DOCSLIB.ORG

A Population Genetic Investigation of the Reticulated Flatwoods Salamander (Ambystoma Bishopi) on Eglin Air Force Base

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Population Genetic Investigation of the Reticulated Flatwoods Salamander (Ambystoma Bishopi) on Eglin Air Force Base Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of Fall 2017 A Population Genetic Investigation of the Reticulated Flatwoods Salamander (Ambystoma bishopi) on Eglin Air Force Base Alexander S. Wendt Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd Part of the Other Animal Sciences Commons, Other Genetics and Genomics Commons, and the Population Biology Commons Recommended Citation Wendt, Alexander S., "A Population Genetic Investigation of the Reticulated Flatwoods Salamander (Ambystoma bishopi) on Eglin Air Force Base" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1693. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1693 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A POPULATION GENETIC INVESTIGATION OF THE RETICULATED FLATWOODS SALAMANDER (AMBYSTOMA BISHOPI) ON EGLIN AIR FORCE BASE by ALEXANDER WENDT (Under the Direction of James H. Roberts) ABSTRACT The reticulated flatwoods salamander (RFS) is an endangered salamander with a unique life history. One of the largest known, best studied refuges for RFS is found on Eglin Air Force Base, and these RFS have been sampled and managed extensively since 2010. My thesis seeks to better understand RFS by using genetic techniques to address several unknowns, including: 1) determining the population structuring of RFS and the manageable units for species conservation, 2) estimating the size and status of populations, 3) understanding dispersal of RFS and factors that influence this, 4) exploring the breeding biology and recruitment patterns of RFS and how they affect population sizes, and 5) drawing general conclusions about RFS population biology and recommendations for future management. The first, second, and third objectives are addressed in Chapter 1, by analyzing variation at nuclear microsatellite genetic markers within and among known, extant breeding populations on Eglin to determine the genetic structuring of RFS as well as landscape factors that would influence dispersal between the breeding ponds. The fourth objective is addressed in Chapter 2 and utilizes the same microsatellite markers but focuses on two ponds and two years in which extensive sampling of adult and larval RFS was conducted. The fifth objective is addressed in the General Conclusion section in which I use data from both chapters to provide management suggestions that can be utilized both on Eglin and elsewhere. INDEX WORDS: Reticulated flatwoods salamanders, Ambystoma bishopi, Population genetics, Landscape genetics, Wildlife management A POPULATION GENETIC INVESTIGATION OF THE RETICULATED FLATWOODS SALAMANDER (AMBYSTOMA BISHOPI) ON EGLIN AIR FORCE BASE by ALEXANDER WENDT B.S. Iowa State University, 2013 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE STATESBORO, GEORGIA © 2017 ALEXANDER WENDT All Rights Reserved 1 A POPULATION GENETIC INVESTIGATION OF THE RETICULATED FLATWOODS SALAMANDER (AMBYSTOMA BISHOPI) ON EGLIN AIR FORCE BASE by ALEXANDER WENDT Major Professor: James H. Roberts Committee: John S. Harrison Lance D. McBrayer Carola A. Haas Electronic Version Approved: December 2017 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many thanks to my fellow colleagues, friends, and family that through their assistance and support made my work a possibility. I am grateful to my advisor, Dr. Jamie Roberts, who has taught me so much and helped me grow in my understanding of conservation genetics and given me the tools to be successful in my future career. Thank you for your guidance, patience, and persistence for your students to be the best they can. I would also like to thank Dr. Scott Harrison and Dr. Lance McBrayer of Georgia Southern University, and Dr. Carola Haas of Virginia Tech for serving as members on my thesis committee. Their comments and insight helped with my research and to develop my thesis. Additional thanks to Dr. Harrison for allowing me to use the equipment in his lab and for providing assistance and advice with genetic aspects in my thesis. An additional thank you to Dr. Carola Haas along with Thomas Gorman for spearheading the management and sampling of reticulated flatwoods salamanders on Eglin. The collection of samples from Eglin and management of data was made possible through the assistance of George Brooks, Kelly Jones, Brandon Rincon, Vivian Porter, Houston Chandler, Steve Goodman, A. Hillman, J. Newman, K. Erwin, J. Newton, S. Konkolics, T. Abeles, A. Perez-Umphrey, T. Williams, J. Da Silva Neto, J. Hefner, T. Mammone, B. Moore, A. Saenger, and many others. Without their hard work on Eglin, none of this would have been possible. Over the time I have spent at Georgia Southern, I have had the pleasure of working with lab mates that have helped me and supported me. Many thanks to Jackman Eschenroeder, Garret Strickland, and Rebecca Scott for their help both within the lab and outside of it. From software 3 programs and concepts to labeling tubes you have been a tremendous help and made the Roberts lab a great place to work in. A big thanks to my family and friends who supported me during my time working on my thesis. Thanks to my mother Pam, father Scott, and little (but taller) brother Sam who believed in me and pushed me to finish. