation standardization and Secretariat have been held Most countries and regions have for many years by France. and is active in recognized the quality and the importance numerous inter- The work of ISO/TC 44 results of the International Standards developed national and from the active participation of by ISO/TC 44, and have decided to adopt national organizations. In addition to 33 countries from a balanced them as national and regional standards. being Chair of ISO/TC 44, he is a mem- regional distribution : Europe, Europe, for instance, has chosen this ber of the Board of the American Socie- North America, Asia/Oceania, direction, and the Vienna Agreement is ty of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Middle East and Africa. applied whenever it is suitable. Because Chair of the French national committees European standards supersede the national on welding and pressure vessels, and 1) International Federation of the standards of 30 countries, a wider public National Standardizing Associations, Chair of the Technical committee of the which officially ceased to exist in 1942. is being made aware of normative docu- French manufacturer association, SNCT. ments, regardless of origin.

ISO Focus June 2008 13 Main Focus

Safety valves – Vital protection against excessive pressure by Martin Bayart, Chair of the French national committee UNM/763, Safety devices against excessive pressure

n the Mississippi river, on 27 April 1865, the steam boilers of Othe overcrowded steamboat “ Sul- tana ” exploded, wrecking the ship and killing more than 1 700 American Civil War veterans who were sailing home. This event initiated the eventual establishment of the Boiler Code 1), setting safety rules for pressure equipment. “ valve which automatically, without The user may require additional But the Boiler Code could not the assistance of any energy other functions or characteristics of the safe- prevent a serious mishap on 28 March than that of the fluid concerned, dis- ty valve, such as: 1979, when a pressurized water nuclear charges a quantity of fluid to pre- • remaining tight under maximum serv- reactor at Three Mile Island in the US vent a predetermined safe pressure ice conditions; and state of Pennsylvania partially melted from being exceeded, and which is down following a loss of coolant. The designed to re-close and prevent • having stable, consistent operation (no accident was caused by a pressure relief further flow of fluid after normal vibration, no chatter, accurate open- valve stuck in the open position, followed pressure conditions of service have ing and closing pressures). by a failure to reseat due to a false read- been restored.” ing of the valve disc position. When “nuclear” enters The Three Mile Island accident revealed the hazards associated with the “ The Three Mile Island the scene operation of pressure-relieving devices accident had a tremendous In the nuclear field, and more and had a tremendous impact on the specifically for the protection of the development of nuclear reactors around impact on the development primary or secondary circuits, the safe- the world over several decades. of nuclear reactors around ty valve will be expected to meet addi- the world over several tional requirements: Stabilizing hazardous • providing real-time, reliable infor- decades.” mation on its position (open or processes closed); The task of protecting against Or put another way, the functions • being able to protect the core vessel the risk of bursting due to the over-pres- of safety valves can be defined as : at a lower pressure during the warm- surization of vessels and tanks has been • preventing pressure from exceeding up process of the reactor, to prevent addressed by a number of standardiza- the specified safety limit (generally the risk of brittle fracture; and tion committees, and has become ever expressed as a percentage above the more critical in certain inherently haz- • being a relief point in case of a “feed design pressure); ardous processes, particularly in the and bleed” procedure in accidental nuclear field. • relieving the required quantity of flu- conditions (core heat removal by cir- Pressurized systems are nor- id; culation of water), and in the case of mally protected against excessive pres- remaining wide open for several days • being autonomous (without an exter- sure by some type of safety valve. ISO under severe accident conditions. nal source of power); and 4126-1:2004, Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure – Part 1: • reseating when safe conditions are 1) Boiler Code of the American Society of Safety valves, defines it as a : restored. Mechanical Engineers, first published in 1914.

14 ISO Focus June 2008 nic cha al e i M n n o v Customized safety a t i o n When considering types of safety valve for protecting nuclear-related cir- In tandem – Protection cuits, other criteria must also be taken and isolation into account. For example, there is the Figure 1 – Pilot operated safety valve concept To cope with this extremely criti- direct loaded safety valve, defined in (ISO 4126-4) cal situation, a decision was made during ISO 4126-1 as: construction on a major French nuclear “safety valve in which the load- Only pilot-operated safety valves, expansion in the 1980s to install added ing due to the fluid pressure under- defined in ISO 4126-4:2004, Safety devices protection to the primary circuit. Two neath the valve disc is opposed only for protection against excessive pressure pilot-operated valves were mounted in by a direct mechanical device such – Part 4: Pilot-operated safety valves, and tandem (Figure 2). as a weight, lever and weight, or a shown in Figure 1, are able to provide spring”. all the required functionality: However, this specification can- “ self-actuated device comprising a not handle the critical features of size, valve and an attached pilot. The pilot pressure and weight. responds to the pressure of the fluid There is also the controlled safe- without any other energy than the ty pressure relief system (CSPRS), fluid itself and controls the opera- defined in the standard on CSPRS, ISO tion of the valve ”. 4126-5:2004, as: “system consisting of a main valve “ To date, about 100 in combination with control units. nuclear reactors worldwide On reaching the set pressure, the Figure 2 – The TANDEM concept controlling forces on the main valve have their primary circuits are, by means of the control unit, protected by tandem pilot- The first, acting as a “protection” automatically applied, released or valve, is set at the vessel design pressure. so reduced that the main valve dis- operated safety valves.” The second, acting as an “isolation” valve, charges a specified quantity of flu- is set at a lower value and maintained in id …” Fail-safe the open position by its pilot. In case the But this system requires an exter- protection valve fails to reseat, the iso- nal power source. An important feature for safety lation valve will then reseat at a lower valves is the “fail-safe” concept. Tra- pressure and manage the safety of the ditionally, it was considered that the circuit at a de-rated pressure, allowing “fail-safe” position of a safety valve for safe shutdown and repair. was the open position (which prevent- About the author To date, about 100 nuclear reac- ed the tank from bursting). This is usu- tors worldwide have their primary cir- Martin Bayart ally what happens, for instance, with cuits protected by tandem pilot-operat- is the Nuclear a direct acting safety valve in case of ed safety valves (Figure 3). Engineering spring failure. Director for With nuclear reactors, two crit- Weir Valves & ical situations can arise which a “fail- Controls France, safe” position can prevent: a major player • a safety valve fails to open, and the in the field of pressure exceeds safety limits lead- nuclear power ing to a risk of rupture of the circuit; plant overpres- or sure protection. He has been an active participant for the • a safety valve fails to reseat follow- past 30 years in the French national, ing a relieving cycle. European and ISO committees for standardization of pressure relief devices. Both situations can lead to a loss Figure 3 – Primary circuit TANDEM safety valve He is the Chair of the French Committee of coolant accident (LOCA), which is UNM/763, and participates in CEN/TC what happened at the Three Mile Island In addition to their intrinsical- 69/WG 10, Safety devices against exces- incident – in that case, there was no such ly high level of redundancy and safety, sive pressure, as well as ISO/TC 185, thing as a “fail-safe” position. tandem valves allow procedures such as Safety devices for protection against on-site and even in-service set pressure excessive pressure. and operability verification, which are

ISO Focus June 2008 15 Main Focus beneficial for both practicality (saves stand-by time) and safety (increases confidence in valve operation).

Emergency shut-off In some cases, a plant designer might judge that a failure of the protection valve to reseat is very Figure 4 – Diagrammatic layout of a pilot-operated unlikely to be safety valve fitted with a combined with a self-actuated isolatable total loss of con- pilot, a redundant lift trol systems. For indicator, a remote such situations, actuating system and an another version ESO device (circled) of the concept has been developed under the acronym ESO, for Emergency Shut-Off system (Figure 4). This device is coupled to a single pilot- operated safety valve. If the valve delivers a “disc opened” signal associated with low system pressure, then the ESO Not surprisingly, the market in can be manually Performance- pressure equipment is highly internation- or automatically alized. Companies naturally wish to con- Figure 5 – Pilot-operated based innovation actuated to over- trol costs and optimize equipment designs safety valve with ESO ride the action for boilers and and sources, and, in an ideal world, there being tested in actual would be a single, comprehensive ISO conditions of the pilot. The safety valve is pressure vessels standard they could follow. then operated like a CSPRS until the plant can be safely shut down. Reality check Such a valve has been successfully qualified in actual primary conditions by Stuart Cameron, UK expert However, the development of a (Figure 5). on ISO/TC 11, Boilers and single comprehensive boiler and pressure pressure vessels vessel standard would be a very lengthy process, not least because of the diffi- No more “Sultanas” oilers and pressure vessels are used culty of achieving the necessary level of High-level safety devices such in industrial systems for electric compromise among the member coun- as pilot-operated valves can integrate Bpower generation, chemicals, petro- tries. The main reasons for this are the numerous safety, operational or inspection chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food process- differing approaches historically taken functions that guarantee safe and reliable ing, paper and other types of manufactur- by regulatory authorities, and differences operation of the most critical pressurized ing. They are also essential elements in the in the underlying design and construc- systems – like the primary circuits of the systems that heat and cool homes, offices, tion philosophies in the various national nuclear power plant – with a high degree hospitals, schools, factories and places of and regional product standards. of confidence. Safety devices for valves worship, to name just a few. Up to now, codes, standards, cer- can thus facilitate the prevention of disas- In many countries, boilers and tification systems and regulations have ters like that of the “Sultana” steamboat, pressure vessels are regulated by gov- together formed a set of interlocking which cost the lives of more people than ernment bodies, either through tech- requirements to assure that the equip- those lost when the Titanic sank. This is nical statutes or by the application of ment is safe to operate. particularly reassuring given the destruc- standards and conformity assessment Nonetheless, with the increasing tive potential of modern technology. requirements. globalization of economies and imple-

