Transactions of the Kansas Vol. 119, no. 3 Academy of Science p. 325-335 (2016)

Kansas freshwater mussel populations of the upper Saline and Smoky Hill rivers with emphasis on the status of the Cylindrical Papershell (Anodontoides ferussacianus) Bryan J. Sowards, Ryan L. Pinkall, Weston L. Fleming, Jordan R. Hofmeier and William J. Stark Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas [email protected]

The Cylindrical Papershell (Anodontoides ferussacianus) is a fast-growing, short-lived freshwater mussel that occurs throughout the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada but appears to be declining in portions of its range. Its distribution in Kansas, once encompassing most of the Kansas and Missouri river basins, is now limited to the upper Saline and Smoky Hill rivers in the west-central portion of the state. We qualitatively surveyed freshwater mussels at 19 sites on both the Saline and Smoky Hill rivers, with emphasis on assessing the status of A. ferussacianus. We collected 28 live mussels in the Saline River, including eight A. ferussacianus, and 503 live mussels in the Smoky Hill River, including 12 A. ferussacianus. We also estimated mussel density at five sites with the highest relative abundances of A. ferussacianus. Densities of A. ferussacianus ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 individuals per m2. Most A. ferussacianus were collected in run habitats near riffles, beaver dams, and lowhead dams. In addition to A. ferussacianus, we collected three other mussel species in the Saline River, and six other species in the Smoky Hill River. Total mussel density ranged from 0.08 to 0.13 individuals per m2 at sites in the Saline River, and 0.48 to 2.00 individuals per m2 at sites in the Smoky Hill River.

Keywords: Cylindrical Papershell, Anodontoides ferussacianus, Smoky Hill River, Saline River, freshwater mussels, Kansas

Introduction 2000), and the use of riparian buffers and other conservation measures have further improved North America is home to about 300 species stream conditions in some areas (Devlin of freshwater mussels, but 72% are considered 2000). Regulations on mussel harvest also endangered, threatened, or of conservation have resulted in increased mussel densities concern (Williams et al. 1993; Master et al. and recruitment within mussel sanctuaries 2000). This considerable decline is attributed to on the Verdigris River (Miller and Lynott various factors including stream impoundment, 2006; Angelo et al. 2009). Nevertheless, these overharvest, sedimentation and high nutrient improvements have occurred on small spatial loading, and zebra mussel invasion (Ricciardi, and temporal scales and populations of many Neves, and Rasmussen 1998; Dean et al. Kansas mussel species continue to decline. 2002; Watters and Flaute 2010). In western Kansas, dewatering of streams by agricultural Streams in the Great Plains are inhospitable to and urban water withdrawal exacerbates many aquatic organisms (Dodds et al. 2004; the survival of many species (Angelo et Hoke 2005). These streams are characterized al. 2009). Legislation such as the Federal by longer stretches of intermittent flow than Water Pollution Control Act (1972) and the streams in other ecoregions which exaggerates Groundwater Management District Act (2004) flood events and periods of stream drying of Kansas have improved water quality and (Dodds et al. 2004). Aquatic organisms often, slowed groundwater declines (Sophocleous if not annually, must recolonize dry stream 326 Sowards, Pinkall, Fleming, Hofmeier and Stark