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................. 2 LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 11 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 14 Amphibian Global Patterns of Diversity ................................................................................... 14 A Fauna in Decline .................................................................................................................... 16 Diversity and Imperilment of Amphibians in the Southeast United States............................... 20 Pond Breeding Salamanders in the Southeastern United States ............................................... 21 Flatwoods Salamander .............................................................................................................. 23 Eglin Air Force Base Overview ................................................................................................ 25 Purpose of this Study................................................................................................................. 27 References ................................................................................................................................. 29 CHAPTER 1: FACTORS INFLUENCING POPULATION STRUCTURE AND GENE FLOW OF RETICULATED FLATWOODS SALAMANDERS (AMBYSTOMA BISHOPI) ON EGLIN AIR FORCE BASE....................................................................................................................... 47 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 47 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 48 Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 54 Sample Collection.................................................................................................................. 54 5 Laboratory Methods .............................................................................................................. 55 Evaluation of Markers ........................................................................................................... 56 Delineation of Population Structure ...................................................................................... 57 Determining Dispersal between Ponds .................................................................................. 58 Estimation of Effective Population Size and Genetic Diversity ............................................ 59 Landscape Influences on Gene Flow ..................................................................................... 60 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 62 Microsatellite Markers Evaluation ........................................................................................ 62 Delineation of Population Structure ...................................................................................... 63 Dispersal between Ponds ....................................................................................................... 65 Estimation of Population Size and Assessment of Genetic Diversity ................................... 66 Landscape Influences on Gene Flow ....................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Additional Information
    Current Survey Introduced Flora Records Vegetation Condition *Acetosa vesicaria Excellent 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 536,000 mE 536,000 537,000 mE 537,000 534,000 mE 534,000 mE 535,000 534,000 mE 534,000
    [Show full text]
  • Wiregrass (Aristida Stricta)
    Wiregrass (Aristida stricta) For definitions of botanical terms, visit en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms. Wiregrass is a perennial bunchgrass found in scrub, pinelands and coastal uplands throughout much of Florida. It is the dominant groundcover species in longleaf pine savannas and is a primary food source for gopher tortoises. Birds and small wildlife eat the seeds. Historically, cattle grazed on Wiregrass’s tender new growth. Wiregrass flowers are tiny and brown. They are born on spikelike terminal panicles Flower stalks are elongated and extend above the leaves. Leaf blades are long, thin and rolled inward, giving them a wiry appearance (hence the common name). They are erect and green when young Photo courtesy of Alan Cressler, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center and begin to arch and turn brown as they age. Its fruits are small, yellowish caryopses. Seeds may be dispersed by wind, gravity or on the fur of passing animals. The genus name Aristida is from the Latin arista, meaning “awn” and referring to the three awns or bristle-like structures that extend from the florets. (An alternative common name is Pineland threeawn.) The species epithet, stricta, is from the Latin strictus, meaning straight or erect. Family: Poaceae (Grass family) Native range: Nearly throughout To see where natural populations of Wiregrass have been vouchered, visit www.florida.plantatlas.usf.edu. Hardiness: Zones 8A–10B Lifespan: Perennial Soil: Moist to dry, well-drained sandy soils Exposure: Full sun to partial shade Growth habit: 1–3’+ tall and equally wide Propagation: Division, seed Garden tips: Wiregrass is fast-growing and tolerant of drought conditions and low-nutrient soils.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service
