4 0 0

4 0

0

0

0

4

-97°22'30" R 6 W R 5 W T 12 S -97°52'30" R 5 W R 4 W -97°45' R 4 W R 3 W OTTAWA CO -97°37'30" R 3 W R 2 W -97°30' R 2 W R 1 W T 12 S R 1 W R 1 E Lithology Member Formation ERA / ERA Group MAP M-123 Kd Series Kk 400 T 13 S Kk Epoch/ Kd4 Kk Kd ne Kk Qt T 13 S SYSTEM

Kk PERIOD / Kd Kk i 0 Kd k 400 l Map Label

Kk ERATHEM Qal a R 0 Kd e 400 Qal S Kk Qal e Kd Pwe r Qal Kk Kd Pwe C Kk Qt Alluvium and

!

Kd Qt !

Kd ! !

! ! ! ! ! 400 Qt ! ! ! ! ! Kd ! ! ! ! ! Kd ! !

Qal ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! terrace ! !

! ! ! Wary ! ! ! 6 5 ! ! 5 4 ! 3 2 1 3 2 1 ! ! 6 5 4 ! 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 ! ! ! ! 6 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 ! 6 5 ! ! !

Lake 4 valley fill

! ! !

400 !

0 !

Kk Kk ! ! ! !

4 Kk ! ! ! ! !

Kk 0

0 ! Qal ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

0 ! !

! ! ! !

Qal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 !

Qal ! ! !

0 ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! Kk ! ! !

!

Kk ! !

! !

! !

81 ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! Kk ! JI ! Holocene ! ! ! Qds ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Eolian sand dunes ! ! ! ! 400 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kd ! ! ! ! ! ! Marydel ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kd ! ! ! ! ! ! Kk ! Qal !H ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 ! ! ! Terraces ! ! ! ! 0 Qpt ! k 0 ! ! ! e 4 0 ! ! ! ! ! e Kd ! ! ! Kd ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kd 4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kd !! ! ! ! ! ! r ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Qal e ! ! ! ! ! Qal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! y ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kk ! ! ! ! ! ! ! C e ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! Kd k ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 !! ! ! ! ! ! Qal ! ! Kd ! ! ! ! ! 0 c ! ! Pwe ! ! Qal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! u ! !

! K ! ! B ! Kd ! SURFICIAL GEOLOGY OF ! Y ! ! ! ! L ! ! CENOZOIC ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 8 ! ! ! Kd E ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9 ! ! ! 7 ! ! ! ! 7 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 10 11 12 ! ! 12 ! ! Terra Cotta 7 ! ! 11 ! ! 8 10 ! ! 7 8 7 9 ! 9 10 11 ! ! 12 12 ! !

8 9 10 11 ! QUATERNARY 12 11 ! 9 10 ! ! ! ! 8 ! Dakota Fm ! ! Kd Pleistocene ! ! ! Clay Mbr Kk S Qt ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! a ! ! ! ! l ! ! ! ! ! o ! ! ! S ! ! ! ! ! i ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! n ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! l ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 o ! ! ! ! ! ! ! e ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 4 ! ! ! m ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kd o ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! n ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kk ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kd ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! SALINE COUNTY, KANSAS ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kk 0 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kk 4 R ! Kd Qal 0 i 0 v w w

e ! ! ! ! ! R ! ! ! ! ! ! i ! ! ! ! ! v ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

e ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! r ! ! ! ! a 143 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! CB ! ! ! ! ! r ! ! ! ! 0 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 Kk ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! h ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 ! ! ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! S ! ! ! ! ! ! 4 Qal ! ! ! Kd Kk Kiowa Fm 18 17 16 15 14 15 Kd 13 18 17 16 15 14 13 18 17 16 15 13 18 17 16 15 14 3 13 Geology by James R. McCauley 14 13 18 17 14 5 4 16 0 0 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kk ! ! ! Kd 0 ! ! ! ! ! Kk Kk ! ! ! ! ! MESOZOIC ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Lower Cretaceous ! CRETACEOUS ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Text and geologic-unit descriptions by Kk ! Kd Qal Kk LINCOLNCO M 4 !H Charity M. Phillips-Lander and Robert S. Sawin 00 Shipton Kk JI40