Figure 1. Study area and survey site locations on the Saline and Smoky Hill rivers in Ellis (left) and Russell (right) counties, Kansas. beds and stream beds scoured by large, less life. Widespread landscape changes from native frequent flood events. Freshwater mussels prairie to agriculture have altered the prairie have low vagility and rely on host fish for stream landscape. Decline estimates of native dispersal. Consequently, these mussels will mixed-grass prairie range from 30% in Texas to likely recolonize only if upstream refugia 99% in Manitoba (Samson and Knopf 1994). The exist in permanent pools and if populations shift in land use has led to pollution, hydrologic occur downstream. These refugia must disturbance, and physical stream modifications be suitable for, and contain, mussels and (Dodds et al. 2004). Fragmentation due to their host fish. Furthermore, many of these lowhead dams is common in the Great Plains and streams are characterized by shallow, braided undoubtedly exacerbates these disturbances and channels with deep, shifting sand substrates. in several cases has led to decreases in mussel These substrates make life more difficult for species richness (Dean et al. 2002, Angelo et al. freshwater mussels that require anchorage in 2009, Waters and Flaute 2010, Tiemann et al. the stream bottom. Few mussel populations 2016). Dams cause siltation upstream, creating have adaptations that allow for survival and unsuitable conditions for most mussel species, reproduction in these systems. and inundate suitable habitat downstream. Furthermore, fragmentation creates barriers to Anthropogenic changes to Great Plains recolonization of mussel species by limiting the watersheds have further exacerbated these natural dispersal of host fish. Despite landscape-level conditions and added new pressures on aquatic changes, Ogallala Aquifer reductions, and climate Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 119(3-4), 2016 327 change, some freshwater mussels persist, albeit (Obermeyer 1996; Bergman 1998). In 1998, accompanied by range contractions (Angelo et the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and al. 2009). Those species that remain are more Tourism (KDWPT) collected one weathered adapted to intermittent flows and hearty enough to valve in the Wolf River in northeastern Kansas, mitigate, at least temporarily, for land use changes. a tributary to the Missouri River. There have been no recent collections of A. ferussacianus The Cylindrical Papershell (Anodontoides in the Marais des Cygnes basin (KDWPT, ferussacianus) occurs throughout the north- unpublished data). Recent studies suggest that central United States and southern Canada. it is now restricted to the Smoky Hill-Saline Kansas represents the southwestern-most drainage but might have declined in that edge of the species’ range. Anodontoides system as well. It was one of the most common ferussacianus has several traits that allow it to bivalves in the Smoky Hill River in Trego, survive in the dynamic aquatic habitats of the Ellis, and Russell counties in the early 1980s Great Plains. The species is a host generalist (Hoke 1997), but recent collections in the that releases glochidia in mucus strands that Smoky Hill and Saline rivers in the late 1990s entangle fishes indiscriminately (Hove et al. yielded only two live specimens (Obermeyer 1995; Hove et al. 1997; Watters 1995; Watters 1996; Bergman 1998). 2008). This strategy reduces reliance on a single fish species and many of the confirmed The notable decline of A. ferussacianus in host species are relatively common in Kansas Kansas has led to the species being listed as streams; albeit host fish suitability has not been a “Species in Need of Conservation” by the specifically tested for this species in Kansas. KDWPT. The objective of this study was to Additionally, it is fast-growing and short- evaluate the status of A. ferussacianus by lived (to seven years), which might allow it determining the presence of live specimens in to adapt quickly to unstable habitats (Watters the Saline and Smoky Hill rivers, calculating et al. 2009). Despite these adaptations and relative abundance at historical collection sites the species’ relative security in other parts and additional sites throughout the historical of its range, A. ferussacianus has declined range of these two rivers, and calculating dramatically in Kansas over the last 100 years site-specific density information at a subset due to widespread stream degradation. of survey sites. The study also provided an opportunity to compare current mussel Historically, A. ferussacianus was present in assemblages in the Saline and Smoky Hill much of the Kansas River system, including rivers to previous surveys. Knowledge of the Big Blue, Republican, Smoky Hill-Saline, both historical (Angelo et al. 2009) and recent and Solomon river basins, and in other parts of changes are integral for a better understanding the Missouri River system in Kansas (Angelo of the urgency to protect these mussels. et al. 2009). Recently, only weathered and subfossil valves have been collected from the Methods Big Blue River system (Obermeyer 1996; Bergman 1998; Hoke 2005). No live or fresh- Sampling sites. We surveyed mussel dead valves have been collected from the populations in the Saline and Smoky Hill rivers Solomon River in recent years (Obermeyer in Ellis and Russell counties, Kansas (Fig. 1). 1996; Hoke 1997; Bergman 1998). In 1990, The Saline and Smoky Hill rivers flow in an Hoke (1997) observed live A. ferussacianus easterly direction across western Kansas before in two tributaries to the Republican River in joining the Kansas River near Junction City, southwestern Nebraska but no live or fresh- Kansas. These rivers are mostly intermittent dead valves have been collected from this or ephemeral west of Ellis County. Cedar river or its tributaries in Kansas in recent years Bluff and Kanopolis reservoirs are the only 328 Sowards, Pinkall, Fleming, Hofmeier and Stark

