A Long, Long Time Ago

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Long, Long Time Ago a long, long time ago... Elliott West is a professor of history at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Greg Ruark is the director of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Agroforestry Center in Lincoln, Nebraska. Historical evidence of riparian forests in the Great Plains and how that knowledge can aid with restoration and management. Riparian areas—land adja- transcontinental railroad spur lines in the 1860’s; before the 1859 Denver gold cent to a streambank or rush; and before the Great Westward other water body—filtering Movement of the 1840’s along the nonpoint source pollution. Oregon Trail (Ambrose, 2000; West, Unfortunately the riparian 1998). These defining events drew many people into and through the Great Plains areas of today, include only on their way to seek their fortunes and narrow bands of forests, or build their futures. no woody vegetation. This This, then, is a story of the Great Plains greatly minimizes their eco- and how riparian areas along major rivers and their tributaries were once signifi- logical function. In deciding cantly forested. They came under great how to manage these areas, pressure beginning in the mid 1800’s knowing the natural ripari- from the simultaneous and cumulative an makeup before humans impact of Indians, gold seekers, soldiers, railroad crews, and settlers who all played settled in the area is vital. important roles in determining the way Management essentially is riparian areas look today. then restoration. The Story… The Great Plains as a whole hosted far hile some argue that the Great fewer trees than the Missouri valley to Plains were dominated by the east and the Rocky Mountains to the W grasslands and that riparian west. The Arkansas River provides an woodlands were rare, others contend that illustration. Records from the early 19th trees would logically have occurred in century indicate that for 150 miles east of riparian areas due to favorable microen- the current Kansas-Colorado border only vironment conditions. Historically, what an occasional cottonwood would have native plant communities were found in been seen. Three conditions occurred riparian zones of the Great Plains? The that did not favor the persistence of trees: answers to this question depend to a large sandy soil, heavy springtime flooding, and extent on what time period is used as a the low banks that allowed prairie fires to reference of pre-settlement conditions. burn down to the water’s edge (Wells, The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1965). But at the eastern end of this por- (1981) drew upon conditions in 1905 for tion of the river, around present day insight and concluded that trees were Great Bend, Kansas, trees lined the aptly “wholly absent” or consisted of scattered named Walnut and Ash Creeks that emp- cottonwood and willow. However, such tied into the Arkansas. a view rests on a flawed and incomplete Field notes from a 1825 surveying reading of the record. Indeed, by 1900 expedition, describe those streams as well most riparian zones in the Great Plains shaded by stands of hardwoods and report had long since been depleted of their other wooded tributaries downstream natural woody vegetation component. from there (Brown, 1913). At the other However, abundant historical evidence end of that poorly wooded stretch to the from the 1800’s supports a very different west—about where the river today crosses picture, with different ecological implica- from Colorado to Kansas—began one of tions. In fact, to tell the story of this land the best-known woodlands of the Plains, we need to begin a long, long, time the “big timbers” of the Arkansas (See ago. .prior to the construction of the sidebar for additional historical evidence). Reprinted from the Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Volume 59, Number 5 S|O 2004 VOLUME 59 NUMBER 5 105A Copyright © 2004 Soil and Water Conservation Society 1. Platte River 2. Arkansasa River 3. Republican River 4. Smoky Hill River 5. Kansas River 6. Lodgepole Creek 7. North Platte River 8. South Platte River 9. Purgatory River 10. Walnut Creek 11. Pawnee Creek 12. Big Timber of Arkansas 13. Big Timbers of Smoky 14. Big Timbers of Republic OPPOSITE The locations for the specifc rivers discussed are indicated on the map. SELECTED HISTORICAL EVIDENCE FOR WOODED RIPARIAN ZONES So while the soil and lay of the land 1806 – When Lt. Zebulon Montgomery Pike ascended the Arkansas River, he gave trees little or no chance to take hold reported that “the river banks began to be entirely covered with woods on both along some streams, conditions on many sides” just west of the present Colorado border (Jackson, 1966, vol. 2, Pp. 344- others encouraged healthy stands of 345). For about sixty miles upstream