    Tuesday, February 10, 2009 Part II Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Endangered Status for Reticulated Flatwoods Salamander; Designation of Critical Habitat for Frosted Flatwoods Salamander and Reticulated Flatwoods Salamander; Final Rule VerDate Nov<24>2008 14:17 Feb 09, 2009 Jkt 217001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\10FER2.SGM 10FER2 erowe on PROD1PC63 with RULES_2 6700 Federal Register / Vol. 74, No. 26 / Tuesday, February 10, 2009 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR during normal business hours, at U.S. Register on or before July 30, 2008, with Fish and Wildlife Service, Mississippi the final critical habitat rule to be Fish and Wildlife Service Fish and Wildlife Office, 6578 Dogwood submitted for publication in the Federal View Parkway, Jackson, MS 39213. Register by January 30, 2009. The 50 CFR Part 17 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ray revised proposed rule was signed on [FWS–R4–ES–2008–0082; MO 9921050083– Aycock, Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and and delivered to the Federal Register on B2] Wildlife Service, Mississippi Field July 30, 2008, and it subsequently Office, 6578 Dogwood View Parkway, published on August 13, 2008 (73 FR RIN 1018–AU85 Jackson, MS 39213; telephone: 601– 47258). We also published supplemental information on the Endangered and Threatened Wildlife 321–1122; facsimile: 601–965–4340. If proposed rule to maintain the status of and Plants; Determination of you use a telecommunications device the frosted flatwoods salamander as Endangered Status for Reticulated for the deaf (TDD), call the Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at threatened (73 FR 54125; September 18, Flatwoods Salamander; Designation of 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Jan Dvorak (As Quickly Written Down by a Person with Poor Hearing…Me)
    1/22/2018 The Impact of Polyploidy on Genome Evolution in Poales and Other Monocots “I don’t have to emphasize that gene duplications are the fabric of evolution in plants.” -Jan Dvorak (as quickly written down by a person with poor hearing…me) Michael R. McKain The University of Alabama @mrmckain @mrmckain Poales Diversity Grass genomes: the choose your own adventure of genome evolution • ~22,800 species • ~11,088 species in Poaceae • Transposons (McClintock, Wessler) • GC content bias (Carels and Bernardi 2000) • Three WGD events 0 0 4 0 0 • rho (Peterson et al. 2004) 3 y c n 0 e 0 u 2 q e r F • 0 sigma (Tang et al. 2010) 0 1 • tau (Tang et al. 2010, Jiao et al. 2014) 0 %GC Givnish et al. 2010 @mrmckain Schnable et al., 2009 Zeroing in on WGD placement Banana genome Pineapple genome How has ancient polyploidy altered the genomic landscape in grasses and other Poales? D’Hont et al. 2012 Ming, VanBuren et al. 2015 Recovered sigma after grass divergence from commelinids Recovered sigma after grass+pineapple divergence from commelinids @mrmckain @mrmckain 1 1/22/2018 Phylotranscriptomic approach Coalescence-based Phylogeny of 234 Single-copy genes • Sampling 27 transcriptomes and 7 genomes • Phylogeny consistent with previous • Representation for all families (except Thurniaceae) in nuclear gene results Poales • Conflicting topology with • RNA from young leaf or apical meristem, a combination of chloroplast genome tree: Moncot Tree of Life and 1KP • Ecdeiocolea/Joinvillea sister instead of • General steps: a grade • Trinity assembly • Typha
    [Show full text]
  • Pasture Condition Guide for the Ord River Catchment
    Bulletin 4769 Department of June 2009 Agriculture and Food ISSN 1833-7236 Pasture condition guide for the Ord River Catchment Department of Agriculture and Food Pasture condition guide for the Ord River Catchment K. Ryan, E. Tierney & P. Novelly Copyright © Western Australian Agriculture Authority, 2009 Acknowledgements Photographs by S. Eyres and the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia (DAFWA) Photographic Unit The information in this publication has been developed in consultation with experienced rangelands field staff providing services to the East Kimberley pastoral leases and with reference to Range Condition Guides for the West Kimberley Area, WA (Payne, Kubicki and Wilcox 1974) and Lands of the Ord–Victoria Area, WA and NT (Stewart et al. 1970). The authors would like to thank all those who provided valuable feedback on the design and content of this guide, including Andrew Craig, David Hadden and Matthew Fletcher (DAFWA Kununurra), Simon Eyres (DAFWA Photographic Unit), Alan Payne (retired DAFWA rangelands advisor), and members of the Halls Creek—East Kimberley Land Conservation District. This project was funded by Rangelands NRM WA using National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality funding. Rangelands NRM WA regards this project as a strategic investment which will contribute to an improved understanding and awareness of pasture condition in the Ord Catchment, leading to improved land management in that area. Rangelands NRM WA contracted the Department of Agriculture and Food WA to undertake the project. Funding for the National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality was provided by the Australian and Western Australian Governments. Disclaimer The Chief Executive Officer of the Department of Agriculture and Food and the State of Western Australia accept no liability whatsoever by reason of negligence or otherwise arising from the use or release of this information or any part of it.
