lookingback: Mexico City | 15 AMERICAN ASTRONAUTICAL SOCIETY

Newsletter of the AAS History Committee | www.astronautical.org | Editor: Tim Chamberlin ([email protected])

Anxiously awaiting results INSIDE from Augustine Commission he Lovin’ Spoonful probably JULY 2009 | ISSUE 8 had it right in 1966 — “Hot T town, summer in the city!” Many of us who work in the space industry are anxiously awaiting the results of the Augustine Commission (part deux). I can’t help By Michael L. Ciancone, Chair, AAS History Committee but reflect on the various commis- sions of which NASA has been the (program startups) and graduations subject over the past few decades, as (launches!) as signs of a healthy and RELIVE HISTORIC discussed in several articles circulat- vital spaceflight program. APOLLO MISSION ing in cyberspace. Reports of individual HistComm These commissions offered member activities, plans and accom- ® Web sites mark historic lunar landing 40 years ago / 2 recommendations that met with vary- plishments are provided in this ing degrees of acceptance and imple- newsletter. As you can see, we’ve ® NASA seeking ideas from public mentation. In the immortal words of been a busy and productive lot! about Wernher Yogi Berra, “It’s like déjà vu all over Although it seems like a long way von Braun again.” off yet, the AAS Annual Conference collection / 3 I’ve noticed that along with and National Meeting is just around ® On book- announcements for space-related the corner — scheduled for Dec. 2-3 shelves: Is space a ‘wild west’ or global anniversaries are a number of obitu- at the Gilruth Center at Johnson commons? / 4 aries saluting folks who left their Space Center in Houston. This will

® Review of graphic novel mark on spaceflight. Although be a new venue for the society. As ‘Laika’ / 5 anniversaries and obituaries are both usual, the History Committee will ® Call for papers / 6 inevitable indications of an aging (I convene for its annual meeting in ® Calendar / 7 think the more polite term is “matur- conjunction with the AAS conference ® AAS History Series: Volume 30 ing”) space program, I look forward – details TBD. now on sale / 10 to celebrating a few more births Stay cool! ® Member activities / 12 ® Obituaries / 16 Mankind is drawn to the heavens for the same reason we were once drawn into unknown lands and across the open sea. We choose to explore space because doing so improves our lives, and lifts our national spirit. So let us continue the journey. — George W. Bush (2004)

Read about Steven J. Dick, astronomer, author and NASA’s Spotlight chief historian. He has written extensively on the history of astrobiology 8 and will be retiring later this month.

AMERICAN ASTRONAUTICAL SOCIETY | AMERICA’S NETWORK OF SPACE PROFESSIONALS

JULY 2009 | ISSUE 8

¢ WEB SITES OF INTEREST Visitors get to relive Apollo 11 mission

Interactive experience to begin Apollo anthology 40 years to the minute after To mark the anniversary of the historic launch first moon landing, Air & Space maga- An interactive new Web site to zine has created a special Web site celebrate the 40th anniversary of with photo essays, interviews, and Apollo 11 and President Kennedy’s articles examining Apollo from a vari- involvement in the U.S. space ety of perspectives, along with a program will debut on July 16, exactly selection of readings from previous 40 years to the minute after the coverage in Air & Space. historic launch. Online visitors can download a WeChooseTheMoon.org will go copy of the magazine’s 20th anniver- live at 9:32 a.m. EST. The site, sary Apollo issue from 1989. powered by AOL, will recreate Apollo http://www.airspacemag.com 11’s lunar mission, minute by minute, with an interactive experience that lets Lunar videos in high definition visitors experience the mission as it Want to view the Lunar Module happened, using archival audio, video, descent during Apollo 11 in high defi- photos and “real time” transmissions. nition? Or Neil Armstrong’s first field Online visitors can pre-register to activities after he stepped on the receive emails and get regular “real Moon? time” updates during the four-day Footagevault.com has hundreds of mission this month. Additionally, videos such as these in its archives. users will be able to follow the event The site provides access to a wide on Twitter. range of space footage in high quality “This site represents a unique formats that can be used in documen- opportunity for viewers to ‘go back in taries. time’ and experience one of http://www.footagevault.com mankind’s most amazing achieve- ments,” said Tom Putnam, director of Why Mars? Why now? the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. “From actual IEEE, the world’s leading profes- mission audio transmissions and sional association for the advance- archival video to mission factoids and ment of technology, tries to answer news reels, visitors to the questions “Why Mars? Why WeChooseTheMoon.org will be able now?” with a new Web site full of COURTESY NASA to track every step of the Apollo 11 feature-length articles. The swing arms move away and a plume The site is divided into six parts: mission, as it happened, 40 years of flame signals the liftoff of Apollo 11 challenges, business, the voyage, later.” and astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, strategies, exploring the Red planet, “Students, historians and anyone Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. who finds space exploration fascinat- from Kennedy Space Center on July 16, and space ambition. ing are in for a treat.” 1969. http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/mars

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EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ BRIEFS