cottonwoods abounded. trees—mostly cottonwoods, willows, and hackberries on the western Plains and to 1821 – Jacob Fowler wrote of thickly wooded islands and “Points of [timber] in the east, a mixture of deciduous species. the bends more plenty” (Coues, 1970, pp. 44). During the next forty years many These woodlands could be a striking sources remarked on the considerable (although, dwindling) cottonwood groves along the Arkansas, especially below the mouth of Sand (or Big Sandy) Creek. sight after a long crossing of the treeless highlands between watersheds. An Irish This large stand, was one of three “big timbers” of the Central Plains. The sec- private in 1849, after four days of crossing ond was on the Smoky Hill River in present Wallace County in far western Kansas. The third was on the Republican River not far south of present McCook, the sea of shortgrass in eastern Colorado, Nebraska. All are well documented. greeted the treetops of the Republican’s wooded bottoms with a joyful cry: “Be 1835 – Henry Dodge wrote in 1835 that the Platte River above the heavily timbered Jesus we’re in sight of land again” Grand Island had abundant trees on the south bank while feeder ravines were “cov- (Mattes, 1953). ered with timber of small growth.” From a hill at the confluence of the North and The analogy was insightful, for these South Platte, he could see the hills above the river downstream “covered with scat- riparian groves were safe harbors for tered groves” while at “an immense distance” were “the feathery outline of some tall trees...above the horizon.” (Report of the Secretary of War, 1835) some Plains inhabitants during winter, when sudden blizzards and bitterly cold 1857 – Two Buttes Creek, which enters the Arkansas near present Holly, temperatures threatened any warm- Colorado, was named Piles of Driftwood by Southern Cheyennes for the great blooded creature caught in the open. For tangle of dead trees at its mouth. Lt. Francis Bryan reported that a similar sight at the mouth of a tributary of the Republican suggested flourishing timber Plains grazers—bison, deer, pronghorns, along this creek: “indeed, a quantity [of trees] could be seen from the point and elk—the even slightly lower eleva- where we crossed it” (Report of the Secretary of War, 1857, pp. 472). tion of a stream bottom provided some shelter from the wintery blasts. More 1860 – Like Walnut and Ash Creeks, many tributaries of larger watercourses protective were the stands of timber, which were well wooded. J.E.B. Stuart wrote of the Purgatory River that flowed into broke the force of the wind and conserved the Arkansas from the south that “timber [is] heavy and abundant near the some heat. river.” (Hafen, 1959, pp. 235) From the Quaking Asp River on the northern Plains comes a vivid account of the value of these natural shelters. When a storm caught Alexander Toppance’s freighting outfit in January, 1866, they took shelter in groves along the river and soon were joined by hundreds of bison. So crowded were men and beasts that many bison remained exposed. They 106A JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION S|O 2004 froze where they stood, and the next developments help us understand what spring Toppance found that their bones happened. First, the spread of horses out formed a bleached border to the stand of of the Southwest and the rise of the timber. (Toppance, 1923) Plains horse culture led to an increase in The dependence of people and animals Native American population, which in on shelters like these, once understood, is turn wore away at the resources of the further evidence for timber along Plains river valleys. In 1821, Jacob Fowler esti- watercourses.The year-round presence of mated that a winter camp in the big tim- people, horses and bison on the high bers of the Arkansas hosted twenty thou- Plains supports the existence of riparian sand horses; twenty-seven years later an woodlands simply because the one could Indian agent reported Cheyenne and not have survived without the other. Sioux villages along eighty miles of the South Platte River (Coues, 1970; Trees play a supporting role in the story Fitzpatrick, 1848). The amount of wood Given the ample historical documenta- cut and burned even by these and small- tion from the 19th century, only a frac- er camps was considerable. tion of which is presented here, there can The second development, the overland be no doubt that trees were commonly migration of white pioneers, took a found along Plains streams. So why is much greater toll on some of the Plains’ there still a perception that in the Great Plains, timbered valleys are aberrations and that reestablishment of natural vege- The dependence of people and animals on shelters like tation along rivers should largely pre- these, once understood, is further evidence for timber clude trees? along Plains watercourses.