16 ISO Focus June 2008 nic cha al e i M n n o v An innovative solution a t i o n Given these various constraints, in the short term, given current market the development of a performance-based and regulatory impediments. Rather than international standard was seen as the most force a scheme that could not work, ISO realistic approach to facilitate world trade decided to take a new, flexible approach and enhance the recognition of nation- to work around existing barriers. al and regional standards with a proven history of supporting public safety and good commercial operating experience. Essential common Such an international performance-based element standard would enable these standards Pressure equipment standards to coexist, providing an approach that result from the consensus distillation could accommodate technical innova- of experience, research and develop- tions, existing regulatory frameworks ment. They have proven to be a suc- and business needs. cessful way to ensure optimal perform- This was an innovative approach ance, safety, trade and compliance with for ISO. The main objective was to pro- regulations. duce and encourage the use of an inter- An element common to all stand- national performance-based standard ards is that they must address the vari- that ISO members could use to accom- ous failure modes applicable to boilers modate their specific market needs – for and pressure vessels. This evaluation of both users and regulatory bodies. failure modes can be carried out by dif- One of the priorities was to iden- ferent methods and some standards may tify obstacles that in the past have imped- not cover all the potential failure modes. ed the development of such a standard Therefore, before specifying the use of and to provide recommendations to over- a particular standard, it is important to come them. The second priority was to first be aware of which failure modes it Boiler pipework ensure that decision makers, particular- addresses. ly in emerging economies, understood The designer may mitigate against mentation of trade agreements, customers the benefits of this performance-based failure modes through a combination of and regulatory authorities need interna- standard. design techniques, material selec- tional standards in order to provide the It was also important tion, manufacturing features, levels structure to facilitate free trade while to emphasize that the alterna- of inspection and operation of the assuring the expected levels of equip- tive of a single ISO standard boilers and pressure vessels. ment safety. that could replace all others Standardization in this field must – however preferable that strike a balance between safety, func- might appear to be in theo- From basic to tion and technical innovation. It is also ry – is simply not feasible comprehensive important to recognize that developing countries need assurance that the stand- Conceptually, there are ards of other countries and regions pro- two basic types of standards or vide the necessary safety requirements system of standards – those for specific failure modes. which cover basic requirements and those which cover comprehensive requirements. In practice, there are very few Chinese power station

ISO Focus June 2008 17 Main Focus

Addressing failure modes In both cases, failure modes can be addressed through more than just design calculations ; for instance, by limitations on use of materials, welding techniques or heat treatment requirements. Geometric features may also be specified to minimize the stress con- centration factors for cyclic loading or excessive local strains. The acceptable limits for non-destructive examination may also vary, depending on the failure modes being considered. There is usually a level of involvement by an independent inspection author- ity – either inherent within the standard or specified by regulation – which may vary, depending on the type and service of the pressure equipment. Most standards do not fit directly into either one of these two types, but the concept generally applies. Shipping from the Republic of Korea to the The majority of standards cov- United States of America “ In an ideal world, there er failure modes through what is gen- would be a single, erally known as “ design-by-rule ” or “ design-by-formulae ”, where prescrip- standards which fit neatly into either of comprehensive ISO standard.” tive formulae are applied to determine these two categories. In some cases, both the shell thickness, compensation for types may be combined in one standard. nozzle openings and other specifica- In other cases, a standard may lie some- tions. These normally provide satis- where between the two extremes. Highlights factory designs for pressure loading of A standard addressing basic a typically non-cyclic nature. Howev- requirements would be applicable to 1947 – Committee created to er, according to the criteria used when vessels that are expected to be subject address safety and equitable basic failure modes are assessed, a mar- to steady-state operational conditions trade. gin may exist to permit a certain number (i.e. nominal load cycles, no rapid tem- 1968 – First recommendation of operational fatigue cycles (e.g. 500 perature changes, etc.), and where min- for boilers published. Over cycles based on experience) rather than imum design effort is required (essen- 200 delegates attended the have the standard directly address loads tially based on mandatory formulae for meetings. such as thermal cycling, rapid start-up determining wall thicknesses, etc.). In and shutdown. general, the failure modes are addressed 1992 – Publication of ISO 5730, the shell boiler standard. Design-by-analysis may be used by the use of code limits, which result as an alternative or to supplement design- in relatively low stresses when the load- 2002 – Publication of ISO/TS by-rule applications. Or it may have to be ings are applied. This also accommo- 16528 on registration of codes used for cases not covered by the design- dates secondary effects, which are not and standards. by-rule criteria, which can include sig- considered in detail. 2003 – Proposed restructuring nificant fatigue, thermal transients and A comprehensive standard would of the standard into two parts. environmental loadings. It may also be be applicable to both low-duty and severe- 2005 – Agreement obtained, used in cases where the specified man- duty vessels. The allowable design stress- with only one negative vote. ufacturing tolerances are exceeded and es are relatively higher than those in a require a more accurate evaluation of basic design code, and a design assess- 2007 – ISO 16528, parts 1 and the stresses in a component. ment to address the applicable failure 2, published. Generally, a basic standard uses modes should be carried out by com- 2008 – Standards-issuing a design-by-rule methodology, while a petent engineers. In this type of code, bodies begin to register national comprehensive standard may include this there is usually detailed methodology standards. methodology as well as one or both of directly addressing the failure modes the design-by-analysis approaches. that could result in malfunction of the pressure equipment.

18 ISO Focus June 2008 nic The ultimate minimum cha al e i M n According to ISO 16528, as a n minimum, the following failure o modes must be addressed : v Practical and a t i o n • brittle fracture ; performance-based pletion of the conformance tables. When • ductile failures ; The performance-based standard available, the completed tables will be developed by ISO/TC 11 was published in • excessive deformation ; published on the ISO Web site. Stand- ards-issuing bodies may also incorporate August 2007. It comprises two parts. • elastic or plastic instability. ISO 16528-1:2007, Boilers and the forms within their standards. pressure vessels – Part 1 : Performance The standard does not need requirements, defines the requirements to address all failure modes, Market-based for national and regional standards to but an explanation must be coexist by providing an approach that provided defining limitations developments can accommodate existing regulatory in its scope or application ISO/TC 11 will continue to pro- requirements and market needs. Specif- relative to the failure modes not vide a forum for international coopera- ically, it defines : addressed. tion and collaboration in developing com- • the duties and responsibilities of the For each failure mode, a mon rules and approaches for national main parties ; detailed checklist must be and regional standards. prepared, identifying which Standards-issuing bodies are cur- • the failure modes which should be aspects are covered by : rently submitting ISO 16528 assessment addressed ; forms for review. ISO/TC 11 intends to • the technical requirements covering mate- • explicit design (e.g. formulas build on the information gathered dur- rials, design, manufacture, etc. ; and for sizing wall thickness for ing the development of the performance- resisting ductile burst) ; • the methods by which conformity based ISO 16528 to begin development assessment may be accomplished. • implicit design (e.g. design of a common market-based internation- margins on material al standard. Particular emphasis is placed properties) ; on failure modes, and these are categorized as : • fabrication details (e.g. weld profiles to reduce failure due • short-term failures, due to the applica- to fatigue) ; tion of non-cyclic loads which lead to immediate failure, e.g. brittle fracture, • material requirements (e.g. ductile failures, instability, etc. ; provisions for addressing strain hardening) ; • examination requirements About the author (e.g. inspection techniques relevant to the failure mode) ; Stuart Cameron • testing requirements (e.g. is Chief Engineer hydrostatic test pressure) ; at Doosan Babcock, a • use/application limits large engineer- (e.g. any limitations on scope). ing company Fabricated components with offices in the UK, USA, • long-term failures, due to applica- Korea, India tion of non-cyclic loads which lead and China. Special to delayed failure, e.g. creep rupture, He has specific acknowledgement responsibility for technical risk manage- erosion, corrosion, environmentally ment and investigations throughout all assisted cracking, etc.; and Sadly, three major contributors parts of the company including compli- • cyclic failures, e.g. progressive plas- to the development of ISO ance with existing and new legislation tic deformation, fatigue, etc. 16528 passed away just as regarding pressure equipment. He has ISO/TC 11 concluded this work, been involved in boiler and pressure ISO 16528-2:2007, Boilers and and the author would like to vessels standards for 25 years and is the pressure vessels – Part 2 : Procedures dedicate this article to them. UK expert on ISO/TC 11, Boilers and for fulfilling the requirements of ISO They are Dr. Yasuhide Asada pressure vessels, and its two working 16528-1, provides a procedure and forms from Japan, Convenor of groups. He is also Chairman of the BSI for standards-issuing bodies to demon- ISO/TC 11/WG 10, and two Boiler Code committee and a member strate that their standards fulfil the per- experts from the US, Ernie of ASME subcommittees on Power formance requirements of Part 1. A task Steen and John Fishburn. boilers and Boiler & pressure vessel force of experts from ISO/TC 11, led by accreditation. the author, is available to assist in com-