NASA seeking ideas from public stand," said Banke. lenged the nation to land a man on about Von Braun collection The program will be streamed the Moon and return him safely to live on the Web and recorded for by 1970. A reading copy of NASA wants the public, acade- download as a Podcast – both avail- Kennedy's address at Rice University mia and industry to provide ideas able at www.wmmbam.com. Audience on NASA’s space effort is among the about how to analyze and catalog members from around the nation can many items on display. notes from space- call in to the program at 321-768-1240, flight pioneer and send e-mail to spacetalking Launius receives SHFG’s Wernher von Braun @aol.com, or interact via Twitter at first Roger R. Trask Award into an electronic, http://www.twitter.com/spacetalking. searchable database Roger Launius received the first or other system. Apollo 13 drama inspires Roger R. Trask Award from the Von Braun was award-winning play Society for History in the Federal the first director of Government (SHFG) for his work as COURTESY NASA NASA’s Marshall A trip to Kennedy Space Center chief historian at NASA and as cura- Wernher Space Flight Center in Florida inspired two New tor at the Smithsonian’s National Air von Braun in Huntsville, Ala., Zealanders to write and produce a and Space Museum. and a key figure in theatre production about the Apollo He was also recognized for the development of the Saturn V 13 mission. promoting the society’s overall rocket and NASA’s Apollo program. The play won accolades last year mission and as a mentor. NASA has issued a request for in its first year of production and has The award was given at the 2009 information and is looking for since been upgraded with more real- SHFG conference in March where concepts that will provide an innova- istic sets. Apollo 13: Mission Control is Launius delivered the keynote tive resource for agency engineers showing at The Meteor in Hamilton, lecture. and scientists. New Zealand, July 20-26 to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the first Russian Cosmonautics museum “Space Talk” radio program Apollo lunar landing; and at the Aotea reopens its doors to the public makes on-air debut from Cape Centre, Auckland, July 31-Aug 1. The two men behind the award- Moscow’s Memorial Museum of A new one-hour weekly radio winning play were featured recently Cosmonautics reopened it doors in space program began broadcasting in in the New Zealand Herald. March after a three-year expansion June by veteran aerospace writer and and renovation, according to a recent commentator Jim Banke. Moon Shot focus of exhibit article on TIME Magazine’s Web site. Banke spent 16 years covering the at JFK Library and Museum The upgrades and new exhibits space program for Florida Today are more interactive and intended to newspaper and Space.com A special space exhibit at the inspire children to become interested Topics for discussion include John F. Kennedy Presidential Library in science and technology. NASA, military activities, commercial and Museum in Boston will stay open The museum has life-size mock- launches, space education, space until May 30, 2010. ups of a Mir space station module, tourism, space science, history and The exhibit, Moon Shot — JFK Sputnik and Vostok spacecraft, space space-related entertainment. and Space Exploration, includes presi- art and cosmonaut food. "We are going to educate, dential memos, copies of Kennedy’s Former cosmonaut Alexander inform, and share what's on our speeches and models given to Laveikin, who lived on Mir in 1987 for mind. But mostly we will have fun Kennedy during the Mercury and six months before having to leave the and talk about the space program in Gemini programs.. station for medical reasons, serves as a way that everyone can under- In 1961, President Kennedy chal- deputy director of the museum.

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JULY 2009 | ISSUE 8

¢ ON BOOKSHELVES Is space a ‘wild west’ or global commons?

n the popular imagination, space is the final frontier. Will that frontier be a wild west, or will it instead be I treated as the oceans are: as a global commons, where commerce is allowed to flourish and no one country dominates? At this moment, nations are free to send missions to Mars or launch space stations. Space have become vital to many of the activities that have become part of our daily lives—from weather fore- NASA history monograph available casting to GPS and The NASA History Division recently radio. The militaries of the announced the availability of Research in NASA United States and a host of History (NASA SP-2009-4543, Monograph in other nations have also Aerospace History 43). made space a critical This updated version explains what kinds of arena—spy and communi- resources are available from the NASA History cation satellites are essen- Division at the agency’s headquarters in Heavenly Ambitions tial to their operations. Washington, D.C., its field centers, the National In Heavenly Ambitions, By Joan Johnson-Freese, Archives, and other relevant organizations for Joan Johnson-Freese draws researchers in aerospace history. 2009, 192p from a myriad of sources to $29.95 Hard copies of this monograph can be obtained argue that the United States by sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope to (ISBN 978-0-8122-4169-3) is on the wrong path: first, the NASA History Division, Suite CO72, NASA HQ, by politicizing the question Washington, DC 20546. It is also available online at of space threats and, second, by continuing to believe http://history.nasa.gov/sp4543.pdf. that military domination in space is the only way to protect U.S. interests in space.

¢ WHAT WE’RE READING

I The Saturn V F-1 Engine, Powering I “Read You Loud and Clear” – The Story I Road to Mach 10: Lessons Learned Apollo into History, by Anthony Young of NASA’s Spaceflight Tracking and Data from the X-43A Flight Research Program, Network, by Sunny Tsiao by Curtis Peebles I Energiya-Buran: The Soviet Space Shuttle, by Bart Hendrickx and Bert Vis I Twilight War: The Folly of U.S. Space I Chasing Icarus: The Seventeen Days in Dominance, by Mike Moore 1910 That Forever Changed American I Preludes to U.S. Space-Launch Vehicle Aviation, by Gavin Mortimer Technology: Goddard Rockets to I Harnessing the Heavens: National Minuteman III, by J.D. Hunley Defense Through Space, by Paul G. I Truth, Lies, and O-Rings: Inside the Gillespie and Grant T. Weller Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster, by I U.S. Space-Launch Vehicle Technology: Allan J. McDonald and James R. Hansen Viking to Space Shuttle, by J.D. Hunley I On Space and Time, by Shahn Majid, Alain Connes, Michael Heller, and Roger A Passion for Mars: Intrepid Explorers I SpaceShipOne: An Illustrated History, I by Dan Linehan Penrose of the Red Planet, by Andrew Chaikin

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EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ REVIEW Well-researched narrative comes to life