Recommended publications
  • Notropis Girardi) and Peppered Chub (Macrhybopsis Tetranema)
    Arkansas River Shiner and Peppered Chub SSA, October 2018 Species Status Assessment Report for the Arkansas River Shiner (Notropis girardi) and Peppered Chub (Macrhybopsis tetranema) Arkansas River shiner (bottom left) and peppered chub (top right - two fish) (Photo credit U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) Arkansas River Shiner and Peppered Chub SSA, October 2018 Version 1.0a October 2018 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 2 Albuquerque, NM This document was prepared by Angela Anders, Jennifer Smith-Castro, Peter Burck (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) – Southwest Regional Office) Robert Allen, Debra Bills, Omar Bocanegra, Sean Edwards, Valerie Morgan (USFWS –Arlington, Texas Field Office), Ken Collins, Patricia Echo-Hawk, Daniel Fenner, Jonathan Fisher, Laurence Levesque, Jonna Polk (USFWS – Oklahoma Field Office), Stephen Davenport (USFWS – New Mexico Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office), Mark Horner, Susan Millsap (USFWS – New Mexico Field Office), Jonathan JaKa (USFWS – Headquarters), Jason Luginbill, and Vernon Tabor (Kansas Field Office). Suggested reference: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2018. Species status assessment report for the Arkansas River shiner (Notropis girardi) and peppered chub (Macrhybopsis tetranema), version 1.0, with appendices. October 2018. Albuquerque, NM. 172 pp. Arkansas River Shiner and Peppered Chub SSA, October 2018 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES.1 INTRODUCTION (CHAPTER 1) The Arkansas River shiner (Notropis girardi) and peppered chub (Macrhybopsis tetranema) are restricted primarily to the contiguous river segments of the South Canadian River basin spanning eastern New Mexico downstream to eastern Oklahoma (although the peppered chub is less widespread). Both species have experienced substantial declines in distribution and abundance due to habitat destruction and modification from stream dewatering or depletion from diversion of surface water and groundwater pumping, construction of impoundments, and water quality degradation.
    [Show full text]
  • Roger T1." Grange, Jr. a Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The
    Ceramic relationships in the Central Plains Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Grange, Roger Tibbets, 1927- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 18:53:20 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565603 CERAMIC RELATIONSHIPS' IN THE CENTRAL PLAINS ^ > 0 ^ . Roger T1." Grange, Jr. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Roger T, Grange, Jr»________________________ entitled ______Ceramic Relationships in the Central_____ _____Plains_______________________________________ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of _____Doctor of Philosophy________________________ April 26. 1962 Dissertation Director Date After inspection of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* 5 / ? / ^ t 5 /? / C 2-— A / , - r y /n / *This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in The University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library.