ISO Focus June 2008 19 Main Focus

As for the developments on ambient temperature, through a study resulting from the European tenstand (tensile standard) project on computer-controlled tensile testing (2001 to 2004), it became possible to compare the materials’ properties in detail and to minimize measurement uncertainty. Given these results, ISO 6892:1998, Metallic materials – Tensile testing at ambient temperature, is currently being revised to ensure the latest and most accurate methodology. The subcommittee is also working on high-speed tensile testing methods. Tensile testing of metallic materials at high strain rate is important, for example, to achieve a reliable analysis of vehicle crashworthiness. During a crash, the maximum strain rate often reaches more than 100 000 times the usual quasi-static tensile testing speed. Strength increase with strain rate offers a potential for improved energy absorption during a crash event. This

Hardness testing

• ISO 4545 (4 parts), Metallic materials – Knoop hardness test • ISO 6506 (4 parts), Metallic materials – Brinell hardness test ISO/TC 164, Mechanical testing • ISO 6507 (4 parts), Metallic Reliable of metals, is the ISO technical committee materials – Vickers hardness testing of metallic responsible for developing standards on test the measurement of mechanical proper- • ISO 6508 (3 parts), Metallic materials ties of metallic materials. The require- materials – Rockwell ments for these properties can change hardness test substantially depending on the intended application. • ISO 14577 (4 parts), Metallic materials – by Saito Tetsuya, Chair of ISO In addition, environmental conditions can have an effect on mechan- Instrumented indentation technical committee ISO/TC164, ical properties. ISO/TC 164 is there- test for hardness and materials parameters Mechanical testing of metals fore structured according to techniques for measurement of various mechani- • ISO 18265:2003, Metallic etallic materials are used as cal properties. These are categorized as materials – Conversion of structural components in a vari- uniaxial, ductility, hardness, toughness hardness values ety of sectors, such as infra- M and fatigue testing. structure, transport, construction and • In addition, a technical industry. To ensure safe performance report on the measurement of mechanical properties by and protect against failure of structural Stress and strain components subject to various loads, it instrumented indentation is necessary to accurately determine the Subcommittee ISO/TC 164/SC 1, test (ISO/TR 29381) is mechanical properties of metallic mate- Uniaxial testing, is primarily engaged under development. rials. This calls for well-defined testing in developing tensile testing methods at techniques. ambient temperature and high speed.

20 ISO Focus June 2008 nic cha al e i M n n o v evaluation method will be standardized a t i o n in the course of time, as it may contribute to vehicle fuel efficiency through Measuring fracture toughness of weight reduction. metallic materials is important for select- ing and evaluating materials for structures such as nuclear pressure vessels, ship hulls Round robin evaluation Figure 1 – Application of hardness test on a and high-pressure gas pipelines. ring-shaped part (Courtesy of Mitutoyo Corp.) Here, the most important stand- The observation methods for ard developed is the quasi-static frac- unfavorable phenomena such as fracture toughness testing method. Frac- ture under various deformation condi- ture toughness measurement using small tions, and measurement of the indices by specimens is also important, particularly which formability of metallic materials for the nuclear industry. Current discus- can be evaluated, are addressed by ISO/ sions are aimed at establishing a fracture TC 164’s subcommittee SC 2, Ductility toughness measurement at impact load- testing. The targets are metal products ing rates using pre-cracked Charpy test of various shapes such as sheet, plate, specimens. pipe, tube, bar and wire. The subcommit- When assessing brittle cleavage tee also develops standards on methods fractures from the flaws in a real struc- for the evaluation of characteristics of ture, it is necessary to consider the influ- new metallic materials, such as super- ence of plastic constraints because fracture plastic metal. Figure 2 – Fracture surface of high strength steel tested with ultrasonic fatigue testing toughness values obtained from severely Testing results are affected not constrained specimens sometimes lead to only by the characteristics of the mate- equipment at 20 kHz (Photo courtesy of Shimadzu Co.) overly conservative evaluations for a less- rial itself, but also by the testing condi- constrained flaw in a real structure. tions. Since testing in conditions similar to practical use conditions is required, a and aluminium makers on the supply “ round robin test ” is carried out, where- side, and for automobile manufacturers “ Differences in measuring by the test is performed independently in on the user side. methods among countries multiple organizations and the reliability of the testing method is evaluated. and regions can create The forming limit diagram (FLD), Most widely used barriers to international developed by ISO/TC 164/SC 2, has Hardness testing, dealt with by trade.” played an important role in material ISO/TC 164/SC 3, is among the most selection as a common index for steel widely used materials tests because of In toughness evaluation by the its simple and rapid operation. widely used impact pendulum test method, A number of hardness tests are characteristic values acquired by Charpy About the author currently used (see Box, page 20). testing have often been adopted as spec- The instrumented indentation ifications in structural steel standards, Saito Tetsuya test (IIT) is a novel technique to evalu- as well as in CODE and instructions for received his Dr.- ate the mechanical properties of materi- pressure vessels and shipping classifica- Eng. from the als by measuring the testing force and the tion rules. University of indentation depth throughout the testing The subcommittee is revising parts Tokyo in 1978. cycle. By analysing the force-displace- of ISO 148, Metallic materials – Char- He has held var- ment curve, this method can evaluate not py pendulum impact test. An addendum ious positions at only the hardness but also other materi- to Part 1, Test method, is being devel- Japan’s National al parameters, including elastic modulus, oped to address measurement uncertain- Research Insti- plastic work, creep or stress relaxation. ty of an absorbed energy value, KV. New tute for Metals, The fundamental parts of ISO 14577, the revised versions have been developed for including Direc- standard for IIT, were published first in tor of the Materials Evaluation Division Part 2, Verification of a testing machines, 2002, and another part focusing on coating and Deputy Director-General of the and Part 3, Preparation and characteri- measurement was added in 2007 institute. Dr. Saito has worked at the . zation of Charpy V-notch test pieces for National Institute for Materials Science indirect verification of pendulum impact in Tsukuba, Japan, since its inception in Toughness machines. 2001 as Vice President and Auditor, and The radius of the striker edge of he is NIMS Invited Scientist and Senior Methods for testing toughness the Charpy test machine is now under Adviser Emeritus of the institute. are the responsibility of ISO/TC 164/ discussion for standardization, as radii He is Chair of ISO/TC 164, Mechanical SC 4, Toughness testing – Fracture (F), of 2 mm and 8 mm are currently in use testing of metals. Pendulum (P), Tear (T). by different countries.

ISO Focus June 2008 21 Main Focus

The phenomenon of fatigue Fatigue testing methods are standardized in ISO/TC 164/SC 5, Fatigue testing. The phenomenon of fatigue of metallic materials consists of three stages: crack initiation, gradual growth of the initiated cracks, and final fracture under repeated loading. Figure 2 (page 21) is a typical SEM photograph of a fatigue fracture surface, which indicates the crack initiation site (in this case, non-metallic inclusion), from which the crack propagates radially. Surrounding environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, influence fatigue fracture of metallic materials. A primary purpose of fatigue testing is to evaluate fatigue life data, which should be used as basic data for the design of components. Cutting costs for After a short break Because fatigue testing is con- Three families of tool machine ducted by applying continuous repeated cutting tools interfaces are widely used: loading for long periods under the influence of various environmental factors, • hollow taper interface with flange con- it has more parameters to take into contact surface, commonly designated as sideration than other mechanical test- by Marguerite de Luze, HSK; ing, e.g. the pattern of repeated load, the Union de normalisation de la • modular taper interface with ball track direction of load, environmental factors system (US system); and their complex contributions. There- mécanique (UNM) fore, although international standardiza- • polygonal taper interface with flange ool manufacturers can now offer sig- tion of test methods and equipment in contact surface (German system). nificant reductions in tool inventory, this field is highly time-consuming, it is making possible a single tool sys- ISO 12164, parts 1 and 2, dealt of great importance. T tem for a variety of operations on lathes with the dimensions and designation of and machining equipment by conforming the hollow taper interface with flange Key topic to the latest state-of-the-art ISO standards contact surface. After the publication of for cutting tools. Indeed, the technological this standard in 2001, standardization Nowadays, measurement uncer- content of cutting tools standards reaches of tool machine interface families took tainty issues are a key topic in the field of new highs with the soon-to-be-published a break, since the modular taper with materials measurement – of concern in all ISO 26622-1 and ISO 26622-2, Modu- ball track system was subject to patent areas. In recognition of this, ISO/TC 164 lar taper interface with ball track sys- rights until 2007. is currently discussing how measurement tem, and ISO 26623-1 and ISO 26623-2, In 2005, with the end of the pat- uncertainty issues should be handled as an Polygonal taper interface with flange con- ent period in sight, the ISO members for overall problem within the committee. tact surface. Germany and the US submitted a proposal to standardize the system. Short- Reaping the benefit “International agreement ly after, the new proposal was accepted Differences in measuring meth- was high on these items : into the work programme of ISO techni- ods among countries and regions can cal committee ISO/TC 29, Small tools. create barriers to international trade. 100 percent approval with The development of the drafts was allo- It is thus important that International a very fast development cated to ISO/TC 29/WG 33, Hollow tool Standards regarding metallic materials shank interface, a working group direct- are supported and applied by all coun- time.” ly under the responsibility of the techni- tries and regions. These standards will cal committee. China, France, Germa- help ensure safety and performance of International agreement was high ny, Japan, the Netherlands, the UK and structures using metallic materials so on these items: 100 percent approval with the US nominated experts to take part that we can all reap the benefits, be it a fast development time of less than three in drafting the standards. the resistance of a car in a crash or the years from registration to submission for solidity of a building. publication.