By De Witt Douglas Kilgore her mind — through some very effective dream sequences uring the past half-century, stories about space — and shows her interactions with the human world exploration have been an important part of our around her. Critically, for the appreciation of the humans D visual culture. In cinema and comics spectacular among us, this story is not only about a heroic dog, but also tales of space exploration play a familiar role and ever those of the people whose dreams and ambitions bind them more visible role in popular entertainment. However, the to Laika and make her sacrifice necessary. great bulk of visual storytelling tends to ignore the actual The book opens with Sergei Korolev, the great archi- history of our efforts in tect of Soviet space flight, walking out of a Siberian gulag. either human or robotic His trek establishes the themes of imprisonment and space exploration. Nick release that characterize the novel. We also meet less Abadzis’ Laika (2007), a renowned figures as part of Abadzis’ central cast: Oleg graphic novel about the Georgivitch Gazenko, the head of the medical division first dog in space and her responsible for selecting and training the animals used in humans, helps redress the the Soviet space effort and Yelena Alexandrovna balance. Dubrovky, the lead dog-handler who attends to Laika’s Most Americans inter- rigorous training. Through their lives and interactions the ested in spaceflight will author gives us a world that is difficult and grim for the have some notion of the high and the low. Laika’s role is to sponsor those Soviet Union’s priority in moments of revelation and transcendence that can make producing a series of “firsts” life bearable for humans and canines. The reader is swept in space during the 1950s up into the narrative, learning something about the Soviet while the United States space program and of the very personal passions behind Laika lagged behind. However, its accomplishments. with the exception of a As a graphic novel Laika’s pictures are part of the By Nick Abadzis handful of serious space apparatus that tells the story. The Soviet Union of the 2007, 205p historians, we are generally 1950s is drawn as a grim and cramped place that is hard $17.95 innocent of the details. on people and dogs alike. Abadzis’ rumpled and unflatter- Why did the Soviet space ing portrayal is a far cry from the pristine and clean-lined (ISBN 978-1-59643-101-0) program use dogs instead of heroism available elsewhere. This approach makes the chimpanzees? What is the story he has to tell all the more effecting. Laika and her story behind Laika and her selection? How did the human associates rise from circumstances that are barren program of which she was a part fit into the scientific and and often desperate to reach previously unattainable technical — as well as the obvious political — goals of the goals. Their participation in the Soviet space program is Soviet space program? What was the human and personal both perilous and a release from prison. Thus the writer- cost of sending a living being into space, knowing that she artist recounts a very human triumph while not hiding its would not return? Abadzis poses answers to these ques- cost. Highly recommended. tions with an effecting and well-researched narrative. Managing the balance between creating Laika’s story De Witt Douglas Kilgore is an associate professor and that of her human confederates was obviously a diffi- of English at Indiana University and is the author of cult challenge but it is one that Abadzis pulls off. He does “Astrofuturism: Science, Race, and Visions of Utopia in this by resisting the cartoonish impulse of anthropomor- Space” (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003). Kilgore is phizing the dog: making her talk. Instead he takes us into also member of the AAS History Committee.

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JULY 2009 | ISSUE 8

¢ CALL FOR PAPERS

11th SpaceOps Conference First Space-Eco Symposium Abstracts and papers are being sought for the 11th Abstracts and papers are being sought for the first SpaceOps Conference in Huntsville, Ala., in April 2010. Space-Eco Symposium to be held in conjunction with the The SpaceOps 2010 conference organizing commit- International Conference on Space Applications in tee’s highest priority is to accept abstracts and papers that Toulouse, France, in June 2010. emphasize unique and innovative practices, technologies, The evolution of the global economy and the techni- and experiences from which others in the Space cal maturity of satellites and launchers have opened a Operations community will benefit.The abstract deadline new era of space exploitation. When considering how is Aug. 1 many nations have now acquired space-faring capabili- The SpaceOps Conference is a technical forum for ties, and how many nations or companies have the the space operations community that addresses state of- economical resources and the know-how to deploy and the art operations principles, methods, and tools. The operate space missions, it is certainly worthwhile consid- biennial event attracts engineers, technologists, scientists, ering space not only as a venture but also as a business. managers, and experts from space agencies, industry, and The Space-Eco Symposium wishes to cover as many academia. The scope is intended to cover all spaceflight aspects of the economy of space as possible. missions, including human and robotic, near Earth and The abstract deadline is Oct. 15. deep space. For more information, visit http://www.toulous- For more information, visit espaceshow.eu http://www.SpaceOps2010.org

Third International Conference Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly on Space Applications David Arnold, editor of Quest: Abstracts and papers are being sought for the third The History of Spaceflight International Conference on Space Applications in Quarterly, is seeking articles for Toulouse, France, in June 2010. publication. The Conference will provide an opportunity to The journal is published quar- demonstrate how new satellite-based services and appli- terly and is dedicated to the histo- cations are playing an increasing role in simplifying ry of spaceflight. Stories cover the everyday life for us all. This covers themes as diverse as people, projects and programs environmental management, health issues and economic that comprise the civil, military development. and commercial space programs The abstract deadline is Oct. 15. of the world. The Conference is aimed particularly at those who Articles submitted by amateur are engaged in developing new and innovative technolo- and professional historians are welcome. gies for the space sector, especially for applications For more about the journal, see http://www.space- designed for the general public, to allow them to share business.com/quest, or contact Arnold at: historyof- their experiences. It is also for all those who believe that [email protected]. Space is the key to resolving their technical and economic requirements, either alone or when combined with other technologies. To have requests for papers added to the For more information, visit http://www.toulous- AAS history committee’s newsletter, send announcements espaceshow.eu to: [email protected].