    [Show full text]
  • Lower Arkansas River – Derby to Ark City
    LOWER ARKANSAS BASIN TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD Waterbody/Assessment Unit (AU): Lower Arkansas River – Derby to Ark City Water Quality Impairment: Chloride 1. INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION Subbasin: Ark River (Derby), Ark River (Oxford), Ark River (Ark City), South Fork Ninnescah River, Ninnescah River, Slate Creek, Unmonitored Basin County: Cowley, Sumner, Sedgwick, Kingman, Pratt, Kiowa HUC 8: 11030013, 11030015, 11030016, 11060001 HUC 11 (HUC 14s): 11030013020(050) 11030013030(010, 030, 040, 050, 060, 070, 080, 090) 11030015010(010, 020, 030, 040, 050, 060, 070, 080, 090) 11030015030(010, 020, 030, 040, 050, 060) 11030016010(010, 020, 030, 040, 050) 11030016020(010, 020, 030) 11060001040(010) Ecoregion: Central Great Plains, Wellington-McPherson Lowland (27d) Flint Hills (28) Drainage Area: 1,653 square miles Main Stem Segments: 11030013 (AU Station 528): Slate Cr (17) (AU Station 281): Arkansas R (3-part) (AU Station 527): Arkansas R (2-part, 3-part, 18) (AU Station 218): Arkansas R (1, 2-part) 11030015 (AU Station 036): S.F. Ninnescah R (1,3,4,6) 11030016 (AU Station 280): Ninnescah R (1,3,8) 11060001 (AU Station 218): Arkansas R (14, 18) 1 Main Stem Segments with Tributaries by HUC 8 and Watershed/Station Number: Table 1 (a-f) a. HUC8 11030013 Watershed Slate Creek Station 528 Slate Cr (17) (partial) Winser Cr (32) Antelope Cr (25) Beaver Cr (29)* Hargis Cr (24)* Oak Cr (26)* Spring Cr (27)* * Not impaired b. HUC8 11030013 Watershed Arkansas River (Derby) Station 281 Arkansas R (3 - part) Spring Cr (37) c. HUC8 11030013 Watershed Arkansas River (Oxford) Station 527 Arkansas R (2 -part) Spring Cr (34) Lost Cr (23) Arkansas R (18) Arkansas R (3 - part) Bitter Cr (28) Dog Cr (531) d.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arkansas River Flood of June 3-5, 1921
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALBERT B. FALL, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE 0ns SMITH, Director Water-Supply Paper 4$7 THE ARKANSAS RIVER FLOOD OF JUNE 3-5, 1921 BY ROBERT FOLLANS^EE AND EDWARD E. JON^S WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922 i> CONTENTS. .Page. Introduction________________ ___ 5 Acknowledgments ___ __________ 6 Summary of flood losses-__________ _ 6 Progress of flood crest through Arkansas Valley _____________ 8 Topography of Arkansas basin_______________ _________ 9 Cause of flood______________1___________ ______ 11 Principal areas of intense rainfall____ ___ _ 15 Effect of reservoirs on the flood__________________________ 16 Flood flows_______________________________________ 19 Method of determination________________ ______ _ 19 The flood between Canon City and Pueblo_________________ 23 The flood at Pueblo________________________________ 23 General features_____________________________ 23 Arrival of tributary flood crests _______________ 25 Maximum discharge__________________________ 26 Total discharge_____________________________ 27 The flood below Pueblo_____________________________ 30 General features _________ _______________ 30 Tributary streams_____________________________ 31 Fountain Creek____________________________ 31 St. Charles River___________________________ 33 Chico Creek_______________________________ 34 Previous floods i____________________________________ 35 Flood of Indian legend_____________________________ 35 Floods of authentic record__________________________ 36 Maximum discharges
    [Show full text]
  • 1888 Handbook of Concordia