    [Show full text]
  • Grasses of Namibia Contact
    Checklist of grasses in Namibia Esmerialda S. Klaassen & Patricia Craven For any enquiries about the grasses of Namibia contact: National Botanical Research Institute Private Bag 13184 Windhoek Namibia Tel. (264) 61 202 2023 Fax: (264) 61 258153 E-mail: [email protected] Guidelines for using the checklist Cymbopogon excavatus (Hochst.) Stapf ex Burtt Davy N 9900720 Synonyms: Andropogon excavatus Hochst. 47 Common names: Breëblaarterpentyngras A; Broad-leaved turpentine grass E; Breitblättriges Pfeffergras G; dukwa, heng’ge, kamakama (-si) J Life form: perennial Abundance: uncommon to locally common Habitat: various Distribution: southern Africa Notes: said to smell of turpentine hence common name E2 Uses: used as a thatching grass E3 Cited specimen: Giess 3152 Reference: 37; 47 Botanical Name: The grasses are arranged in alphabetical or- Rukwangali R der according to the currently accepted botanical names. This Shishambyu Sh publication updates the list in Craven (1999). Silozi L Thimbukushu T Status: The following icons indicate the present known status of the grass in Namibia: Life form: This indicates if the plant is generally an annual or G Endemic—occurs only within the political boundaries of perennial and in certain cases whether the plant occurs in water Namibia. as a hydrophyte. = Near endemic—occurs in Namibia and immediate sur- rounding areas in neighbouring countries. Abundance: The frequency of occurrence according to her- N Endemic to southern Africa—occurs more widely within barium holdings of specimens at WIND and PRE is indicated political boundaries of southern Africa. here. 7 Naturalised—not indigenous, but growing naturally. < Cultivated. Habitat: The general environment in which the grasses are % Escapee—a grass that is not indigenous to Namibia and found, is indicated here according to Namibian records.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Opinion
    Biological Opinion Francis Marion National Forest Revised Land Management Plan FWS Log No.04ES1000-2016-F-0628 U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service December 2, 2016 Prepared by: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service South Carolina Ecological Services Field Office 176 Croghan Spur Road, Suite 200 Charleston, South Carolina 29407 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. Ecosystems (not including rivers and streams) on the Francis Marion National Forest. FIGURE 2. Management areas on the Francis Marion National Forest. FIGURE 3. Red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) demographic populations on Francis Marion, spatially defined as aggregations of active clusters within 6 km (3.7 miles), and important areas (red arrows) to either establish or maintain demographic connectivity. FIGURE 4: Red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) Francis Marion population size and trend, active clusters. Data and graph prepared Mark Danaher, FMNF, 2014. FIGURE 5: Red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) Francis Marion population size and trend, potential breeding groups. Data and graph prepared Mark Danaher, FMNF, 2014. 2 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1. Summary of Effects Determinations. TABLE 2. Fire-adapted ecosystems by Management Area. TABLE 3. Threatened or endangered species considered in this analysis. TABLE 4. American chaffseed (Schwalbea americana) monitoring trends from 1999-2016, Francis Marion National Forest. Data and table prepared by Robin Mackie, Forest Botanist/Ecologist, Francis Marion National Forest. TABLE 5. American chaffseed (Schwalbea americana) site prescribed burning trends, Francis Marion National Forest, 1996-2012. Data and table prepared by Robin Mackie, Forest Botanist/Ecologist, Francis Marion National Forest. TABLE 6. Roads and system type within Francis Marion managed cluster polygons.