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EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ CALENDAR

2009 COURTESY NASA Apollo 11 40th anniversary events July 15 - Sept. 10 All events are open to the public unless otherwise noted. Ask an Expert Lecture Series July 16 Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C. Opening of the Apollo Treasures Gallery, a new exhibit at the Apollo/Saturn V Center www.nasm.si.edu/events/lectures/askanexpert.cfm 8 Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, Cape At the National Mall Building Canaveral, Florida July 15 Apollo 11 Command Module Columbia, By Must arrive by 10 a.m. to be processed through Visitor Allan Needell (Space History Division) Complex security and transported to the event site. July 22 Von Braun’s Giant: The Saturn V, By Michael Neufeld (Space History Division) NASA History Panel's Apollo 40th Anniversary Symposium At the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center 1 p.m. at NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C. July 16 What does all this Photography Show? Not open to the public. The discussion will air live on The AIL 1540 Light table and the IDEX II work NASA TV and be streamed at http://www.nasa.gov/ntv. Station, By James David (Space History Division) July 18 Aug. 13 The New Horizons Spacecraft and the Exploration of the Outer Solar System, By Fly Me to the Moon: A Community Roger Launius (Space History Division) Celebration of the First Lunar Landing Sept. 10 Measuring the Winds of Venus: the Vega 6-9 p.m. at the University of Houston-Clear Lake, Venus Atmospheric Balloon, By Cathleen Lewis Texas, UHCL’s Alumni Plaza and Liberty Park (Space History Division) July 19

Sept. 14-17 Moonfest 2009: From Apollo to LCROSS, and Beyond AIAA Space 2009 Conference & Exposition Noon to 6 p.m. at NASA Ames Research Center, Pasadena, California Mountain View, Calif. 8 http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=230&lumeetingid=2074 July 20 Oct. 12-16 Apollo 40th Anniversary News Conference 60th International Astronautical Congress 9:30-10:30 a.m. at NASA Headquarters in Washington (IAC) Not open to the public. The discussion will air live on Daejeon, Korea NASA TV and be streamed at http://www.nasa.gov/ntv. 8 http://www.iac2009.kr Apollo 40th Anniversary Educational Forum 2-3 p.m. at the Newseum, Washington, D.C. Oct. 20-21 Apollo 40th Anniversary Celebratory Reception 2nd Wernher Von Braun Memorial 8 p.m. at the National Air & Space Museum, Symposium Washington, D.C. Huntsville, Alabama Not open to the public. The program will air live on 8 http://astronautical.org/events/vonbraun NASA TV and be streamed at http://www.nasa.gov/ntv.

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JULY 2009 | ISSUE 8

¢ Spotlight

Steven J. Dick is an astronomer, author and historian. He has written extensively on the history of astrobiology, including “Life on Other Worlds: The 20th Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate” (1998). He has served as past president of the History of Astronomy Commission and International Astronomical Union. In 2006, Dick received the LeRoy E. Doggett Prize from the American Astronomical Society. Dick has served as NASA’s chief historian since 2003 and will be retiring this month. What are your specific interests in What are you currently working on space history? related to space history? I'm interested in all aspects of space I’ve just finished a paper on Steven J. history. As NASA chief historian I’ve “Exploration, Discovery and Culture: Dick tried to fill the many gaps, in particular by NASA’s Role in History” for the NASA Hometown: sponsoring book projects in the Earth and 50th anniversary volume. This paper Mt. Vernon, Indiana space sciences, and in areas such as life compares the Age of Space with the Age Resides in: sciences, NASA's international relations, of Discovery, and emphasizes the impor- Ashburn, Virginia tance of exploration for any society. A and deep space navigation. I’m also Education: second paper in press is “Cosmic particularly proud of the societal impact BA, Astrophysics, of spaceflight series we are publishing, Evolution: History, Culture and Human 1971, Indiana beginning with Societal Impact of Destiny,” for the Cosmos and Culture University; MA, volume. Another paper, “Space, Time and Spaceflight (2007), Cosmos and Culture (in PhD, History and Aliens: The Role of Imagination in Outer press) and Historical Studies in the Societal Philosophy of Space” will appear in a volume on Space Impact of Spaceflight (in press). My Science, 1977, and the Imagination, edited by Alexander personal research has centered around the Indiana University Geppert based on a meeting he convened history of astrobiology, most recently in in Germany. The latter paper also reveals The Living Universe: NASA and the another of my interests: science fiction. Development of Astrobiology (Rutgers University Press). Continued on next page ® “ I am hopeful that our societal impact of spaceflight studies will prove helpful in making the public and Congress realize the importance of space to the long- term future of our society and Q&A humanity in general. ” PAGE 8 WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG

EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ SPACE HISTORY ENCYCLOPEDIA

An update from Stephen Johnson, general editor: (plus) three overview articles, and then the remaining work to complete acronym defi- Initial discussions have begun with ABC- nitions, images, and other miscellaneous CLIO regarding the production process for items.” The remaining work is expected to the two-volume ABC-CLIO/American be completed by mid-August. Astronautical Society space history encyclo- The current publication date for the pedia project, Space Exploration and 845-page encyclopedia is January 2010. Humanity: A Historical Encyclopedia.

“We are done with the articles in all ® For more information about the ency- sections except for Civilian and Commercial clopedia, see the product fact sheet at Applications, where we have five to go, ABC-CLIO’s Web site.

Olaf Stapledon’s Star Maker and cations, well beyond the scientific. ® STEVEN J. DICK Last and First Men, and Arthur C. For more, see Cosmos and Continued from page 8 Clarke’s novels and his movie Culture! 2001: A Space Odyssey. I find How did you get interested science fiction a good stimulant What else would you like to in space history? whenever I get bogged down in share with us? the bureaucracy. Astronomy and space history As I head for retirement this are closely related, so having a Besides the first piloted summer, I am reminded that it has degree in astrophysics naturally been a great honor to serve as led to an interest in space history. lunar landing, what do you think was the most NASA chief historian for the last six years, particularly during so What are your favorite memorable moment in many important anniversaries: the space-related books, movies space history and why? 50th anniversaries of the Space and Web sites? The results from COBE Age, NASA, and , the 40th anniversaries of Apollo, and I’m partial to the NASA (Cosmic Background Explorer) so on. I am hopeful that our socie- History series! I think our series certainly have to rank high. COBE of Boris Chertok’s memoirs, (and its successor WMAP) tal impact of spaceflight studies Rockets and People, edited by Asif showed us that the Big Bang will prove helpful in making the Siddiqi, is an extraordinary contri- theory is correct, and that humans public and Congress realize the bution to the literature, as was his are the result of 13.7 billion years importance of space to the long- book Challenge to Apollo. I also of cosmic evolution. Not only did term future of our society and think Critical Issues in the History this result net NASA its first humanity in general. Like the of Spaceflight is a very useful Nobelist (John Mather), it also United States itself, NASA has volume as an entrée to space confirmed that cosmic evolution is some huge challenges in its imme- history literature and issues. In the master narrative of the diate future. How we address the area of science fiction, I’m universe. That has all kinds of them will affect the future of the partial to philosophical works like philosophical and religious impli- country for a long time to come.