22 ISO Focus June 2008 nic cha al Cornerstone of productivity improvement e i ISO technical committee ISO/TC 29, Small tools, was created in 1947. M n n Since that time, France has been involved in both its Chair and Secretariat, o addressing the assigned scope of: “Standardization of any kind of tool to be v used on machines, and any kind of hand tool”. a t i o n ISO/TC 29 currently represents 20 participating countries and 27 observer countries, and is responsible for no less than 375 published New standardized standards. The technical committee manages three working groups and five active subcommittees : interfaces WG 33, Hollow tool shank interface The modular taper interface with ball track system and polygonal interface WG 34, Cutting tool data representation and exchange with flange contact surface were developed WG 36 (Joint TC 39-TC 29 WG): Tool to spindle interface as twin standards specifying, in each case, SC 2, High speed steel cutting tools and their attachments dimensions and designation for the shank (part 1) and for the receiver (part 2). SC 5, Grinding wheels and abrasives To disseminate the use and the SC 8, Tools for pressing and moulding application of these interfaces, informa- SC 9, Tools with cutting edges made of hard cutting materials tion is given regarding clamping forces, speed, torques, bending load, stiffness, SC 10, Assembly tools for screws and nuts, pliers and nippers material and heat treatment, surface hard- Standards from ISO/TC 29 provide user benefits in terms of tools ness and balancing. interchangeability and production rationalization (reduction of references), These interfaces apply to both auto- mainly for machine tools, but also for hand tools. matic and manual tool exchange. Lathes, ISO/TC 29 standards can be seen as the cornerstone of productivity drilling machines, milling machines and improvement. Complementary objectives correspond with today’s concerns turn/milling machines most commonly regarding safety enhancement and environmental protection. use this tool system. ISO/TC 29 was the first ISO product committee to work jointly with ISO/TC Shank and receivers ranging in size 184/SC 4 to make available a cutting tool part library standard, ISO 13399, from 32 mm to 100 mm are now standard- on cutting tool data representation and exchange (see ISO Focus, December ized. This means that designations such 2007). as “ Modular taper shank ISO 26622-1 – Major manufacturers, suppliers, end users and test laboratories are 63TS ” or “ Polygon-receiver ISO 26623-2 represented in ISO/TC 29. The main importing and exporting regions are Asia, – 32 ” will become commonplace, and we Europe, the Middle East and North America. can expect to see them becoming a regular part of commercial catalogues.

About the author Where do the systems come from ? Marguerite de Luze has more The modular taper with ball track system design originated from a joint development than 15 years of effort between two prominent tool manufacturers in 1985. The benefits to be achieved experience in by the joint development effort were to offer a complete, flexible tooling system-to- standardization. machine connection by joining the strengths of two tooling suppliers for the European Joining UNM and North American customer markets. The modular taper with ball track system (Union de nor- product was first introduced in 1987 at the Machine Tool Exhibition in Milan, Italy. malisation de la Since its introduction, this tooling system has become a globally-accepted design mécanique) in for both static and rotating applications. The characteristics of the modular taper 2002, she was interface with ball track system are designed to be used equally on both static and first involved in rotating applications. The high mechanical advantage of the modular taper with ball the ventilation and rubber industry. track system design application allows for small springs, small bearings and high spindle speeds. This tool interface uses three areas of contact (one face and two on Ms. de Luze has been the Secretary of the taper) that provide a very simple, rigid tool design. These features have made the the French national committees for modular taper with ball track system the quick-change tooling of choice on many tens welding, geometrical product specifica- of thousands of machine tools throughout the world. tion, refrigeration and air-conditioning, and tools, since 2005. Together with the The polygonal taper interface with flange contact surface was introduced in 1990. Since then, this tool system has spread very widely. Today, polygonal taper interface Secretary of ISO/TC 29, she is currently with flange contact surface is installed worldwide on more than 20 000 machine tools. developing the Maintenance Agency for Characteristic for this tooling system is the polygonal cone, which guarantees a safe the ISO 13399 series, Cutting tool data and play-free transmission of torque without further elements such as driver slots. representation and exchange. UNM, on behalf of AFNOR, has held the The polygonal taper interface coupling is equally as suitable for static as for rotating operations. For this reason, this tooling system has gained substantial market share, Secretariat of ISO/TC 29 since 1990. especially on turn-mill centres.

ISO Focus June 2008 23 Springing to standards Main Focus The first Japanese spring material standards – for train spring steel – were theory of elasticity, which he introduced Springs – From introduced in 1914 by as Hooke’s Law in 1678. the Imperial Government The use of springs spread to Japan the Stone Age to Railways. Japanese in the late 14th century in the matchlock the Nano Age Engineering Standards (JES) mechanisms of hand-held firearms. With was established in 1922 industrialization came a rapidly expanding and joined the International range of applications as parts for bicycles, Federation of the National trains, cars, farm implements and every by Shigeo Aiba, Secretary Standardizing Association form of manufacturing equipment. of ISO technical committee (ISA) 1) in 1929 to actively ISO/TC 227, Springs promote standardization. To the ISO Age Today, the Japanese Industrial spring is defined as an elastic Standards Committee (JISC), Today, springs are widely used object which performs a func- founded in July 1949, is in various industries and the market is tion by utilizing energy stored as the ISO member for Japan, estimated to be worth some USD 7 900 A million. The ISO technical committee on a result of deformation and resilience. and is responsible for the metallic springs, ISO/TC 227, Springs, Traps and bows made of bent wood for Secretariat of ISO technical was created in 2004. Its aim is to stand- hunting and fighting are among the ear- committee ISO/TC 227, ardize the tolerance, terminology and liest spring devices known to have been Springs. The Japan Spring invented by human beings, more than test methods as well as processing tech- Manufacturers Association nology of springs. Among its expected 20 000 years ago. (JSMA) operates the ISO/TC Scissors, used around 1000 BC benefits are the following. 227 Secretariat on behalf By standardizing the basic tech- in Egypt, seem to be the oldest exam- of JISC. ples of iron devices employing spring nology domain, like spring terminology nd and spring classification : mechanisms. By the 2 century BC, the 1) ISA was succeeded by ISO in 1947. Greek engineer Ctesibius had invented • prevention of overkilled quality ; a method for treating bronze to give it spring-like characteristics. • reduction of defects ; Peter Henlein is believed • cost reduction. to have invented spiral springs for clocks in Germany at the end of the 15th century. By 1660, Robert Hooke conceived the

24 ISO Focus June 2008 nic cha al e i M n n o v By standardizing inspection/test Optimization is propelled by a a t i o n methods : combination of improvements in materials and processes. Materials such as Ever more precision • avoidance of redundant investment of shape-memory alloy, amorphous, tita- testing equipment ; The introduction of numerical nium alloy, ceramics, plastics and fibre- control (NC) in recent years has also • establishment of common ground for glass reinforced plastics (FRP) are being improved productivity and product relia- quality assurance. developed and studied to determine if they bility. NC was first employed for coiling can be applied as spring materials. Car- By standardizing process technol- machines around 1969, but did not come bon nanotubes might be used for spring into widespread use until the 1980s. NC ogy, i.e. characteristics of springs (e.g. material in the future. shot peening) : enables speedy forming and setup – along with instant feedback of processed part • promotion of advanced technology Evolution in data to the forming operation – result- transfer ; manufacturing ing in products of stable quality. Precise • development of light-weight springs ; processing has been made available with Along with materials develop- the advancement of materials and man- • improvement of fuel consumption for ments, manufacturing methods and ufacturing equipment, and springs that

automobiles and the reduction of CO2 equipment have advanced a great deal are narrower than a human hair in dia- release. since 1900. The evolution from manual meter can now be produced. to mechanical processing increased pro- Productivity in plate springs has Starting on the standardization in ductivity while improving quality and benefited from the development of press- the basic area, the committee will pro- reliability. Material refining has also ing machines and deployment of mul- ceed to the series of spring terminolo- progressed substantially – blast furnace ti-forming machines. The switch from gy, spring classification, and tolerance technology has led to productivity gains hydraulic to servomotor controlling and standardization. and vacuum melting has brought high- the introduction of NC have dramatical- er quality. With advancements in con- ly increased reliability. trolling technology, further efforts are A host of improvements under way to control components and Spring theory has advanced con- improve purity. “ Traps and bows made siderably in recent decades, including Productivity in forming coil of bent wood are among studies of fatigue characteristics and springs has improved dramatically due mechanical functions of various shapes to the development of mandrel winding the earliest spring devices of springs (such as coil and plate springs). coiling equipment with one or two pins, known to have been With the advancement of analysis tech- and the additional feature of an auto- invented by human beings.” niques such as the finite element method, matic cutting mechanism. At the same it has become possible to simulate spring time, various configurations of other applications, which has helped expand machines have been developed, includ- An important recent change is the their range. Advancements in evaluation ing hooking and double torsion spring increased sophistication of computer-aid- techniques now provide a very high level forming equipment. ed engineering (CAE) analysis. This en- of accuracy, increasing the quality and ables identification of new requirements reliability of products. for each mounting position, resulting in Materials with high heat resist- About the author higher precision and optimization of the ance and rigidity have also been devel- entire flow from design to production. oped, including carbon, alloys and special Mr. Shigeo The challenge of improving environ- steels, and oil-tempered wire. Improved Aiba is the mental performance and space saving surface treatment has increased heat Secretary of by seeking higher rigidity and lighter resistance, anti-corrosion properties and ISO technical weight will continue. committee ISO/ durability of springs. TC 227, Springs, Materials have been improved and President Committed to further in component optimization, hardness of TOGO progress (strength), grading and purity. Further- Seisakusyo Cor- more, attempts are underway to reduce poration, which For the spring manufacturing defects in hardened materials. Improved manufactures a industry to progress along with contin- surface treatment methods include hard- variety of cold-formed springs, plastic uing globalization and IT introduction, ening processes such as shot peening fasteners and connectors. He also chairs sector-wide efforts are essential. We are (hammering to relieve tensile stresses) the standardization meeting for the committed to making further efforts to and nitriding (introduction of nitrogen at Japan Spring Manufacturers Association improve total quality through standard- high temperature), as well as anti-corro- (JSMA), and has led the development of ization, and to supply products satisfy- sion processes represented by plating. national standards for springs. ing customer needs.