0 Cross section geology by Robert S. Sawin Qal 0 Pwe

0 0

4 Kk 4 %&'(70 Ninnescah Sh

Pn ! 19 20 21 22 23 24 19 20 21 24 22 23 24 ! ! ! ! Kd Kk 22 23 24 19 20 21 22 23 19 20 22 20 21 Kd 21 23 24 19 M Kd ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! Kk Kk Pwe IC Kd Qal CIF ! ! ! A ! ! ! ! ! 2011 JI81 P ! Pwe

! ! ! Kd ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Glendale ! ! ! ! ! !H Qal Kd Pwe Milan Ls Mbr * Computer compilation and cartography by Qal KANSAS & OKLAHOMA Pwe Kd N 3 M IO Qal 5 John W. Dunham, Christopher R. Bieker, Darren J. Haag, Emily C. Hadley, Kd N 0 Kk Kk U Kk 4 5 C M Richard B. Jarvis, Scott T. Klopfenstein, Peter A. Monshizadeh, and R. Zane Price 0 30 29 28 re 27 400 Kk e 25 29 28 27 26 Kd 25 30 29 28 27 28 25 30 28 27 26 25 k 26 30 4 26 25 27 26 0 30 29 29 0 JI40 Kd Kd Dissolution of gypsum beds in the Wellington Formation Qal %&'(70 GENERAL GEOLOGY Qal kd Kd Sa has created a localized area of subsidence in the Kd !H CB143 line Saline County covers an area of approximately 721 mi2 Trenton Kd Kk 4 2 floodplain near the confluence of the Solomon and 0 y y 0 iver (1,868 km ) (Palmer et al., 1992) of which about 1.67 r Kk R r 3 Smoky Hill rivers (Bauleke et al., 1967). Subsidence at e 5 2 2 b Qal 0 mi (4 km ), or 0.23%, is surface water. The surficial ul Kd Kd M the surface occurs when alluvial materials fill voids 31 34 er Hutchinson sedimentary rocks are Permian (Leonardian) to 32 35 36 31 32 33 34 35 M ! iv 40 36 31 32 35 36 R created by the dissolution of the underlying gypsum 4 %&'(70 JI 33 40 33 31 32 33 34 35 36 Salt Mbr 5 %&'(70 JI 33 34 31 32 35 36 0 34 Cretaceous (Lower Cretaceous) in age and are Qal 450 New beds. The subsidence tends to occur as broader areas Kk Kd

dominated by shales, siltstones, and sandstones (Zeller, 38°52'30" 4 Cambria 38°52'30" 0 H rather than localized sink holes (Bauleke et al., 1967). 0 i ll Kk 0 Qal [1968] 2009). The dip of the strata is generally to the Kk 00 0 oky 4 m S u m n e r T 13 S 4 S west. The oldest rocks (Wellington Formation) crop out STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY T 13 S k 0 T 14 S e 0 4 k T 14 S in the eastern portion of the county, generally east of e Qal ee Pwe Wellington Fm Saline County lies within the Salina Basin, a northward- r r Kk Qal C C Interstate 135. The youngest rocks (Dakota Formation) Kd Kk Kk Qal L e o n a r d i a n plunging syncline that encompasses an area of 4 5 Qal Qal are most commonly found capping the hilltops in the 2 2 0 ll River 6 KANSAS & OKLAHOMA i approximately 12,700 mi (32,893 km ; Merriam, 1963). 5 4 3 2 1 1 H 5 6 5 6 5 4 2 1 6 4 3 1 6 4 3 2 1 western part of the county. Sandstones in the Kiowa 4 !H 3 2 3 2 The general strike of the Permian units is north-south, Hedville 5 Formation cap many of the hills bordering the Smoky M with a slight dip to the west. The younger Cretaceous ul 45 Kk be Hill and Saline River valleys. 0 Kd f f r units strike northeast-southwest and dip gently to the r Pn Qal E y oky During the Pleistocene Epoch, erosion and deposition of northwest (Bauleke et al., 1967). Sm Qal C PERMIAN Kk M r y Qal e r sediments were driven by streams fed by glacial ek D UNION MINERAL RESOURCES Qal P Carlton Ls Mbr Kk Kk eek A meltwater. Terraces (unconsolidated silt, sand, and Cr C C 0 IF 0 I gravel) preserved in the uplands in the extreme northeast High-quality clay deposits (mostly kaolinite) have been 4 C 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 8 9 10 10 11 12 Kd Kd 11 12 7 8 9 11 12 7 7 8 9 corner of Saline County represent the level of older reported in the Terra Cotta Clay Member of the Dakota Kd Kd 10 8 9 10 11 12 Pwe Kd IC Pwe Pwe (Pleistocene) fluvial floodplains of the Smoky Hill River Formation in the west-central part of the county CIF Qal 4 PA 5 erry 0 lb M (Latta, 1949). Prior to glaciation in Kansas, the Smoky (Plummer and Romary, 1947; Bauleke et al., 1967). Kd Mu