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JULY 2009 | ISSUE 8

¢ AAS HISTORY SERIES: VOLUME 30

The latest volume in the AAS History Series includes proceedings of the 34th History Symposium of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) held in NOW ON SALE! Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2000. Seventeen papers are included by authors from several different countries. The papers cover a broad spectrum of subjects spanning several different time periods. The book is divided into four sections:

PART I Developing Space Countries Chapter 1: TeÛfilo M. Tabanera (1909-1981): The Divulger, by Oscar Fern·ndez-Brital and Miguel S·nchez-PeÒa; Chapter 2. Biological Studies in Animals Using Sounding Rockets, by Miguel S·nchez-PeÒa and Hugo F. L. Niotti; Chapter 3. Rocketry in Latin America in the 19th Century: A Historical Overview, by Frank H. Winter and Karlheinz Rohrwild; Chapter 4. Indian Space Endeavors: A Historical Perspective, by K. Kasturirangan, K. R. Sridhara Murthi, Mukund Rao, M. Y. S. Prasad and G. Madhavan Nair; Chapter 5. Rocket Weapons in Ancient China, by Lai-Chen Chien, Yu-Link Lee, Mei-Chen Lo and Yi-Lin Zhu. PART II Failure and Success: Lessons Learned for Everybody Volume 30 Chapter 6. Baikonur Tragedy, by L. V. Andreyev and S. N. Konyukhov; Chapter 7. Between a Rocket and a Hard Place: Episodes in the Evolution of History of Rocketry Launch Vehicle Technology, by Roger D. Launius and Lori B. Garver; and Astronautics Chapter 8. The True Beginnings of French Astronautics: 1938-1959 (Part II), Edited by Otfrid G. by Philippe Jung; Liepack, 2009, 346p. Chapter 9. Early History of Kagoshima Space Center, by Yasunori Matogawa; Hard Cover $80 Chapter 10. The Military Space Organization in the Soviet Union: 1946-1991, (ISBN 978-0-87703-549-7) by Christian Lardier; Soft Cover $60 Chapter 11. Rugged Efficiency: A History of French Liquid Rocket Engine (ISBN 978-0-87703-550-3) Developments from VÈronique to MS100, 1950-2000, by Christophe Rothmund and Jean-Philippe Girault; This book and others in Chapter 12. The Larger Solid Propellant Rocket Motors of the United the AAS History Series Kingdom, by John Harlow; (see next page) may be Chapter 13. History of the Department of Defense Space Test Program, by E. purchased directly from M. Sims. Univelt Inc. Call 760-746-4005 or fax PART III People and Society 760-746-3139 to place an Chapter 14. Czechs in Space, by Petr Bares and Marcel Grun; order. Chapter 15. Herman Potocnik Noordung: Slovenian Space Visionary, by Miloa Or write to: Univelt Inc., Krmelj; P.O. Box 28130, San Diego, Chapter 16. French Youth and Space Activities: A Historical Approach (1961- CA 92198; or e-mail 1966), by HervÈ Moulin. [email protected] PART IV In Memoriam Chapter 17. The First Soviet Space Flight Organizations, by B. V. Rauschenbach and V. N. Sokolsky. Illustrated.

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EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ AAS HISTORY SERIES