ISO Focus June 2008 25 Main Focus

ower generation equipment man- er and compressor drives, the units are Advanced ufacturers have made significant generally in the 5 to 40 MW range. For gas turbine Pstrides in recent years toward emergency power in buildings, hospitals, developing more cost-effective products and other business complexes, there are technology with improved performance and lower many turbines installed with ratings of exhaust emissions. The most notable of 50 kW to 5 MW. for power these advances are in gas turbines (GTs), After several technological break- steam turbines, heat recovery steam gen- throughs, combined cycle power plants generation – erators, conventional boilers, pollutant now approach 60 % net efficiency 1) – a removal systems, and water treatment significant milestone for electrical power Revolution or and fuel treatment equipment. generation from fossil fuels. A second- evolution ? Over the past 30 years, gas tur- generation option, integrated gasification bine powerplants have become a lead- combined cycle, is being developed. This ing form of electric power generation. option, using a GT fuelled by coal, has Gas turbines have several wide areas even more proficient capability to cap- by Justin Zachary, of application. The largest are electric ture carbon dioxide emissions. power generation with turbines typi- Convenor of ISO/TC 192, cally rated above 50mW and up to 250 Gas turbines, MW or larger. For industrial applica- WG 11, Acceptance tests tions, which include both electric pow- 1) Based on lower heating value of the fuel.

26 ISO Focus June 2008 nic cha al e i M n n o va n Evolution of class F gas turbines t i o

35 30.1 400 n i

30 350

s e 22.9 300 s s 25 a power l a c F b

250

20 g heat rate g m 14.5 n

200 i e o r

r 11.9 comp flow d 15 i f f

9.20 150 a t % 10 6.0 6.73 firing class 5.06 5.26 100 l 3.85 e 5 0.00 D 0.0 50 0 0 1991 1993 1997 1999 2001 2005 significantly to this effort. The standards developed by ISO technical committee years ISO/TC 192, Gas turbines, in particular, have an important role to play in this Figure 1 – “F ” class technology A major challenge field. The technical committee, created in evolutionary process for power 1988, has the objective to develop stand- With these developments, a sub- output and heat rate ards to facilitate the negotiations among stantial array of new and improved hard- the parties involved in the procurement ware has appeared in the marketplace. A process. These standards provide a basis major challenge now facing designers, for specifying design and operational users, and engineering, procurement, requirements and for the acceptance test- and construction (EPC) contractors is About the author ing of the completed installation. Since how to properly introduce and evaluate turbines operate at high speeds and tem- this equipment. On the one hand, incor- Dr. Justin peratures, safety is also a concern, and a porating the most advanced technology Zachary is new standard to be published this year, will yield higher thermal efficiency – Senior Principal ISO 21789, will address safety require- of great importance, given ever-rising Engineer at ments of gas turbines. Bechtel Power fuel costs. On the other hand, dealing Corporation, with first-of-a-kind equipment could where he is affect the reliability and availability of responsible for the plant, since the development proc- Revolution vs. evolution technologies ess continues after the product has been Industrial heavy-duty GTs have evaluation and introduced in the field. undergone an unprecedented evolution in application for Technologies generally evolve technology advancements. For the large power plants. He has extensive experi- through incremental changes, but tech- GTs of power projects, letter designa- ence in gas turbines and combined nology breakthroughs occur only through tions identify the machine’s technolo- cycles technology for electrical generation revolutionary advances. When a new gy class, which is determined by the air and other industrial applications. He has model is introduced, all process share- flow amount, the compressor pressure worked for major manufacturers, General holders – the equipment manufacturer, ratio, and, most importantly, the firing Electric and Siemens, mainly in com- the owner and the EPC contractor – face temperature. bustion, thermal design and testing. the challenge of evaluating the revolu- In the 1980s the technology class He holds several patents in combustion tionary and evolutionary design changes, was E, followed by the class F machines control and has written more than 60 and of accurately assessing the risks and that appeared at the beginning of the 1990s. technical papers. Dr. Zachary is an rewards associated with a new design. ASME Fellow and member of several The most recent classes are labelled G and ASME performance test codes committees This decision-making process must rely H. These new GT designs have relied on for gas turbines, integrated gasification on very specialized expertise and a solid an evolutionary process using a proven combined cycle. He is convenor of ISO/ experience database for new as well as existing design base and manufacturers’ TC 192/WG 11, dealing with acceptance upgraded gas turbine models. accumulated expertise. Figure 1 illus- tests for gas turbines. Dr. Zachary holds ISO standards with their objec- trates the evolutionary process of class a Ph.D. in Thermodynamics and Fluid tives of establishing best practices, F machines over a period of 15 years. Mechanics from Western University in disseminating new technologies, and The improved power output and heat rate Alberta, Canada. facilitating access to markets, contribute were achieved by increased airflow and

ISO Focus June 2008 27 Main Focus pressure through the compressor and a Unrelenting requirements Unfortunately, however, the heat higher firing temperature, resulting from to reduce emissions transfer characteristics cannot be simply the use of better materials for the turbine scaled. Critical areas of turbine component 2) blades and nozzles. The dry low NOx (DLN) premix development, such as cooling schemes, However, to meet stringent emis- combustion system is another GT compo- need to be analysed and validated again, sions requirements involving the need for nent that is under continuous development. as do mechanical tolerances, surface fin- substantial performance improvements, The unrelenting requirements to reduce GT ishes, tip clearances, etc. Therefore, an major design changes or even new designs emissions have led to the creation and appli- important criterion in the evaluation proc- must be implemented. cation of combustion technologies capable ess (distinguishing revolution from evolu- of achieving single-digit NOx emissions for tion) of a scaled turbo-machinery compo- a 1 300 °C firing temperature class. nent is determining how the implemented In search of performance However, DLN systems are sensitive changes affect the integrity of the origi- improvements to even minor changes in their geometry nal design. or cooling air patterns, so implementation One of the most common methods of any evolutionary modification of this for increasing compressor airflow is to open nature needs to be accompanied by thor- Technology exchange the inlet guide vane (IGV) angle slightly. ough rig testing and field validation. Manufacturers have obtained detailed data An interesting phenomenon occur- on surge margins from operational experi- ring among GT manufacturers is the “cross- pollination” between stationary and aero- ence at various ambient temperatures and Gaining acceptance for have gained the confidence to open the engine designs. In some instances, aero- IGV beyond the initial setting. radical change engine manufacturers have entered into Possibly the most common means commercial agreements with heavy-duty “ Technologies generally of increasing GT power output and effi- GT manufacturers. Compressor and tur- ciency is to raise the firing temperature. bine aero-design, air and steam cooling, evolve through Higher firing temperatures are made pos- combustors, and intake and exhaust sys- incremental changes, sible through the use of sophisticated nick- tems are just a few examples of this type el-based superalloys (single crystal noz- of technology transfer. but breakthroughs occur zles and blades) as well as elaborate air only through revolutionary cooling schemes. For many years, this was Testing and evaluation advances.” a gradual process with improvements of 10 °C to 15 °C at a time. The development process requires individual testing of all major GT com- Further compressor performance A revolutionary change in the cooling ponents, including the compressor, com- improvements can be achieved by modi- process is the introduction of steam cooling bustion system and turbine. To alleviate fying the aerodynamics of the two stag- in a closed loop instead of the traditional air the commercial consequences of introduc- es after the IGVs. While this practice can cooling. This process allows an increased ing new models to the market premature- increase the power output, it can also firing temperature for the same combustor ly, and to reduce development time and reduce the compressor margin and nega- exit temperature (with no dilution from the cost, several manufacturers have estab- tively affect the compressor performance cooling air) and at the same time uses the lished their own inhouse testing facili- at high ambient temperatures. The per- available heat in the steam cycle. ties to evaluate equipment performance formance benefits from increased mass To gain acceptance for such a rad- at load in a completely controlled envi- flow at 40 °C will not be as good as the ical change, manufacturers have had to ronment. This allows early identification 15 °C specified by ISO 2314:1989, Gas demonstrate the system’s capability as of potential problems. turbines – Acceptance tests. well as availability in a full-scale valida- Others have pursued an alternative Another method used to improve tion facility for a significant number of approach whereby power plants are used GT efficiency is to increase the pressure operating hours. as validation sites. In these cases, plant ratio. With current sophisticated com- owners provide the equipment manufac- putational fluid dynamics methods, it is turer with open access to conduct tests possible to obtain a higher pressure ratio An important criterion using additional instrumentation, and to without increasing the number of stages. The dimensional scaling method is implement changes. This option maintains the engine length commonly employed in turbo-machinery Testing the equipment at these and bearing locations but requires the use development. Its goal is to obtain a different facilities is useful in identifying short-term of better materials for the compressor last- (usually larger) component size that will issues for validating component compati- stage blades because of the exposure to maintain the same positive characteristics higher temperatures. A higher compres- of a successful previous design with min- sor discharge temperature also requires a imum development time and effort. If the 2) Nitrogen oxide. 3) detailed re-evaluation of the combustion basic rules of scaling are followed , the 3) Linear factor of speed ratio for system dynamics and air cooling circuits basic mechanical safety margin and aero- dimensions, square factor of speed ratio for the turbine section. dynamic design will not be changed. for flow.