    [Show full text]
  • Flora of China 22: 453–455. 2006. 121. ARISTIDA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 82. 1753
    Flora of China 22: 453–455. 2006. 121. ARISTIDA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 82. 1753. 三芒草属 san mang cao shu Lu Shenglian (卢生莲), Chen Shouliang (陈守良); Sylvia M. Phillips Perennials, less often annuals or suffruticose. Culms tufted. Leaf blades usually basal, rolled or rarely flat. Inflorescence a nar- row or open panicle. Spikelets with 1 floret; glumes scarious, narrow, unequal with the upper usually longer, 1(–3)-veined; floret cal- lus bearded, obtuse to pungent or 2-toothed; lemma narrowly cylindrical or laterally compressed, convolute, glabrous or sparsely hairy; awn 3-branched, branches arising directly from lemma apex or seated on a straight or twisted column, persistent or disarticu- lating either at base or apex of column (always persistent in China), scabrid. Stamens 3. About 300 species: widely distributed in tropical and warm-temperate regions of the world; ten species (six endemic) in China. This genus is found on poor, dry soils in areas of low rainfall, but does not usually penetrate into true desert. 1a. Annuals; culms usually branched. 2a. Lemma 1.7–2 mm; central awn 0.5–0.8 cm ....................................................................................................... 1. A. cumingiana 2b. Lemma 5–11 mm; central awn 1–2.5 cm. 3a. Glumes subequal or lower glume slightly shorter; lemma distinctly longer than upper glume ............... 2. A. adscensionis 3b. Glumes unequal, lower glume 1/2–2/3 length of upper glume; lemma ± equal to upper glume .................... 3. A. depressa 1b. Perennials; culms usually unbranched. 4a. Lower glume longer than upper glume; panicle open, branches divaricate, bearded in axils ............................... 4. A. chinensis 4b. Lower glume shorter than upper glume or glumes subequal; panicle narrow, branches erect or ascending, glabrous in axils.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Sartidia (Graminae), Endemic to Ultramafic Soils ⁎ K
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com South African Journal of Botany 77 (2011) 598–607 www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb A new species of Sartidia (Graminae), endemic to ultramafic soils ⁎ K. Balkwill a, , G.J. Campbell-Young a, L. Fish b, J. Munday a, M.L. Frean a, M. Stalmans a,c a C.E. Moss Herbarium, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa b National Herbarium, Pretoria (PRE), South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria 0001, South Africa c International Conservation Services, PO Box 19139, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa Received 4 November 2009; received in revised form 27 November 2010; accepted 7 December 2010 Abstract A species of Sartidia De Winter, first collected by P.J. Muller in 1972 in the Cythna Letty Nature Reserve in Mpumalanga, does not match existing material of Sartidia, a genus comprising four species. The new species, S. dewinteri J. Munday & L. Fish, is most similar to S. jucunda (Schweick.) De Winter but differs in the leaf sheath colour, lower leaf blade surface texture, spikelet length and upper glume length. It differs also from all other species in the genus in the shape and branching of the inflorescence, the relative length of the lateral awns to the median awn, lemma body surface texture, callus shape and hair arrangement, palea shape and distribution. Sartidia dewinteri differs anatomically from S. angolensis and S. vanderystii in that the stereome strands in the leaf blades project partly or almost completely into the first order vascular bundles rather than not at all, and from S.