Figure 2. Quantitative sampling at site SH-12 on the Smoky Hill River during Aug. 2011. Field technicians are (from left to right) Kyle Broadfoot, Ryan Pinkall, Jordan Voss, and Bryan Sowards. reservoirs on the Smoky Hill River. Cedar Bluff Nineteen sites were qualitatively surveyed on Reservoir is just upstream of Ellis County, and each river from April 2011 to August 2011 Kanopolis Reservoir is just downstream of (Figure 1). Sample locations were selected Russell County. Located upstream of our study based on available access and proximity to sites, Cedar Bluff Reservoir is for public water historical observations of live specimens use and minimal discharge, commonly zero in (Obermeyer 1996; Hoke 1997; Bergman 1998). drought years, is released downstream to the Smoky Hill River. Wilson Reservoir is located Survey method. Timed searches by hand- in Russell County and is the only reservoir on grubbing for mussels were conducted at each the Saline River. These reservoirs have not site and encompassed all wadeable habitats. been searched for freshwater mussels and we Sites ranged from 100 to 500 m based on decided to exclude them in the survey, however available water. Timed searches ranged from anecdotal evidence suggests few mussel species 2 to 7 effort hours per site based on the wetted occur within the reservoirs. Several low-water area and evidence of A. ferussacianus available structures are present in both rivers. Land use at the site. Live mussels were identified to in the watershed is a mixture of grassland species, counted, and returned to the location (51.0%), row-crop agriculture (47.0%), and where they were collected. Empty valves were woodland (1.1%) (KDASC, 2008). In Ellis counted and their condition recorded (fresh and Russell counties, the Saline and Smoky dead, recent, weathered, or relic). Dead valves Hill rivers are shallow, low-flow streams with of A. ferussacianus were retained as voucher irregular high-flow events. specimens and are housed at the Sternberg Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 119(3-4), 2016 329

Table 1. Qualitative results from 19 sites on both the Saline and Smoky Hill rivers. Total live mussels collected and CPUE (catch per person hour) by species on both rivers during 2011. An * denotes a species represented by recent shell material but not live individuals.

Museum of Natural History, Fort Hays State hand (Fig. 2) to a depth of 10 cm and examined University, Hays, Kansas. Macrohabitat types over a 5-mm wire-mesh sieve. Live mussels were classified (Hawkins et al. 1993) for areas were identified to species and returned to the where live A. ferussacianus were collected. substrate. We classified macrohabitat types as This provided mostly anecdotal descriptions of in qualitative surveys for quadrats where live mussel locales. Relative abundance as catch per mussels were collected. This provided mostly person hour (catch per unit effort, CPUE) and anecdotal descriptions of mussel locales. species richness were calculated for each site. Density of individuals per m2 was calculated for each site. Quantitative sampling was conducted at sites with the highest relative abundance of Historical and recent changes in mussel species A. ferussacianus and overall richness of live were assessed within similar stretches of the mussels as determined from qualitative samples. Saline and Smoky Hill rivers. We accomplished Two sites on the Saline River (SR-8 and SR-16) this through a literature review of studies and three sites on the Smoky Hill River (SH- focused within Ellis and Russell counties. 11, SH-12, and SH-17) were surveyed. At each Historical changes were based on the Angelo et location, mean stream width was calculated al. (2009) study that included surveys from the from 10 wetted-width measurements at 10-m Kansas Department of Health and Environment, intervals. The mean width was divided into 1000 KDWPT, and localized research projects. to determine the site length, which yielded a Recent comparisons were based on Hoke’s 1000-m2 grid encompassing the site (Wolf and (1997) surveys in the early 1980s, Bergman Stark 2008). For example, a site with a mean (1998) and Obermeyer’s (1996) surveys in wetted width of 1 m would have been 1,000 m the late 1990s, and the current study. Angelo long whereas a site with a mean wetted width of et al. (2009) provided detailed accounts of 10 m would have been 100 m long. A random historical changes within these rivers and number generator was used to select 40 1-m2 included weathered and relict valves; therefore, quadrats within the site (Wolf and Stark 2008). we included only live, fresh-dead, and recent Substrate was removed from each quadrat by valves to assess recent changes. 330 Sowards, Pinkall, Fleming, Hofmeier and Stark