Qal PALEOZOIC Hill River flowed south across western McPherson Hollenberg Ls Mbr Gypsum in the Wellington Formation crops out east of Kk County to the Arkansas River. Glacial isostatic 4 Kd ION 5 UN Kd 0 the Smoky Hill River. An underground mine and mill k adjustments caused the Smoky Hill River to flow e G k e Salina Pwe y

e r

operated in the late 1890’s southwest of Solomon, and as p e C northward and intersect the Saline River (Frye and XY s

18 17 r 16 Pn 140 u 15 14 16 m early as 1887 gypsum was quarried just east of Salina C 13 18 17 15 14 13 17 CB 16 15 14 13 18 17 16 15 14 13 18 17 16 15 14 13 Leonard, 1952). Holocene sediments (clay, silt, sand, 18 Kk Kd (Kulstad et al., 1956). A mill and mine operated near Kk Kk and gravel) occur as terrace and alluvial valley fill along Kk 4 5 Gypsum (then called Gypsum City) in the 1890’s that 0 0 today’s streams and rivers. Some alluvium was later 0 k processed gypsum earth (gypsite) (Jewett, 1942). Kd 4 ree remobilized, creating the dune deposits that occur south C Qal Kd Gypsite is a granular or earthy material that forms at the 50 Pc 4 4 Kd of Gypsum. 5 0 50 surface where calcium-sulfate-charged ground water 4 Subsurface only Kd 0 C Qal Qal 40 r Kk 0 e y y 5 e

In addition to the unconformity between Quaternary accumulates (usually in low, swampy areas) and Kd r C h a s e 4 Kd Pn %&'(135 k Pwe 450 Kk Kk D Pwe deposits and the underlying Cretaceous and Permian 0 evaporates (Kulstad et al., 1956). The Hutchinson Salt 19 20 21 22 23 24 19 20 21 0 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 23 24 19 20 21 22 JI81 23 24 19 20 4 21 22 23 24 0 bedrock, a major unconformity separates Permian and Member of the Wellington Formation occurs in the Kd Kd Kd 5 4 Kk Qal Cretaceous rocks. In the subsurface in western Saline subsurface in western Saline County, but it has never Kk g Wolfcampian in ff Kd r Pn County, the Ninnescah Shale lies conformably on the been commercially mined here. E Sp 450 * Occurrence in Saline County questionable. Wellington Formation (Williams and Lohman, 1949), Kd Kd t Kk s M

Sand and gravel, sourced from alluvium deposits along a 0 5 and the Kiowa Formation sits unconformably on the E 4 Kd Kk Lithologic Explanation the Smoky Hill, Saline, and Solomon rivers, is readily 4 M 0 ! ! 0 0 ! Ninnescah. Eastward, the Ninnescah thins and is 0 Kd ! 0 ! ! 5 4 Unconsolidated Iron ! ! ! available throughout the county and is used mainly for 4 Siltstone Salt A A' !! ! Kk !! exposed at the surface before it pinches out in the 30 Kd Qal Mound silt ! 29 28 27 26 25 30 29 28 00 25 30 29 28 27 26 25 26 27 26 ! ! ! aggregate (Kansas Geological Survey, 2011b). Calcite- 27 25 30 4 29 28 27 26 29 28 ! !! ! !! 25 30 ! ! 0 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 5 ! ! ! ! ! ! !