    [Show full text]
  • Bastrop County Grasses Only As of February 21, 2014 Common Name Scientific Name Grass Family Poaceae
    Bastrop County Grasses Only As of February 21, 2014 This checklist of the vascular plants of Bastrop County is primarily based on the collections in the herbarium at Plant Resource Center (PRC), University of Texas, Austin. Additional records were added from the USDA files, historic plant lists from Bastrop and Buescher State Parks (including the Stengl Research Station), recent McKinney Roughs Natural Area bio-surveys, and from the Bill Carr post-fire survey in 2012. Special codes used: asterisk (*) USDA, percent (%) Bill Carr, pound sign (#) added to the PRC from surveys. Rare plants listed from Rare Plants of Texas by Poole, et.al. are indicated with an exclamation point (!). New Biota of North Ameaica (BONAP) modern family names have an ampersand (&). Species marked in bold are listed on the Texas Department of Agriculture Noxious Weeds list, on the USDA list, or introduced. Scientific Name Common Name Poaceae Grass Family Agostris hyemalis winter bentgrass # Agostris scabra rough bentgrass # Aira caryophyllea hairgrass Alopecurus caroliniana Carolina foxtail Andropogon gerardii big bluestem Andropogon glomeratus bushy bluestem # Andropogon ternarius split-beard bluestem Andropogon virginicus broomsedge Anthaenantus rufa purple silky scale Aristida affinis three-awn grass Aristida desmantha church mouse three-awn Aristida dichotoma poverty grass Aristida glauca smooth three-awn Aristida lanosa woolly three-awn Aristida longespica slim-spike three-awn Aristida oligantha old-field three-awn Aristida purpurascens arrow feather three-awn
    [Show full text]
  • 03 Chapters 3 Evans
    CHAPTER 3 SITES AND GENERAL METHODS 3.1 OVERVIEW This chapter provides detailed descriptions of the three study sites. Three sites were used because the distributions of the three wombat species are non-sympatric. This chapter also provides a brief overview of the methodologies used. Detailed information on the various methods is given in the chapter to which each is most rele\ ant. I he pe and level detail of information I collected varied between wombat species, and depended on existing information, information being obtained from other current research projects on wombats. accessibility to sites and time constraints. The major part of this study was devoted to the common wombat. For this species I collected information on the nutritional ecology (food availability, nutritional quality of food resources, diet, digestive efficiency), habitat use (home ranges) and energetics (body condition, field metabolic rates, field water turnover rates, activity levels). Information on the nutritional ecology of this species was collected during each of the four seasons over two years. Most of the habitat use and energetics data were collected during the seasonal extremes (in terms of food resources) of summer and winter. Activity data were collected continuously over many months via the use of data loggers attached to collars worn by common wombats. For the two hairy-nosed species, I collected information on their energetics but not on their nutritional ecology or habitat use. I had planned to collect the energetics data for these two species once during each of the summer/winter seasonal extremes, and was Chapter 3: Sites and General Methods 56 able to do this for the southern hairy-nosed wombat, but not for the northern hairy-nosed wombat.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Genes, Matk and the Phylogeny of the Poales
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2018 Nuclear genes, matK and the phylogeny of the Poales Hochbach, Anne ; Linder, H Peter ; Röser, Martin Abstract: Phylogenetic relationships within the monocot order Poales have been well studied, but sev- eral unrelated questions remain. These include the relationships among the basal families in the order, family delimitations within the restiid clade, and the search for nuclear single-copy gene loci to test the relationships based on chloroplast loci. To this end two nuclear loci (PhyB, Topo6) were explored both at the ordinal level, and within the Bromeliaceae and the restiid clade. First, a plastid reference tree was inferred based on matK, using 140 taxa covering all APG IV families of Poales, and analyzed using parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. The trees inferred from matK closely approach the published phylogeny based on whole-plastome sequencing. Of the two nuclear loci, Topo6 supported a congruent, but much less resolved phylogeny. By contrast, PhyB indicated different phylo- genetic relationships, with, inter alia, Mayacaceae and Typhaceae sister to Poaceae, and Flagellariaceae in a basally branching position within the Poales. Within the restiid clade the differences between the three markers appear less serious. The Anarthria clade is first diverging in all analyses, followed by Restionoideae, Sporadanthoideae, Centrolepidoideae and Leptocarpoideae in the matK and Topo6 data, but in the PhyB data Centrolepidoideae diverges next, followed by a paraphyletic Restionoideae with a clade consisting of the monophyletic Sporadanthoideae and Leptocarpoideae nested within them. The Bromeliaceae phylogeny obtained from Topo6 is insufficiently sampled to make reliable statements, but indicates a good starting point for further investigations.
    [Show full text]