28 ISO Focus June 2008 nic cha al e i M n n o v bility and optimizing performance. Many a t i o n solutions for the dry low NOx combustor problems are worked out at these sites, where complete combustion systems can be tested. Testing of the complete GT (compressor, combustor, and turbine) is necessary to validate the combustion system design, since rig tests alone are not sufficient to determine the interaction between individual components. To overcome long- term issues, some new GTs are developed and operated at a demonstration site over a period of time before the engine is offered commercially. The two tracks of performance bet- terment – new models and existing model upgrades – do interact. For example, many of the H class GT improvements are flowing back to F and G class equipment.

A complex process requiring expertise and dedication Equipment manufacturers have identified and corrected many deficien- cies associated with introduction of new technologies. The lessons learned and best practices have evolved into a due dil- igence process that is used at the equipment selection stage of all new projects. The process is refined and improved as more data becomes available from newly completed projects. Evaluating the most appropriate type of equipment for a specific site is a complex process. Distinguishing evolutionary from revolutionary aspects of the equipment development process requires special expertise and dedicated research. Working on all aspects of gas turbine design, application, installation, operation and maintenance, the standards developed by ISO/TC 192, with its various working groups, are instrumental in supporting these activities. The work of ISO/TC 192 greatly facilitates the procurement process by addressing test procedures, condition monitoring, sound and exhaust emissions, and procurement of gas turbine equipment. Its multistakeholder, consensus-based approach ensures that the international requirements included in the standards are widely accepted by interested parties, so as to facilitate trade and disseminate best practices and technological developments. ISO Focus June 2008 29 Developments and Initiatives

Helping others help themselves ISO/DEVCO/COPOLCO Train-the-trainer workshop on consumer participation in standardization by Dana Kissinger-Matray, Secretary of ISO/COPOLCO, ISO committee on consumer policy, with contributions by Juliette Coca, Project Manager, ISO Development and Training Services

new phase in the development of An ambitious programme na) and Vienna. Consumers Internation- ISO’s programme to promote con- al also contributed greatly to the work- Starting in 2003, and with the sumer participation in standardiza- shops’ content and delivery. A help of some of its national members tion was launched by ISO/COPOLCO, ISO and outside donor agencies – notably These highly successful events committee on consumer policy, and ISO/ Sida, ISO undertook an ambitious pro- had a two-fold aim: DEVCO, ISO committee on developing gramme to improve the dialogue between country matters, in February 2008. • to raise consumer organizations’ aware- consumers and standards-setting organi- At the kind invitation of the Gha- ness of the importance of standards; zations to enable them to work together na Standards Board, and with support and more effectively. from the Swedish International Develop- As a result, a series of seven • to encourage representatives of ISO’s ment Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the regional workshops was held from 2003 to national standards bodies to implement British Standards Institution, COPOLCO 2007 in Bangkok, Cairo, Prague, Toron- programmes for consumer participa- and DEVCO jointly organized a five-day to, Kuala Lumpur, Gaborone (Botswa- tion in standards development. training workshop in Accra, Ghana. Local television and press attended the opening ceremony, where the Honourable Shirley Ayorkor Botchway, Deputy Minister of Trade, delivered the keynote address at the opening ceremony. This event aimed to provide carefully selected experts with the necessary skills to become trainers in consumer participation in standardization in their own countries and regions, using interactive exercises. Therefore, this “ hands-on ” training was designed not only to raise awareness of standards and consumer participation, but also to replicate awareness of consumer involvement in standards-making on a broader scale through a “multi- plier effect”. Participants came from Argenti- na, Armenia, Chile, Costa Rica, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Niger- ia, Oman, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and St. Lucia, and were evenly split between representatives of consumer organizations and standards bodies. There was also an equal gender balance and a widely repre- sentative range of ages.

Clockwise – Workshop facilitator, Mr. Folke Hermansson Snickars, with trainers Ms. Sadie Homer, Ms. Caroline Warne and Ms. Dana Kissinger-Matray

30 ISO Focus June 2008 “ Service or favour ?”

• The way forward : Developing consumer representation. • Using valuable resources : Network- ing and accessing knowledge. Further, the participants were given practical case studies illustrating principles explained in the first four presentations, plus some background information on how to define an action plan for improving interactions between consumer interests and standards bodies.

Participants used lively examples to practise their training delivery

From content delivery to empowerment The approach of the train-the-trainers workshop was different to that of earlier ones: the participants received instruction not only in consumer participation issues but also in general training skills. This will allow them to launch programmes back home more effectively. Workshop participants ISO Training Consultant Mr. Folke Hermansson Snickars acted as workshop shops. Their intensive work of distilling Innovative handy tools facilitator and delivered the sessions on and refining the earlier material, carried training skills. Topics included evaluation out prior to the course, had resulted in the Each participant received a CD- of the training audience, setting objectives development of six basic resource presen- ROM containing six basic PowerPoint and designing the training course to achieve tations, from which the experts delivered presentations on the above subjects, which these objectives, adaptation of training the following four themes in Ghana. they could adapt and deliver according methodology for adults, and designing • Setting the stage : Why are standards to their own needs. Detailed notes devel- and conducting evaluations. so important for consumers? oped by the international experts accom- Mr. Hermansson Snickars empha- panied these presentations. In addition, sized the use of evaluation as a means to • Models and realities : The current sit- the CD-ROMs contained the full course calibrate the course to meet the needs of uation of consumer participation. documentation as well as a great deal of participants. To demonstrate this, he sur- additional background references. The veyed the participants mid-way through participants will therefore be able to use the train-the-trainer course, and reported these CD-ROMs as a resource for their back on the results. own training work. In addition, the participants were In addition, the participants received able to gain practical management skills, a pilot version on CD-ROM of an inter- such as budgeting for and planning a train- active learning module on consumer par- ing session, and assessing its benefits. ticipation in standardization, called Con- Ms. Caroline Warne (former Chair sumers and standards: partnership for of ISO/COPOLCO), Ms. Sadie Homer (Pol- a better world. Participants were asked icy Advisor, Consumers International) and (From left) Mr. Fred Owusu Gyamera, Head to work through the module upon their Ms. Dana Kissinger-Matray (Secretary of of Standards Dept., GSB, Ms. Charlotte return home and provide feedback via a ISO/COPOLCO), delivered content which Ohene-Manu, GSB Deputy Executive Director, detailed survey form. These comments represented an optimal choice of material the Honourable Shirley Ayorkor Botchway and will be used to finalize the distance learn- from seven earlier regional training work- Mr. Adu Gyamfi Darkwa, GSB Executive Director ing module, to be released on CD-ROM

ISO Focus June 2008 31 I am pleased with the workshop as a whole Developments and Initiatives The workshop met my expectations

The mixture of lectures and exercises was sufficient

The presenters had good knowledge about the subject

The presentations were clear and understandable

The workshop content is useful for my work

I had enough previous knowledge to assimilate the workshop content

The workshop objectives were achieved

The workshop objectives were clear 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 Participants’ satisfaction with the workshop – Scores between 1 and 5 (maximum)

and made available for free download- Over the weeklong period, the ued support from Sida, the ISO Central ing from the Consumers section of ISO participants worked with a course design Secretariat’s Development and Training Online during 2008. matrix and used it to prepare short prac- Services unit (DEVT) is now providing tice training sessions for their colleagues incentives and coordinating with the par- in pairs and then in groups of four, which ticipants to set up their own training pro- More than bread and they then peer-reviewed. The participants grammes in their countries and regions of butter were encouraged to draw not only on origin, with support of the ISO members Some countries have few or no materials received from ISO, but also on of those countries. structures for consumer involvement in their own studies, pictures and anecdotes. Shown are some of the illustrations used developing standards, whereas others Wide satisfaction already have a strong awareness of the by participants to make their points. benefits of consumer participation. The As the trainers emphasized sever- participants were strongly encouraged to al times, the true results achieved by the adapt the design and delivery of courses From theory to practice course will only become known through to their own circumstances. As the week progressed, groups baseline assessment and evaluation. This This requires an active effort by of participants delivered presentations is still ongoing, since full assessment can participants not to learn predetermined of a training programme which they had only be carried out once follow-up train- solutions by rote, but to personally assim- designed the previous day for local trainees ing has taken place in the participants’ ilate the new content and skills with their invited by the Ghana Standards Board. regions and the results assessed. own background knowledge and experi- On the final day, the workshop par- Nonetheless, an immediate follow- ence, so that the result is meaningful to ticipants concluded by analysing the eval- up questionnaire showed that the partici- those they will train in the future. uations returned by the local participants pants were very satisfied with the training Mr. Hermansson Snickars there- from Ghana, and assessed their own peer- session. The chart above shows the score, fore incorporated many interactive exer- evaluation exercises. This underscored the on a scale of 1 to 5, on a number of crite- cises and group discussions into the pro- importance, both to the participants and ria measured by the questionnaire. gramme. Participants departed from the to the international experts, of accurately The participants appreciated the usual bread-and-butter lecture and Pow- assessing the needs of any group of train- opportunity both to meet and network with erPoint presentation formulas, and experi- ees prior to training (setting the baseline), their colleagues from around the world, mented with other techniques to reinforce and determining the assessment criteria and to interact with the officers from the content, which included use of role play, very carefully in advance. Ghana Standards Board. dialogue in pairs or in groups, question The participants then discussed and answer sessions, and brainstorming possible future plans for developing train- with a flipchart. ing programmes back home. With contin-