PREVIOUS VOLUMES Discounts Vol. 1 Two Hundred Years of Flight in America: A Bicentennial Survey, 1977, 326p, 1981, Hard $35; Soft $25. A 50% discount off list prices for all AAS History Series Vol. 2 Twenty-Five Years of the American Astronautical Society: Historical Reflections and Projections, 1954-1979, 1980, 248p, Hard $25; Soft $15. volumes is available for indi- vidual members of the: Vol. 3 Between Sputnik and the Shuttle: New Perspectives on American Astronautics, 1957-1980, 1981, 350p, Hard $40; Soft $30. I American Astronautical Society History Committee Vol. 4 The Endless Space Frontier: A History of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 1982, 460p, Hard $45. I International Academy of Astronautics History Study Vol. 5 Science Fiction and Space Futures: Past and Present, 1982, 278p, Hard $35; Soft $25. Group Vol. 6 First Steps Toward Space, 1986, 318p, Hard $45; Soft $35. Vol. 7 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1986, Part I, 250p, Part II, 502p, I Authors for books in which their articles appear sold as a set, Hard $100; Soft $80. Vol. 8 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1989, 368p, Hard $50; Soft $35. A 25% discount off list prices Vol. 9 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1989, 330p, Hard $50; Soft $35. for all AAS History Series Vol. 10 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1990, 330p, Hard $60; Soft $40. volumes is available for indi- Vol. 11 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1994, 236p, Hard $60; Soft $40. vidual members of the AAS, Vol. 12 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1991, 252p, Hard $60; Soft $40. AIAA, AAAF and: Vol. 13 History of Liquid Rocket Engine Development in the United States 1955- I The British Interplanetary 1980, 1992, 176p, Out of Print. Society Vol. 14 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1993, 222p, Hard $50; Soft $35. I The Deutsche Gesellschaft Vol. 15 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1993, 452p, Hard $60; Soft $40. für Luft und Raumfahrt Vol. 16 Out From Behind the Eight-Ball: A History of Project Echo, 1995, 176p, I The National Space Hard $50; Soft $30. Society Vol. 17 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1995, 480p, Hard $60; Soft $40. The Space Studies I Vol. 18 Organizing for the Use of Space: Historical Perspectives on a Persistent Institute Issue, 1995, 234p, Hard $60; Soft $40. The U.S. Space Foundation I Vol. 19 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1997, 318p, Hard $60; Soft $40. The Planetary Society I Vol. 20 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1997, 344p, Hard $60; Soft $40. I Individual members of any IAF Society may take the Vol. 21 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1997, 368p, Hard $60; Soft $40. same discount. Vol. 22 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1998, 418p, Hard $60; Soft $40. Vol. 23 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 2001, 566p, Hard $85; Soft $60 The AAS History Committee, Vol. 24 The Origins And Technology Of The Advanced Extra-Vehicular Space first under the leadership of Suit, 2001, 558p, Hard $85; Soft $60. Eugene M. Emme, NASA Vol. 25 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 2003, 370p, Hard $85; Soft $60. historian, established the AAS Vol. 26 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 2005, 430p, Hard $95; Soft $70. History Series of books in 1977 Vol. 27 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 2007, 416p, Hard $95; Soft $70. to dedicate the continued Vol. 28 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 2007, 560p, Hard $95; Soft $70. pursuit and broader apprecia- Vol. 29 Space Shuttle Main Engine: The First Twenty Years and Beyond, 2008, tion of the full history of flight 270p, Hard $70; Soft 50. in American history and its global influence. For more information about the AAS History Series, visit Univelt’s Web site.

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JULY 2009 | ISSUE 8

page 16 for his comments. ¢ MEMBER ACTIVITIES DONALD C. ELDER | [email protected] + CHAIRMAN I had a manuscript accepted for publication by MICHAEL L. CIANCONE | [email protected] + the University of Iowa Press. It is tentatively titled, I have completed my editorial responsibilities ‘Where Are You Now, My Love?’ The Diary and for the Space and Society area of the ABC- Letters of Mary Kemper Vermilion, 1855-1870. CLIO/AAS space history encyclopedia project. Earlier this year, I completed editing the papers JOAN JOHNSON-FREESE [email protected] | + from the IAA History Symposium at the 2002 I recently traveled to Shanghai and Beijing at the World Space Congress (Houston, Texas) in my invitation of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences capacity as volume editor for the Univelt AAS to discuss my 2007 book, Space as A Strategic Asset, History Series and forwarded the material to the which had been translated into Chinese, and my new series editor. I look forward to a busy summer as a book, Heavenly Ambitions, America’s Quest to member of the Constellation Program safety review Dominate Space, released May 22. panel (my day job).

R. CARGILL HALL | [email protected] MATTHEW BILLE [email protected] + | + I submitted two book reviews to Space Times I am coauthoring a paper on the technological magazine: Twilight War, the Folly of U.S. Space ancestry of DARPA’s F6 “fractionated satellite” Dominance (by Mike Moore), and A History of program, tracing the evolution of the concept’s attrib- Hypersonics (by T.A. Heppenheimer). I am current- utes (networking, distributed computing, etc.) from ly working on a brief history of U.S. unmanned the first satellites of the 1950s to the present. The aerial vehicles. paper will be the lead presentation in the lead session of the Conference on Small Satellites in August. DR. STEPHEN B. JOHNSON | [email protected] + JAMES BUSBY [email protected] Johnson is general editor of the ABC- | + CLIO/AAS space history encyclopedia project. A bit of Downey news here: Our first book is in Please see page 9 for his comments. stores now. From Alameda Press: “Downey’s Aerospace History; 1947-1999” by Gerald Blackburn DR. DE WITT DOUGLAS KILGORE [email protected] and the Aerospace Legacy Foundation. ISBN 978-0- | + 7385-6953-6. During this past year I have presented papers at the Science Fiction Research Association, the International Conference for the Fantastic in the TIMOTHY M. CHAMBERLIN [email protected] | + Arts, and the Society for Literature, Science and the I wrote an article for Space Times magazine Arts. These presentations have been devoted to about special advisory bodies appointed by presi- advancing my current research in the search for dents to offer NASA guidance with carrying out extraterrestrial intelligence and its presence in policy directives. The article is slated for the American cultural history. I am also examining the July/August issue. social and political conversations inspired by alter- nate histories of the American Civil War. DR. STEVEN J. DICK | [email protected] + DR. ROGER D. LAUNIUS Dick is retiring as NASA chief historian. Please | [email protected] + see the “Spotlight” column on pages 8-9. Along with Andrew K. Johnston of the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, I have published STEPHEN E. DOYLE | [email protected] + the Smithsonian Atlas of Space Exploration (New Doyle attended a memorial service last month York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2009). for Eilene Galloway. Please see the “Obituaries” on Continued on next page ®

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EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ 2008 EMME AWARD NOMINATIONS

An update from Mike Ciancone: August its review of books that were Award schedule. Nominations for the 2008 Emme submitted for consideration. We will This annual award recognizes an Award closed in March. present the Award to the author of outstanding book that advances Publishers of nominated titles the selected title at the AAS National public understanding of astronautics. were subsequently contacted to Conference and Annual Meeting in It rewards originality, scholarship provide review copies, which are Houston in December. and readability. now in hand by members of the One change to note since last The 2007 award was presented to review panel. year is that the panel is now taking Michael Neufeld for Wernher von It has been heartening to see the the opportunity to publicly recognize Braun: Dreamer of Space, increased interest in the Emme Emme Award finalists, not just the Engineer of War (Knopf). Award over the past few years, as winner. In addition, we have refined evidenced by the incredible response the Award Web site to provide rate from publishers. greater clarity on the types of books The complete list of past recipients The panel expects to complete by considered for the Award, and the is available on the AAS Web site.