Table 2. Quantitative results from the Saline River. Total live mussels collected and density (individuals per m2) by species and two sites on the Saline River, Kansas during 2011. Sites are as labeled on Figure 1.

Results subrostrata, and Uniomerus tetralasmus were represented only by dead, empty valves. We In the Saline River, hand-grubbing produced collected 12 live A. ferussacianus in the Smoky five species, including 28 live individuals in Hill River. Quadrula quadrula represented a total of 50.25 search hours (Table 1). Only 86.9% of all mussels collected. Catch per unit four of the five species were represented by effort of live mussels ranged from 0.00 to 20.50 live individuals as Pyganodon grandis was (mean = 7.57). Anodontoides ferussacianus represented only by dead, empty valves. represented 28.6% and 2.4% of the live mussels We collected eight live A. ferussacianus in collected in the Saline River and Smoky Hill the Saline River. Quadrula quadrula and A. River, respectively, but CPUE was similar ferussacianus were the most frequently collected between rivers (Saline = 0.16, Smoky Hill = species and represented 57.1% and 28.6%, 0.18; Table 1). The greatest numbers of live respectively, of all mussels collected. Catch per A. ferussacianus, three individuals each, were unit effort of live mussels among sites ranged collected at sites SR-16, SH-12, and SH-17 from 0.00 to 2.50 (mean = 0.56). Nine species, near pools immediately downstream of man- including 503 individuals, were collected in a made dams and beaver pilings (Figure 1). The total of 66.47 search hours in the Smoky Hill remaining individuals were collected in non- River (Table 1). Toxolasma parvus, Ligumia turbulent runs.

Table 3. Quantitative results, Smoky Hill River: Total live mussel catch and density (individuals per m2) by species and three sites on the Smoky Hill River, Kansas during 2011. Sites labeled on Figure 1. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 119(3-4), 2016 331

Quadrat surveys further documented mussels low-head dam, and three in runs downstream of as rare in the Saline River. Eight live mussels riffle habitats. Individuals were collected in run representing two species (A. ferussacianus and habitats at depths of 0.15 to 0.35 m. Individuals Q. quadrula) were collected in 80 quadrats, of A. ferussacianus in the Smoky Hill River but only one live A. ferussacianus (0.01 per were collected at depths ranging from of 0.05 m2) was collected, at SR-16 (Table 2). In to 0.35 m. At site SH-12, four A. ferussacianus the Smoky Hill River, 120 live individuals individuals were collected immediately upstream representing six species were collected in 120 and downstream of a series of beaver dams in the quadrats (Table 3). Leptodea fragilis was the narrow channels of run habitat. In addition, two most abundant species overall (0.54 per m2) in juveniles were collected within the beaver pools. the Smoky Hill River, but was rare at SH-11 and absent at SH-17. Quadrula quadrula was Previous studies (Obermeyer 1996; Hoke the only species present in quantitative samples 1997; Bergmann 1998) in the Saline River at all sites, and it dominated the assemblage documented five species within Ellis and at SH-11. Anodontoides ferussacianus was Russell counties. These species included A. present at an overall density of 0.03 per m2 in ferussacianus, P. grandis, Q. quadrula, T. sites on the Smoky Hill River. parvus, and U. tetralasmus (Table 4). Surveys collected older shell material for Lampsilis We documented macrohabitat use for A. siliquoidea, Lampsilis teres, and Tritogonia ferussacianus during both qualitative and verrucosa just downstream from the focus quantitative survey methods. Anodontoides area (Angelo et al. 2009) and might represent ferussacianus from the Saline River were additional historic occurrences for this area of collected in variable macrohabitats but four the Saline River. Lasmigona complanata, live were collected in run habitats downstream of a and recent valves, were collected downstream of Table 4. Historical and recent occurrence of unionid mussels from the Saline and Smoky Hill rivers in Ellis and Russell counties. Historical taxa are from Angelo et. al (2009) and represent historical species that likely occurred within the study area. X = species present as live or recent shell material in more recent surveys. An * refers to actual years of collection and not the publication date. An ** denotes new collections not represented in historic literature. An *** denotes historic taxa collected near but just outside of study area. 332 Sowards, Pinkall, Fleming, Hofmeier and Stark