4 DICKINSON CO ! ! ! ! ! ! ! vicinity of the Smoky Hill River valley. East of the Pn ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Unconsolidated ! Dolomitic Kk ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Shale ! ! cemented sandstone in the Kiowa Formation, locally 5 Pwe Qal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 Pwe ! ! ! ! ! 0 sand 0 Kk limestone valley, the Ninnescah is missing and the Kiowa sits 0 5 4

4 ! ! ! called “quartzite,” was quarried 2 miles (3.2 km) east of ! ! ! ! Qal ! ! 0 Kd ! Kd ! ! ! unconformably on the Wellington. The Wellington- 0 M Unconsolidated silt, 5 Kd ! ! ! ! ! Limestone Gypsum ! Bavaria (Swineford, 1947). These quarries are now ! ! sand, and gravel 45 Ninnescah contact is generally described as the change 0 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 5 ! ! !! 0 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! 4 Qal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !H ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! abandoned. This hard sandstone is commonly used for ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! M ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! Argillaceous ! Carlton Ls Mbr Kd M M ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! from gray shale (Wellington) to red shale (Ninnescah). ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Sandstone Bavaria ! ! ! ! C 0 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! aggregate and rip rap. 40 ! ! limestone marker bed In south-central Kansas the top of the Wellington Pn Qal Qal Kd 0 Salina Calcareous 5 M Kk Formation is defined by the Milan Limestone Member Oil, first discovered in Saline County in 1929, is the 4 Kd 0 Municipal Pwe 31 0 shale 32 33 34 35 36 31 32 4 Airport 31 32 33 34 35 36 (Zeller, [1968] 2009), but the extent of the Milan north most important geological asset in the county (Bauleke 33 34 Pn 35 36 31 32 33 34 35 36 31 32 33 34 35 36 C Qal FI 0 CI Kk of that area is unknown. In the central part of Saline et al., 1967). In the southeast corner of the county, oil is 0 A 5 P Kk Pwe Qal County west of Interstate 135, Bauleke et al. (1967, p. produced from the Mississippian at about 2,700 ft (824 Kk CB140 T 14 S Kd Kk Kipp T 14 S !H GEOLOGIC UNITS 30) reported “a few wells [that] have produced water m); south and east of Salina, oil production is mostly 4 T 15 S Kd 0 from a dolomitic limestone bed that occupies the from the Viola Limestone and Maquoketa Shale 0 Pwe Kk T 15 S Qal Qal Qal CENOZOIC Kk ON Kd NI stratigraphic position of the Milan limestone, at the (Ordovician) from about 3,200-3,400 ft (976-1,037 m). U Pwe ek Holocene contact of the Ninnescah and Wellington.” Whether this Many of these wells were drilled in the 1940’s and 3 Cre 6 5 4 2 1 6 5 4 Pwe 6 5 3 dolomitic limestone correlates to the Milan limestone in 1950’s. In 2010, 101 wells produced 65,720 barrels of 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 400 1 4 2 1 ! 400 Alluvium and Terrace Valley Fill – Alluvium and terrace valley fill are found along major rivers south-central Kansas is unknown. oil and no gas; cumulatively, nearly 22.8 million barrels Brookville and smaller streams. Floodplain deposits associated with the major rivers (Smoky Hill, Saline, and of oil have been produced in Saline County (Kansas 450 GEOMORPHOLOGY Kd M C Solomon) contain mostly clay, silt, sand, and gravel (Latta, 1949). The smaller streams draining the Geological Survey, 2011c). M Qal 4 uplands contain floodplain sediments primarily derived from weathered shales and sandstones. As a