MEMBER ACTIVITIES communities fully integrate history and communi- ® cation. This summer we designed a new one—U.S. Continued from page 12 History Since 1945 with Group Communication— that had a space history component. The students DR. OTFRID LIEPACK [email protected] | + had to apply Group Communication concepts to I have finished editing the proceedings from the historical situations such as the Space Race, Apollo IAA History Symposium of the 2003 International 13, and Challenger/Morton Thiokol. Astronautical Congress (IAC) in Bremen, Germany, for which I am serving as volume editor (as part the DR. RICK W. STURDEVANT [email protected] | + AAS History Series). These proceedings contain I am currently working on my portion of the memoirs and technical papers, and reports from Air Force Space Command annual history; reading Boris Chertok, Fred Ordway, Philippe Jung and J. books nominated for the 2008 Emme Award; editing Harlow about Germany’s contributions to post- three IAA History Symposia volumes for submis- World War II rocket programs in the Soviet Union, sion to Univelt, Inc.; composing papers for presen- United States, France and Great Britain. Chertok’s tation at the AIAA Space Symposium in Pasadena personal memories are featured. and the Western Historical Association conference in Denver this autumn; reviewing four books for GIDEON MARCUS [email protected] | + two different journals, and continuing to serve on I am currently working on the next several arti- the Quest editorial board and High Frontier staff. cles in the Space Technology Laboratories series. They will cover Explorer 6 through . I FRANK H. WINTER [email protected] | + have also revamped my STL online archive with I co-authored the paper “The XLR-99 Pioneer hundreds of documents and photographs, most Rocket Engine — Powering the X-15 Rocket Plane into exclusive to that site. Air and Space” with Philippe Cosyn to be presented at the 60th International Astronautical Federation KATHERINE SCOTT STURDEVANT | Congress in Deajon, Republic of Korea, Oct. 12-16. I [email protected] + also co-authored the paper “The Plug Nozzle Applied As a History Professor at Pikes Peak to Rocket Engines: A History” with Charles Ehresman Community College, I team-teach some of my class- to be presented at the 45th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE es with a colleague in Communication. Our learning Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Aug. 2-5.

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JULY 2009 | ISSUE 8

¢ CONTACT INFORMATION (+

MICHAEL L. CIANCONE, STEPHEN E. DOYLE DR. STEPHEN B. DR. TREVOR C. SORENSEN CHAIR Shingle Springs, CA JOHNSON Hawaii Space Flight NASA Johnson Space Center 916-638-7967 National Institute for Science, Laboratory Houston, TX [email protected] Space, and Security Centers University of Hawaii at Manoa 281-483-8848 University of Colorado Honolulu, HI [email protected] DR. DONALD C. ELDER at Colorado Springs 808-721-9374 History Department Larkspur, CO [email protected] JAMES R. KIRKPATRICK Eastern New Mexico University 719-487-9833 (home office) (Ex Officio) Portales, NM 719-238-8244 (cell) KATHERINE SCOTT Executive Director 575-562-2438 [email protected] STURDEVANT American Astronautical Society 575-562-2601 (direct) Professor of History Springfield, VA [email protected] DR. De WITT DOUGLAS Communication, Humanities, and 703-866-0020 KILGORE Technical Studies Division [email protected] JOAN JOHNSON-FREESE Department of English Rampart Range Campus of Pikes National Security Decision Making Indiana University Peak Community College MATTHEW BILLE Department Bloomington, IN Colorado Springs, CO Booz Allen Hamilton Naval War College 812-323-7972 719-502-3146 Colorado Springs, CO Newport, RI [email protected] [email protected] 719-387-2062 401 841 3540 719-648-4121 (cell) [email protected] DR. ROGER D. LAUNIUS DR. RICK W. STURDEVANT [email protected] Division of Space History Air Force Space Command R. CARGILL HALL Smithsonian Institution AFSPC/HO JAMES BUSBY Arlington, TX Washington, DC Peterson AFB, CO Downey, CA 817-478-3893 202-633-2428 719-554-3081 310-464-7445 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ROBERT JACOBS DR. OTFRID LIEPACK FRANK H. WINTER TIMOTHY M. CHAMBERLIN Univelt Incorporated Tujunga, CA Washington, DC Talala, OK San Diego, CA 818-393-7988 703-249-8336 918-581-8343, 918-633-0585 (cell) 760-746-4005 818-653-4935 (cell) [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.frankhwinter.com

DR. STEVEN J. DICK GIDEON MARCUS NASA History Office Vista, CA Washington, DC 760-630-6849 202-358-0383 [email protected] [email protected]

HISTORY COMMITTEE GOALS FOR 2009

I Work with Univelt, Inc., to publish three volumes in the AAS I Assess the AAS History Committee charter and implement History Series, plus an Index of IAA History Series papers, 1967- recommendations of the Doyle Working Group. Completed! 2000, which was prepared by the IAA History Study Group. I Publish three editions of Explorer. Complete work on the ABC-CLIO/AAS space history encyclo- I I Provide Space Times and other publications with six book pedia. reviews. Assemble a list of astronautical publications from 2008 and I I Initiate the compilation of college-level space history courses make this list widely available. Completed! and programs available nationally, eventually to include sample I Select the recipient of the 2008 Emme Award for Astronautical syllabi and other information. Literature.