32 ISO Focus June 2008 Developments and Initiatives The crucial role of statistical methods by Christophe Perruchet, Chair of ISO/TC 69, Applications of statistical methods

he production, collection, analysis, To everyone’s advantage presentation and interpretation of A universe of statistical Tdata play a key role in industry and ISO technical committee ISO/TC methods service sectors, in scientific research and 69, Applications of statistical methods, The technical committee is com- in human sciences. There is little point is responsible for the development of posed of five subcommittees, each of in collecting data if it is not going to be International Standards on the applica- which complements the work of the analysed and interpreted with a view to tion of statistical methods. Its standards others. enlightening human actions or to further are used by other ISO technical commit- knowledge of phenomena. The aim of tees, manufacturers, and the continuous- statistics should be to transform raw data ly growing industry dedicated to certifi- Terminology and symbols cation, e.g. to ISO 9001:2000 on quality into usable, understandable and commu- The terminology standards devel- management. nicable information. oped by subcommittee ISO/TC 69/SC 1, ISO/TC 69 aims to develop and Statistical methods are needed Terminology and symbols, are aligned maintain an integrated system of gener- for assessing measurement uncertainty, with the business environment and can ic standards reflecting good current for calibration, monitoring and improv- be applied to products and services. The practice of statistical thinking, which ing measurement processes at the pro- subcommittee serves as both internal and will enable organizations to identify and ducer’s site. They are also required by external consultant on terminology mat- implement all relevant statistical con- the various agencies involved in testing, ters in this field. To harmonize with other siderations whenever data are gener- verifying conformance and validating terminology documents, SC 1 ensures that ated, collected, analysed, presented, the producer’s quality and environmen- every term and symbol used in the ISO/ evaluated and/or interpreted. tal management systems. TC 69 standards has been compiled and In today’s competitive industries, annotated to designate preferred terms and particularly so far as statistical meth- and symbols. This resource will be espe- ods are concerned, there is external pres- cially valuable to technical committees sure to demonstrate that good current and other experts drafting International practice is in place and used, and to have Standards and related documents. independent agencies certifying that this is really the case. This pressure is creating a growing demand for international standards on statistical methods.

ISO Focus June 2008 33 Good practice used by all Developments and Initiatives The Secretariat of ISO/TC 69 is held by the ISO member for France, AFNOR. An enquiry Process management undertaken in 1996 by ISO/ Subcommittee ISO/TC 69/SC 4, TC 69 showed that : Applications of statistical methods in • more than 400 International process management, has developed sta- Standards of other ISO tistical methods in the form of control committees cited standards charts, process capability, and process 6σ developed by ISO/TC 69 as management strategies that are applica- Six Sigma is a set of practices normative references ; originally developed by ble to every enterprise that has continu- • each International Standard ous improvement as one of its objectives. Motorola to systematically improve processes by developed by ISO/TC 69 is The economic success of enterprises is eliminating defects. A defect cited in at least one standard enhanced by the application of these tools is defined as nonconformity developed by another ISO and techniques, which are essential to any of a product or service to its committee. organization in pursuit of lean concepts. specifications. In fact, SC 4 has provided ISO/TC 176, A survey undertaken in 1997 by ISO/TC 69 of its national Quality management and quality assur- While the particulars of the standardization bodies ance, with the statistical tools to enhance methodology were originally (14 country respondents) showed : the ISO 9001 quality management sys- formulated by Bill Smith at tems. The same process would be appli- Motorola in 1986, Six Sigma • 256 national adoptions of the cable to any standards group. drew also on the quality 33 ISO/TC 69 International improvement methodologies Standards ; which had grown out of the “The aim of statistics six preceding decades, such • on average, each country has as quality control and TQM adopted about 18 ISO/TC 69 should be to transform (total quality management). standards ; raw data into usable, Like these, Six Sigma put • on average, each standard understandable emphasis on : is adopted by around eight • continuous efforts to reduce countries. and communicable variation in process outputs information.” is key to business success; Key figures • manufacturing and business processes can be measured, 1948 creation of ISO/TC 69 Acceptance sampling analysed, improved and 59 country members ISO/TC 69/SC 5, Acceptance controlled; 29 active subcommittees and sampling, is responsible for the ISO • succeeding at achieving groups 2859 series of standards on inspection sustained quality by attributes, and the ISO 3951 series improvement requires 73 published ISO standards on inspection by variables. These use- commitment from the entire 18 standards under ful standards apply just as much to serv- organization, particularly from development ices as to products. The sampling sys- top-level management. tems permit the level of inspection to be 6 proposed new work items reduced as the level of trust in the producer increases. ISO 2859-1 is widely ucts. The ISO 5725 series on accura- used in international trade, for example, cy (trueness and precision) of meas- sons, complements both parts of ISO/ in the seafood and pharmaceutical indus- urement methods and results, is wide- IEC Guide 43, Proficiency testing by tries, among others. ly used in laboratory testing environ- interlaboratory comparisons. ments and for conformity assessment. It Measurement methods and was decided in 2007 to work on revising the series. Six Sigma results ISO/TS 21748:2004, Guidance SC 7 is a newly created sub- Subcommittee SC 6, Measure- for the use of repeatability, reproduc- committee, Applications of statistical ment methods and results, is responsi- ibility and trueness estimates in meas- and related techniques for the imple- ble for maintenance and development urement uncertainty estimation, provides mentation of Six Sigma, resulting from of generic standards and deliverables a common approach to measurement an approach made to ISO/TC 69 by the in such fields as accuracy of measure- uncertainty and relates to the Guide to Six Sigma community to provide document methods and results, aspects of the the expression of uncertainty in meas- ments describing statistical procedures preparation and use of reference mate- urement (GUM). ISO 13528:2005, Sta- that will be useful to those engaged in rials. SC 6 standards are also generic tistical methods for use in proficiency the practices of Six Sigma. The nature and apply to both services and prod- testing by interlaboratory compari- of the task is that the work items will be

34 ISO Focus June 2008 ISO standards for statistical methods now available as CD-ROM collection

by Roger Frost, Manager, Communication Services

Product design, process control and improvement, quality nities are characterized by a focus on management, market research, laboratory testing, regulatory speed to obtain results, a basic knowl- inspection and certification are among the wide range of economic edge of statistics, and a propensity to activities that stand to benefit from a new CD-ROM collection of more use software applications to guide them than 70 ISO International Standards on statistical methods. through the mathematical challenges of statistical methods, the documents to This is the sixth edition of the complete collection of the ISO standards be developed will have the objective of for Statistical methods – previously published as a handbook in two satisfying these characteristics. volumes – and now available on CD-ROM for the first time. The 74 International Standards contained on the CD-ROM set out the practical methodology for collecting, processing and interpreting Perspectives and measurement, testing or inspection results whenever goods or new fields services are assessed from a sample. To meet the technical require- ISO International Standards for the application of statistical methods ments of ISO/IEC 17025:2005, it is nec- are generic and widely used in many technical fields. Not only are essary for testing and calibration labo- they used by organizations in all business sectors worldwide, but they ratories to understand and adopt sever- are also cited in hundreds of ISO International Standards on specific al statistical methods. Over the years, products, processes and materials. This CD-ROM inclu ISO/TC 69 has developed a wealth of complete set des the of ISO standards develop Technical Commied by ISO ttee ISO/ TC 69,Application methods Statistical of statistical method s statistical standards that can be used The CD-ROM includes standards for : Subject areas include:. statistical methods general, terminolo in S t a t i s t i c a l m e t h o d s symbols, applicatiogy and Sixth edition (ﬁ rst ve of statistical meth ns rsion on CD-ROM), 2008 process managemeods in for this purpose. acceptance samplingnt, • Statistical methods in general ; measurement methods and . This product is co with Microsoft Winmpatible Mac OS X dows A document on the application ® ® and Linux , ® • Terminology and symbols ; of statistical standards to the clauses • Applications of statistical methods of ISO/IEC 17025:2005 is now being developed. This document will give an in process management ; ISO Central Secretariat