0 0 0 Kk 0 Kd 0 The majority of Saline County lies within the Smoky 40 Pn Pn 4 Pwe 0 Qal Pn k Qal result, clay and silt dominate these deposits, although sand and gravel are present in varying amounts 5 Kd CB140 t C e Kk WATER RESOURCES 4 s e e Hills physiographic region, which is composed of mostly r 400 r M Qal W e (Latta, 1949). The thickness of the alluvium ranges up to approximately 60 ft (18 m).

rin e C Qal Cretaceous rocks (Schoewe, 1949). The name Smoky Holocene terraces and alluvial valley fills deposited in Sp g k 0 m 7 8 9 10 11 12 40 u Eolian Sand Dunes – Fine-grained Holocene sand dunes are found in small areas south of Gypsum. 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 0 8 10 11 12 s 7 10 12 Hills comes from the haze that covers the valleys in the the Smoky Hill River valley are the main source of 0 9 10 11 12 7 8 9 8 9 11 Qal Kk 4 p Pn Pwe y Pn Qal 0 Qds These eolian sands were derived from the floodplain of Gypsum Creek and re-deposited by prevailing

early morning (Kansas Geological Survey, 2011a). ground water in Saline County. Shallow wells in the 0 G Pwe Kd Pn 4 Kk winds along the west side of the creek. Kk Kk alluvium provide freshwater for Salina, the most 00 The topographic relief of Saline County is about 515 ft Qal Pn 4 Qal Pwe ! ! populous city. The Saline and Solomon rivers, and other 4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Pleistocene 5 (157 m), with the lowest area (approximately 1,145 ft, 0 0 ! 5 4 Kk k y M Qal tributaries in the county, are an important source of e r re 4

Qal 4 0 349 m) located in the northeast portion of the county D Kk 0 C 0 Terraces – Unconsolidated, poorly sorted sand, gravel, and silt were probably deposited by the Kd 0

ground water for smaller wells. In general, the ground Kd !

near the confluence of the Solomon and Smoky Hill ! 38°45' 38°45' 0 Smoky Hill River when it flowed at a higher level during the Pleistocene (Latta, 1949). These terraces 0 5 0 0 0 water in Saline County is hard, and in some places, 4 C 0 4 0 4 0 Kk Qt 4

rivers, and the highest point (approximately 1,660 ft, 506 0 Kd ! ! ! 18 17 16 ! ! ! ! have subsequently been dissected as the Solomon and Smoky Hill rivers downcut through the deposit. 15 14 4 Pn 13 18 17 16 15 14 13 18 17 15 18 contains high concentrations of iron and chloride 0 13 ! 16 15 14 13 18 17 16 14 13 17 16 15 14 ! Qal 0 m) located about 3 miles (4.8 km) northwest of S C 4 r The average thickness of this unit is about 15-20 ft (4.5-6 m). e p

v

(Bauleke et al., 1967). In some places, saline water from i r 4 R Brookville near the western edge of the county. Three 5 Kd i

0 n

the natural dissolution of salt and gypsum in the g MESOZOIC ! ton

s ! major rivers - the Smoky Hill, the Saline, and the al Pn 4 Kk Pwe R Kk 0 C Wellington Formation contaminates the alluvial aquifer !HMentor 0 Solomon - flow through the county. Fluvial activity has ! Dakota Formation – The Dakota Formation consists of two members: in descending order, the of the Smoky Hill River valley (Gogel, 1981; Pwe ! C ! ! resulted in large, relatively flat valleys that collectively Kk Kd Pwe Janssen Clay Member and the Terra Cotta Clay Member (Plummer and Romary, 1947). Probably Whittemore et al., 1981). Pn Smolan cover approximately 37% of the county. These valleys 0 C ! only the basal Terra Cotta Clay Member is present in Saline County. The Terra Cotta is composed 5 Pwe 0 4 ll M 0 Kk Kd CB104 Hi B 4 are surrounded by rolling hills that are dissected by Sandstones in the Kiowa Formation produce high- ! 4 ra primarily of red-mottled, light-gray to greenish-gray clay and siltstone, and coarse-grained and 5 nch 19 20 0 21 22 23 24 Kd 19 20 21 22 23 24 19 k 20 21 22 23 24 19 20 21 22 23 24 19 20 21 C 22 23 24 numerous small streams. The hills in the southwest and 0 quality water in limited areas, and at some localities the e Qal r conglomeratic sandstone (Bayne et al., 1971). Lenticular, crossbedded sandstone layers in the Terra