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EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

Unique moments inlooking the history of rocketry andback astronautics

COURTESY NASA Apollo’s three amigos

Apollo 11 astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins, wearing sombreros and ponchos, are swarmed in Mexico City as their motorcade is slowed by the enthusiastic crowd. In the fall of 1969 after their mission, the astronauts visited more than two dozen countries and cities in about a month as part of the Giantstep-Apollo 11 Presidential Goodwill Tour. The cities included Bogota (Columbia), Rome (Italy) and Las Palmas (Canary Islands).

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JULY 2009 | ISSUE 8

¢ OBITUARIES Eilene Galloway, renowned space law expert

By Stephen Doyle n May 2, just two days shy of her 103rd birthday, Memorial for Eilene Galloway Eilene Marie Galloway died of cancer. Galloway was a renowned authority on nation- The family of Eilene Galloway hosted a memorial O service June 6 at the Cosmos Club in Washington, D.C. al and international space law and policy; an exemplary, dedicated public servant; a beloved teacher, adviser and Family members, friends and professional associates — counselor; a tireless and productive researcher, scholar, more than 100 people from Europe, California and the and writer; a philanthropist, and a charming, witty, Washington, D.C. area — insightful, gracious and happy lady, who had friends and shared their memories of admirers all over the world. Galloway. Galloway was as comfortable visiting and advising in Galloway’s surviving the highest offices of government as she was in a class- son, Jonathan, provided a room full of students. She had thoughtful, profound detailed history of signifi- advice and entertaining anecdotes for students and cant events in his mother’s national leaders alike, drawn from the extraordinary life. experiences of her life. In the tradition of a On a visit to China in the 1990s, Galloway was taken Quaker prayer session, by car to the vicinity of the Great Wall. There she members of the assembly spoke in turn reflecting on encountered passing groups of Chinese tourists who were Galloway their relationships with as awe-stricken by this 90-year old sojourner from abroad Galloway, her assistance to them, her humor, and her as they were to see their own Great Wall. She found their contributions and encouragements to many young reverence of her age remarkable. She said she hadn’t done people during the beginning of their careers. a thing to earn her age, it had just crept up on her! Galloway was remembered with love, admiration, Galloway was a world traveler who appeared at and deep sorrow by all who spoke. conferences, symposia and workshops around the globe — Stephen Doyle convened to address space law and policy issues. She is referred to as the matriarch of space law in the United States because of her involvement in its development for five decades. Galloway earned a bachelor’s degree in political Also... science in 1928 from Swarthmore College where she Paul Haney, chief of public affairs for NASA’s Manned taught until 1930. She worked for the Federal Emergency Spacecraft Center in Houston during the Gemini and Relief Administration from 1934-35; served as assistant Apollo programs, died May 28 after battling melanoma for chief of the Information Section, Division of Special more than two years. Haney’s reports during space Information, Library of Congress, from 1941-43 and as flights, which were fed to broadcast television viewers, editor of abstracts from 1943-51; served as a national earned him the distinction of being the “voice of Mission defense analyst from 1951-57; and as a specialist in national Control.” defense from 1957-66. She was a specialist in international relations (for Richard Booton, Space Technology Laboratories’ national security) at the Congressional Research Service communications manager for the Able programs and from 1966-75, where she became a consultant in interna- architect of the first global tracking network, died Jan. 28 tional space activities. after a heart bypass operation and two strokes.

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EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

g Special note THE AMERICAN ASTRONAUTICAL SOCIETY (AAS) The NASA History News and Notes newsletter is available online at HISTORY COMMITTEE CHARTER http://history.nasa.gov/nltrc.pdf

Previous editions of the NASA History The AAS History Committee was established to stimulate historical research News and Notes newsletter are in and teaching, publication, and preservation of the history of astronautics available in pdf and html format at http://history.nasa.gov/histnews.htm while encouraging interest and scholarship in and appreciation of the history of astronautics. American Astronautical Society Activities of the Committee include, but are not limited to, recommending ¬America’s network of space topics for and coordination of and participation in meetings addressing histor- professionals ical subjects; encouraging publication papers, articles, and books on topics in ¬Network, not just an organization the history of astronautics; and providing recognition and prizes for signifi- ¬Space professionals, technical and cant historical achievements in astronautics. non-technical In addition the Committee collaborates with other historically oriented Dedicated to advancing groups and organizations, including the history groups of the American all space activities Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), the International Academy ¬Solely to space of Astronautics (IAA), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ¬To helping the people, the profession (NASA), the (ESA), the Smithsonian Institution , the and the enterprise flourish To harnessing the energy and New Mexico Museum of Space History at Alamogordo, the Huntington capability¬ of our members to make a Museum, and other such institutions and organizations. difference!

Concerning publication activities, a subcommittee annually reviews new 6352 Rolling Mill Place books on topics in astronautics and selects recipients of the Emme Award for Suite 102 Springfield, VA 22152-2354 Astronautical Literature, which recognizes outstanding publications that advance public understanding of the effects of astronautics on society. The Email: [email protected] Phone: Committee collaborates closely with the IAA History Study Group in the edit- 703-866-0020 | 703-866-3526

ing and publication of the proceedings of IAA Historical Symposia in the AAS The American Astronautical Society’s History Series. In addition, the Committee coordinates the review by History Committee publishes Explorer three times a year. To receive Explorer Committee members of books of potential interest to the AAS membership in via e-mail, send a message to general and the spaceflight history community in particular. [email protected]. You will receive confirmation that your e-mail address has been added to the AAS History Committee’s electronic e-mail list for the newsletter.

Previous issues of this newsletter are available at the American Astronautical Society’s Web site. Please visit www.astronautical.org/committees/history On the horizon Tim Chamberlin is editor and designer of Explorer. He welcomes comments about the content and format of this What the History Committee has in the works for newsletter. Send comments to [email protected]. its next newsletter New AAS History Series volume We preview Volume 31 (Index of IAA History Series), the latest covering the proceedings of the annual History Symposium of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA).

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