1, chemin de la Voie-Creuse CD-ROM on Collection Standards ISO Case postale 56 CH - 1211 Genève 20 Switzerland overview and guidance on the selec- www.iso.org

ISBN 978-92-67-10476-8 • Acceptance sampling ; © ISO, 2008 All rights reserved tion of International Standards, guides, technical reports and draft International • Measurement methods and results. ISO Standards Collection on CD-ROM Standards on statistical methods devel- A numerical index is provided to allow quick access to oped by ISO/TC 69, other ISO technical standards and the CD-ROM has full-text search functionality. committees and international organiza- The economic benefits of statistical methods in industrial production tions. It is presented from the user per- are well known, but they are also widely used and bring benefits to spective in the form of a table, comparing the service sector, trade, regulation, scientific research and human the relevant ISO/IEC 17025 sub-clauses sciences. against these standards documents. The standards on the CD-ROM have been developed by ISO technical committee ISO/TC 69, Application of statistical methods. This CD-ROM collection of ISO/TC 69’s work provides a solid, internationally harmonized basis for statistical methods to facilitate the growth of global markets. About the author The CD-ROM Statistical methods (ISBN 978-92-67-10476-8) is available from ISO national member institutes and from ISO Central Secretariat Christophe Perruchet has been through the ISO Store (www.iso.org/isostore) or by contacting the Chair of ISO/TC 69 since 1994. He Marketing & Communication department ([email protected]). joined UTAC (a technical organization providing services to the automotive industry and administrations) in 1984 and is involved in the management and aligned horizontally across the tradition- • providing consistency in the “look analysis of large databases related to al ISO/TC 69 structure. and feel” of the documents that tar- road safety and environment. He is also get this new ISO/TC 69 stakeholder very active in other ISO committees, ISO/TC 69/SC 7 will have the task community. such as the ISO technical advisory of developing a framework for these new group TAG 4, Metrology, and the ISO committee on conformity assessment documents and of managing the work The aim is to create documents (ISO/CASCO) working group WG 28, items, with the objective of: that provide guidance on the appli- Proficiency testing. cation of statistical procedures for • making the tasks easier to handle the Six Sigma and related communi- within ISO/TC 69 ; ties, both manufacturing and business • providing good external visibility of types, who strive to improve products the work being undertaken ; and and processes. Because these commu-

ISO Focus June 2008 35 New on the shelf

taken in the field of flow measurement. ISO/IEC standard The report will help petroleum and gas for estimating the shippers and producing, exporting and importing nations to get the best from useful life of DVDs ISO 5167:2003, Measurement of fluid by Sandrine Tranchard, flow by means of pressure differential devices inserted in circular cross-section Communication Officer, conduits running full. ISO Central Secretariat Dr. Yoshinobu Mitsuhashi, Chair of the ISO/IEC subcommittee (JTC 1/SC 23) ISO 5167:2003 is an International that worked on the standard, comments: Standard (in four parts) for flow meas- “ Digital supports allow important storage urement based on the differential pres- ow long will a DVD last ? This is capacities but the question is the perennity sure generated by a constriction intro- a crucial question for businesses of these data. The implementation of ISO/ duced into a circular conduit. It cov- Hthat put their faith in the medium IEC 10995:2008 will allow a storage for a ers the geometry and method of use for recording information and for sup- known duration and thus a surer manage- (installation and operating conditions) pliers and consumers of DVD products. ment of archived data.” of orifice plates, nozzles and Venturi The new International Standard ISO/ ISO/IEC 10995:2008 was prepared tubes when they are inserted in a con- IEC 10995:2008 specifies an acceler- by Ecma International (as ECMA-379) and duit running full to determine the flow- ated ageing test method for estimating was adopted, under a special “ fast track rate of the fluid flowing in the conduit. the life expectancy for the retrievabili- procedure ”, by the joint technical commit- It also gives necessary information for ty of information stored on recordable tee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technolo- calculating the flowrate and its associ- or rewritable optical disks. gy, in parallel with its approval by nation- ated uncertainty. This International Standard pro- al bodies of ISO and IEC. ISO/TR 9464 answers some impor- vides a methodology that includes the ISO/IEC 10995:2008, Information tant questions which might arise on the testing of newer, currently available technology – Digitally recorded media for use of ISO 5167, for example, on calcu- products. This test includes details on the information interchange and storage – Test lating upstream from downstream tem- following formats: DVD-R/-RW/-RAM, method for the estimation of the archival perature. With the application of the rules +R/+RW and it may be applied to addi- lifetime of optical media, is available from it provides, it is practicable to achieve tional optical disk formats with the appro- ISO national member institutes and from flow measurement within an uncertain- priate specification substitutions. ISO Central Secretariat through the ISO ty of approximately 1 % of the calculat- ISO/IEC 10995 covers the fol- Store (www.iso.org/isostore) or by con- ed flowrate. lowing aspects : tacting the Marketing & Communication The report gives supplementary guidance on the use of all parts of ISO • stress conditions ; department ([email protected]). 5167 and information on the use of essen- • assumptions ; tial secondary instrumentation, includ- • ambient conditions ; ing measurement of pressure, differen- • evaluation system description ; tial pressure, temperature, density and electrical supply. • specimen preparation ; ISO technical report ISO/TR 9464:2008, Guidelines • data acquisition procedure ; to help oil and gas for the use of ISO 5167:2003, was devel- • data interpretation . oped by ISO technical committee ISO/TC sector measure 30, Measurement of fluid flow in closed The methodology includes only flowrate in pipelines conduits, subcommittee SC 2, Pressure the effects of temperature (T) and rela- differential devices. It is available from tive humidity (RH). It does not attempt to by Sandrine Tranchard, ISO national member institutes and from model degradation due to complex fail- ISO Central Secretariat through the ISO ure mechanism kinetics, nor does it test Communication Officer, ISO Central Secretariat Store (www.iso.org/isostore) or by con- for exposure to light, corrosive gases, tacting the Marketing & Communication contaminants, handling, and variations department ([email protected]). in playback subsystems. Disks exposed to these additional sources of stress or he oil and gas sector will benefit higher levels of T and RH are expected to from a recently published techni- experience shorter usable lifetimes. Tcal report from ISO on measuring It is an outline of steps to esti- flowrate in pipelines. mate the life expectancy value, as a func- ISO/TR 9464:2008, Guidelines tion of ambient temperature and relative for the use of ISO 5167:2003, presents humidity, and used to determine if a disk guidance on applying the rules and will or will not exceed a life expectan- requirements of ISO 5167 based on cy of X-years. theory and experimental work under-

36 ISO Focus June 2008 New on the shelf Coming up

Guest View

Mrs. Chen Li Fen As the world’s attention turns to the Beijing Olympics, ISO Focus also turns to China in an exclusive interview with Mrs. Chen Li Fen, General Manager of Jiangsu Sunshine, a leading Chinese textile company. In the interview, Mrs. Chen Li Fen discusses the importance of International Standards for accessing international markets and assuring quality, as well as for promoting technological performance and innovation. With an annual production of 3 million sets of high-grade garments, their own brand names, and a yearly capacity of superfine worsted fabric of 35 million meters, Jiangsu Sunshine claims to be the world’s largest wool fabric mill and high-end clothing production base. “ We believe that International Standards will be of increasing importance with the further globalization of the world economy,” she says. Main Focus Sports and leisure ally agreed requirements for performance, quality and safety are in place. As fans around the world get ready to support their favourite teams in the In the next issue of ISO Focus, we Olympics, Euro Cup and other sporting explore some of the latest standards that events, and excited tourists pack for are making their mark in the fields of their next holiday adventure, Interna- sports and leisure. From the new stand- tional Standards are at work behind the ards for trapeze used in sailing which scenes to ensure the safety, quality and keep sportsmen attached to their boats, performance of these experiences. to those for overboard man prevention and recovery ; from the life jackets that The spirit of these friendly competitions might save us from drowning, to the is, in a way, no different from that of standards for treadmills and rowing standardization, which aims to bring machines at the gym. countries together to build consensus and facilitate international interactions The next issue looks at the new fields and transactions. where ISO is heading to address current market needs (as for adventure tourism), Indeed, International Standards play an as well as areas where ISO standards enabling role in the fields of sports and are making a difference (as in the envi- leisure: whether by providing common ronmental impact of golf courses). terminology or measurement standards, as with the International System of The next issue will also provide us the Units (SI), or through the application of highlights of the ISO Committee on In the interview, Mrs. Chen Li Fen tells specific standards as for diving, or sim- consumer policy (COPOLCO) plenary, th us about the interest of Jiangsu ply through the building standards that which marks the committee’s 30 anni- Sunshine in the ISO committee devel- ensure the stability of the infrastructure versary. The event, which took place in oping standards on textiles. Jiangsu of sports and leisure events. May 2008, was preceded by a workshop focused on the topical subject of ener- Sunshine also values the guidance that With ISO standards, we can feel confi- gy. Learn all about the outcome of this International Standards provide, and dent when using sporting equipment or meeting in the next issue of ISO Focus. Mrs. Chen Li Fen explains how the engaging in leisure activities in differ- company uses standards for accessing ent parts of the world, that internation- markets and driving their business.

ISO Focus June 2008 37 Ad complaints handling.indd 1 31.01.2008 14:24:21