Wilson Reservoir (Angelo et al. 2009) and might aggregations, frequently in stable, gravel also represent a historic occurrence upstream substrates which are generally absent from in the focus area. We collected two of the the Saline River. No mussel aggregations eight (25%) historically occurring species and were encountered within the Saline River. collected two additional species (L. fragilis and The deep, shifting sand of the Saline River Potamilus ohiensis) not previously documented might be unsuitable for stable aggregations of in this stretch of the Saline River. Hoke’s (1997) freshwater mussels. Although in low numbers, surveys in the early 1980s collected recent A. ferussacianus was present in both rivers. evidence for only U. tetralasmus within this stretch of the Saline River. Bergmann (1998) and Anodontoides ferussacianus occurred at Obermeyer’s (1996) surveys in the later 1990s low densities and relative abundances, collected recent evidence for A. ferussacianus representing 27.0% and 2.6% of the mussel and Q. quadrula. Previous studies in the Smoky fauna of the Saline River and Smoky Hill Hill River documented 13 species within Ellis River, respectively. This is consistent with other and Russel counties. These species included surveys that also report A. ferussacianus as a A. ferussacianus, L. teres, L. complanata, L. small relative percentage of mussel assemblages fragilis, L. subrostrata, P. ohiensis, P. grandis, (Strayer and Fetterman 1999; Metcalfe-Smith Quadrula pustulosa, Q. quadrula, Strophitus et al. 2003; Mohler et al. 2006; Lyons et al. undulatus, T. parvus, U. tetralasmus, and 2007), but it can be common in some areas Utterbackia imbecillis (Table 4). Surveys (Krebs et al. 2010a; Krebs et al. 2010b). collected older shell material for Fusconaia Too few A. ferussacianus were collected flava, L. siliquoidea, Obovaria olivaria, and during quantitative surveys to discern habitat T. verrucosa just downstream from the focus associations; however, the species was collected area (Angelo et al. 2009) and might represent most often in run habitats near barriers, such as additional historic occurrences for this area of beaver dams and shallow riffles. Although these the Smoky Hill River. We collected seven of the structures reduce flows downstream they might 17 (41%) historically observed species. Hoke’s also create host fish aggregations and are the (1997) surveys in the early 1980s collected only available habitat during severe droughts, recent evidence for three of the 17 (18%) species which might explain the higher frequency of including A. ferussacianus, P. ohiensis, and Q. A. ferussacianus collections in these habitats. quadrula. Bergmann (1998) and Obermeyer’s There is little doubt that unreliable flows in (1996) surveys in the later 1990s collected these two rivers are impacting freshwater recent evidence for five of the 17 (29%) species mussels. Mussels, including A. ferussacianus, including A. ferussacianus, P. ohiensis, P. continue to persist despite these concerns as grandis, Q. quadrula, and U. imbecillis. adequate refugia during drought conditions seems to be available for now. Future collection Discussion efforts should be focused at areas near barriers or groundwater inflow areas known to hold Freshwater mussels are uncommon in the water during severe droughts. Saline River and their distribution is likely difficult to predict. Comparatively, the Smoky There has been a drastic reduction in the Hill River contains a much more abundant mussel richness in these stretches of the Saline mussel assemblage. Live mussel richness was and Smoky Hill rivers over the long term. greater on the Smoky Hill River versus the Angelo et al. (2009) documented 11 and 17 Saline River. Assemblages in both rivers were likely former species whereas the current study dominated by Q. quadrula. Mussel abundances documented four and seven current species in and densities were higher in the Smoky Hill the Saline and Smoky Hill rivers, respectively. River and the stream contained larger mussel This parallels an unfortunate statewide trend in Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 