    HAND-BOOK )OF(- CONCORDIA AND cloUd county, Kansas CLOUD COUNTY COURT HOUSE, CONCORDIA orEazia^-G-o: C. S. BURCI-I PUBLISHING COMPANY. 1888. ms: r^i J. H. UDELL. E. E. SWEARNGIN. CLOUD COUNTY BANK, SWEARNGIN & UDELL CONCORDIA, KANSAS. REAL ESTATE, LOAN AND INSURANCE, CAPITAL, $100,000. SURPLUS, S^.ooo. Office In Iron Block, T. B. SMITH. PRESCDeNT. W. H. WRIGHT, Vice President. % STURGES, KENNETT £ PECK. Wm. M. PECK. Cashier. C 03STCOK.I3IA., KANSAS. O. B HARRISON, ASST. Cashier. '• Attorneys for the Flank. I*'.J. Atwood, President. G. V.. Latnkov, Cashier. HOWARD HILLIS, C. TC. Sweet, Vice President. W. \V. Bowman, Asst. Cashier. FIRST NATIONAL BANK, ATTORNEY AT LAW COA7CORDIA, KANSAS. CONCORDIA, KANSAS. CAPITAL, SIOO.OOO. SURPLUS, $25,000. Collections made for, and Information furnished to 30x :r,:ec;to:r.s - C. V.. Swekt, Gwi. W. Mahsiiam., Tiieh. I.ai.nt,, C. A. Hktoiknav Eastern Investors. K. J. Atwooii, D. \V. Simmons, Thomas \Vhon«i. W. W. Caldwell, President. J. \V. Pktkkshn, Cashier. L. N. HOUSTON, II. II. McEcKKON, Vice President. 1*. W. Moitr.AN, Asst. Cashier. CITIZENS NATIONAL BANK, REAL ESTATE, LOAN and INSURANCE, CONCORDIA, KANSAS. CONCORDIA, KANSAS. CAPITAL, $100,000. SURPLUS, $7,500. DIRECTORS. J. \V. IV.tkkson, A. Nf.i-son, J. S. Siieak ku, It. H. McEckhon, W. \V. Caldwell, -Correspondence Solicited.- T. H. IlttKKNIAN, JOSKI-II 1'KKHIKK, J. A. KldUY, I). T. DuNN INt;. W. W. CALDWELL, J. W. PETERSON, President Cili/.ens National Rank. Cashier Citizens National Rank. Real Estate Agent and Loan Broker, CALDWELL & PETERSON, Negotiators of Loans. CONCORDIA, KANSAS. Ten vcars' experience.
    [Show full text]
  • Streamflow Depletion Investigations in the Republican River Basin: Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas
    J. ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, Vol. 27(3) 251-263, 1999 STREAMFLOW DEPLETION INVESTIGATIONS IN THE REPUBLICAN RIVER BASIN: COLORADO, NEBRASKA, AND KANSAS JOZSEF SZILAGYI University of Nebraska–Lincoln ABSTRACT Water is a critical resource in the Great Plains. This study examines the changes in long-term mean annual streamflow in the Republican River basin. In the past decades this basin, shared by three states, Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas, displayed decreased streamflow volumes as the river enters Kansas across the Nebraska-Kansas border compared to values preceding the 1950s. A recent lawsuit filed by Kansas challenges water appropriations in Nebraska. More than half of the source area for this water, however, lies outside of Nebraska. Today a higher percentage of the annual flow is generated within Nebraska (i.e., 75% of the observed mean annual stream- flow at the NE-KS border) than before the 1950s (i.e., 66% of the observed mean annual streamflow) indicating annual streamflow has decreased more dramatically outside of Nebraska than within the state in the past fifty years. INTRODUCTION The Republican River basin’s 64,796 km2 drainage area is shared by three states: Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas (see Figure 1). Nebraska has the largest single share of the drainage area, 25,154 km2 (39% of total); Colorado can claim about 20,000 km2 (31%), while the rest, about 19,583 km2 (30%), belongs to Kansas [1], from which about 12,800 km2 (20%) lies upstream of Hardy, near the Nebraska-Kansas border. Exact figures for the contributing drainage areas (portions of the drainage areas that actually contribute water to the stream) are hard to obtain because these areas in the headwater sections of the basin have been shrinking constantly in the past fifty years.
    [Show full text]
  • Republican River Valley and Adjacent Areas, Nebraska
    A, Economic Geology, 97 B, Descriptive Geology 119 M, General Hydrograpmc investigations, 26 (0, Underground Waters, 72 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES I>. WALOOTT, DIKECTOR GEOLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES OF THE REPUBLICAN RIVER VALLEY AND ADJACENT AREAS, NEBRASKA G. E. CONDRA -FERTY OF -LOGICAL Sl'». WASHINGTON (GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1907 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction __'___________________________________ 7 Geography _____________________________________ 8 Topography______________________.._ 8 Drainage _____________________________.____ 8 Climate "_________________________ _ _________ ._..__ 9 Temperature_______l_____________________ 9 Rainfall _____________________________________ 9 Winds_____________________________________ 10 Descriptive geology ________________________________ 10 General relations _____ _________ ___ ________ 10 Structure____________________________ 11 Description of the rocks____ ______________________ 11 Carboniferous system_______________________ 11 Cretaceous system.__________________________ 12 Dakota formation_________________________ 12 Character and thickness______________ 12 Distribution_________________ 13 Benton group________________________ 13 Members represented________________ 13 Graneros shale_ ________________________ 14 Character and thickness_________________ 14 Exposures,_________ _______ _-_________ 14 Greenhorn limestone_____________________ 14 Character and thickness___________________ 14 Fossils_________________________ 16 Carlile shale______.___________________
    [Show full text]
  • Arkansas River Shiner Management Plan for the Canadian River 2 from U
    FINAL - Submitted for Approval Arkansas River Shiner (Notropis girardi) Management Plan for the Canadian River From U. S. Highway 54 at Logan, New Mexico to Lake Meredith, Texas © Konrad Schmidt Canadian River Municipal Water Authority June 2005 Arkansas River Shiner Management Plan for the Canadian River 2 from U. S. Highway 54 at Logan, New Mexico to Lake Meredith Arkansas River Shiner (Notropis girardi) Management Plan for the Canadian River from U. S. Highway 54 at Logan, New Mexico to Lake Meredith, Texas This management plan is a cooperative effort between various local, state, and federal entities. Funding for this plan was provided by the Canadian River Municipal Water Authority. Suggested citation: Canadian River Municipal Water Authority – 2005 – Arkansas River Shiner (Notropis girardi) Management Plan for the Canadian River from U. S. Highway 54 at Logan, New Mexico to Lake Meredith, Texas Preparation of this Plan was accomplished by John C. Williams, acting as Special Advisor under contract to CRMWA. Technical review was provided by Rod Goodwin, Wildlife Biologist and Head of the Water Quality Division of CRMWA. Editorial review was performed by Jolinda Brumley. Cover photograph: Arkansas River Shiner by Ken Collins, USFWS Arkansas River Shiner Management Plan for the Canadian River 3 from U. S. Highway 54 at Logan, New Mexico to Lake Meredith Table of Contents Introduction and Background …………………………………………………………7 Species Biology ...................................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Fluvial Sediment in the Little Arkansas River Basin Kansas
    Fluvial Sediment in the Little Arkansas River Basin Kansas GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1798-B Prepared in cooperation with the City of fflichita and the Kansas Water Resources Board Fluvial Sediment in the Little Arkansas River Basin Kansas By C. D. ALBERT and G. J. STRAMEL SEDIMENTATION IN SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1798-B Prepared in cooperation with the City of ff^ichita and the Kansas ff^ater Resources Board UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1966 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 60 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract__._____________ ___________.__________________________ Bl Introduction._____________________________________________________ 1 Description of the basin.___________________________________________ 2 Geology. __________________________________________ 3 Geomorphology _ ______________________________________________ 4 Soils. ______________________________-_-_-__---___ 5 Land use and vegetation.______________________________________ 7 Climate._____________________________________________________ 7 Runoff ___________________________________________________ 8 Fluvial sediment._________________________________________________ 13 Field investigations and methods._______________________________ 13 Laboratory methods.__________________________________________ 14 Suspended sediment.__________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • II. the Battle of Summit Springs
    Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: The Republican River Expedition, June-July 1869: II. The Battle of Summit Springs Full Citation: James T King, “The Republican River Expedition, June-July, 1869: II. The Battle of Summit Springs,” Nebraska History 41 (1960): 281-298 URL of article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH1960SummitSprings.pdf Date: 11/10/2011 Article Summary: The Republican River Expedition against the Cheyenne had to contend with elusive enemies, false alarms and weary troops. Despite all these obstacles the expedition ultimately changed the Republican Valley from an Indian-held wilderness to a region ready for settlement. Cataloging Information: Names: Frank North, EA Carr, Tall Bull, Maria Weichell, Susanna Alderdice Place Names: Julesburg, Nebraska; Fort Sedgewick, Colorado Territory Keywords: Frank North, Pawnee Scouts, EA Carr, Cheyenne, Dog Soldiers, Tall Bull, Maria Weichell, Susanna Alderdice Photographs / Images: map of Republican River Expedition sites, Pawnee Scouts, Luther H North at site of battle (1933) " " ~ ~ ~ " " " ~ ----- .