119(3-4), 2016 333 mussel populations. However, we documented physiological effects of temperature might more species in the Ellis and Russell county be a limiting factor for A. ferussacianus. reaches of the Saline and Smoky Hill rivers While biogeographical boundaries and habitat than in recent surveys (Obermeyer 1996; availability seem to be two of the most limiting Hoke 1997; Bergman 1998) dating back to the factors in most freshwater mussel species only early 1980s. The number of collection sites a few, including A. ferussacianus, demonstrate with live A. ferussacianus in the Saline River obvious large-scale restrictions due to climate was greater than previously documented by change (Haag 2012). This is not to allude that Obermeyer (1996), Hoke (1997), and Bergman patterns for other species will not emerge. (1998). This study also documented a range North American isotherms, or lines of equal extension for this species in the Saline River mean temperature, are trending northward in while the range in the Smoky Hill River was latitude and have resulted in a respective shift similar to previous surveys. This is likely the in some species worldwide (Chen et al. 2011). result of the more intensive sampling in the Kansas represents the southwestern most two counties. Unlike these earlier accounts, boundary for A. ferussacianus and, therefore, the focus of this study was on less than 100 this population is of great concern due to the km of the Saline and Smoky Hill rivers which possibility that temperatures at this latitude allowed us to obtain a more detailed account might exceed the species’ physiological of the freshwater mussels within these reaches. limitations. Nonetheless, water quantity Consequently, an accurate comparison among remains the most immediate concern for previous studies is difficult. However, Hoke freshwater mussels in the upper reaches of the (1997) reported that A. ferussacianus was Saline and Smoky Hill rivers. one of the most abundant mussels in the Smoky Hill River in Trego, Ellis, and Russell Acknowledgments counties in the early 1980s but, unfortunately no measure of relative abundance was provided. Funding for this project was made possible We would not describe the current population through the Chickadee Checkoff Grant of A. ferussacianus as one of the most abundant Program of the Kansas Department of Wildlife, mussels in the Smoky Hill River but it would Parks, and Tourism (KDWPT). We thank be difficult to suggest a marked decline without Ken Brunson of the Nature Conservancy previous abundance data. It might be more (formerly KDWPT) for his assistance with reasonable to suggest an increase in the relative the administration of these funds. We thank abundance of Q. quadrula rather than a decrease Fort Hays State University Department of in A. ferussacianus but, again the comparison Biological Sciences for logistical assistance would be tenuous. Future studies in these rivers with this project. We also thank Ed Miller, Bob should take a similar approach so that accurate Angelo, and Mark Eberle for their inspiration comparisons and trends can be made. and guidance during the early stages of the project and for their editorial suggestions. Possible factors for the decline of freshwater mussels in Kansas and the rest of North We thank the landowners on the Saline and America have been postulated repeatedly. Smoky Hill rivers for allowing us access and These include fragmentation (Waters and their continued stewardship of the natural Flaute 2010), invasive species (Waters and resources within their properties. We thank Flaute 2010), habitat alterations, groundwater Kyle Broadfoot, Ryan Cox, Clinton Helms, withdrawals (Angelo et al. 2009), mining Matt Nordgren, Rance Schreibvogel, Jordan operations (Angelo et al. 2007), and most Voss, Kaden Buer, Tyler Glidden, Toni recently, climate change. Haag (2012) Woodson, Kevin Klag, and Joe Pfeifer for their reported that climate change and the resulting assistance in the field. 334 Sowards, Pinkall, Fleming, Hofmeier and Stark

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