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Nebraska Highway Logbook Highway 30
    1 9 NEBRASKA HIGHWAY REFERENCE POST LOG October 2019 All Districts PREPARED BY THE NEBRASKA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION MATERIALS & RESEARCH DIVISION ROADWAY ASSET MANAGEMENT SECTION IN COOPERATION WITH THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION "The preparation of this report has been financed in part through grant(s) from the Federal Highway Administration and Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, under the State Planning and Research Program, Section 505 (or Metropolitan Planning Program, Section 104(f)] of Title 23, U.S. Code. The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the official views or policy of the U.S. Department of Transportation.” LOG OF NEBRASKA HIGHWAYS GENERAL INFORMATION THE ROADWAY GEOMETRICS SHOWN IN THIS LOG MAY DIFFER FROM THE ACTUAL ROADWAY DUE TO CONSTRUCTION IN PROGRESS. INCLUDED IN THIS LOG ARE ALL STATE MARKED AND/OR MAINTAINED HIGHWAYS, SPURS AND CONNECTING LINKS. THE GENERAL DIRECTION OF THE LOG FOR NUMBERED HIGHWAYS IS FROM WEST TO EAST, OR FROM SOUTH TO NORTH WHEREVER IT IS PRACTICABLE, SPURS AND CONNECTING LINKS ARE LOGGED FROM THE NUMBERED HIGHWAY SERVED, WITHOUT REGARD TO DIRECTION. A LOG OF CONNECTING LINKS AND SPURS FOLLOWS THE LOG OF NUMBERED HIGHWAYS, LISTING IN ALPHABETICAL AND NUMERICAL SEQUENCE BY COUNTIES IN WHICH THEY ARE LOCATED. ALL STRUCTURES HAVING MORE THAN TWENTY FEET CLEAR OPENING HAVE BEEN REFERENCE POSTED TO THE ORIGINAL HIGHWAY ON WHICH THEY WERE LOGGED. OVERLAPPING SEGMENTS OF DUPLICATE HIGHWAYS CARRY REFERENCE POSTS ASSIGNED TO THE ORGINAL ROUTE IN ALL CASES. U.S. DOT-AAR CROSSING NUMBERS FOLLOW RAILROAD NAMES FOR AT GRADE CROSSINGS.
    [Show full text]
  • Compacts and Decrees
    STATE OF NEBRASKA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES COMPACTS AND DECREES Includes: South Platte River Compact Republican River Compact Nebraska-South Dakota-Wyoming Water Compact Nebraska-Kansas Water Compact Commission Wyoming-Nebraska Compact on Upper Niobrara River Blue River Basin Compact FEBRUARY 2010 Disclaimer: This booklet was compiled for the convenience of Department staff and is not intended to replace Nebraska’s Reissue Revised Statutes. It is always recommended that one research the actual statutes when making a determination. This book does not always contain all statutes regarding a specific topic and it may become out-of- date when statutes are amended, adopted, or repealed. Table of Contents 1-105. SOUTH PLATTE RIVER COMPACT........................................................................................... 1 1-106. REPUBLICAN RIVER COMPACT ............................................................................................... 9 1-110. NEBRASKA-SOUTH DAKOTA-WYOMING WATER COMPACT....................................... 17 1-111. NEBRASKA-KANSAS WATER COMPACT COMMISSION.................................................. 18 1-112. WYOMING-NEBRASKA COMPACT ON UPPER NIOBRARA RIVER............................... 19 1-115. BLUE RIVER BASIN COMPACT ............................................................................................... 25 NORTH PLATTE DECREE..................................................................................................................... 34 1-105. SOUTH PLATTE RIVER COMPACT
    [Show full text]