! Kd 5 e e 4 Kd Cr 4 5 Kd Pn e western parts of the county, especially those capped by yields have been adequate for public water supplies (e.g., 0 Kk Qal k Cotta can be locally prominent – the iron-oxide cemented sandstones are resistant to erosion and cap

! Kd ELLSWORTHCO 4 5 Qal 0 0 0 C sandstones in the Dakota Formation, have noticeably Gypsum, Kansas) (Latta, 1949; Bauleke et al., 1967). eek Qal 4 many of the hills and benches – but generally this member is mostly clay and siltstone (Bayne et al.,

! r 5 ! 0 C 0 more relief. The Smoky Hill River flows northward Springs and seeps are often associated with these 0 0 1971). The maximum exposed thickness of the Dakota Formation is approximately 200 ft (61 m) near

! 4 ! Kd 0

y y 4 0 5 y t 5 through south-central Saline County before turning east k the western edge of the county. sandstones. 5 4 r s 0 e 4 Kd Kk D o McAlli Kd ry W Kk ste at Salina. The Saline and Solomon rivers drain the D m r Pwe

! S ! Kiowa Formation – The Kiowa Formation consists of medium- to dark-gray and black fissile shales northeast part of the county. The Saline River is the

Kd 40

! ! 5 ! Index to 1:24,000-scale USGS quadrangle maps 0 30 29 28 0 with scattered thin beds of fine-grained sandstone and siltstone and thin beds of fossiliferous 0 27 26 25 ! primary tributary to the Smoky Hill River; Gypsum Kd Qal 30 29 28 27 26 25 30 29 28 27 26 25 30 29 28 27 26 25 30 29 28 27 26 25 4 Qal Qal 5 limestone (shell-beds). Pyrite, marcasite, gypsum crystals, cone-in-cone structures, siderite (iron- ! 400 0 Pwe Creek is another major tributary. Other major streams Kd Pwe l e Pn claystone concretions), and marine fossils occur within the shale. Thick (up to 100 ft, 30 m), are Mulberry Creek, a tributary of the Saline River, and Kk ! d West d

NEW S M O K Y H I L L i lenticular and thinner (less than 10 ft, 3 m), sheet-like, fine- to medium-grained, crossbedded

! Kd !

NILES Kd ! CULVER M %&'(135 Spring Creek, a tributary of Mulberry Creek (Palmer et JUNIATA TRENTON CAMBRIA SOLOMON ! 4 AF4 sandstones are more common in the upper part of the formation (Franks, 1979), but they are not AF C al., 1992). r Pn e

e laterally continuous over long distances (Swineford, 1947). These sandstones are typically very light ! 81 Pwe JI k ! C 4 0 Kk 0 gray to pale grayish orange, but in places iron-oxide cement colors it reddish brown. Locally, calcite- Kk Pn 400 Gypsum k 0 k ! 0 SW KIPP e 4 e cemented sandstones (“quartzite”) are found in the Kiowa. The Kiowa Formation includes the locally SALINA e 31 ! e 32 33 r 34 35 36 r BROOKVILLE SALINA SW HOLLAND ! 31 32 33 34 35 36 31 Qal 34 31 32 34 35 36 BROOKVILLE 32 33 34 35 C 36 31 32 33 35 36 4½° 50 C Kk 33 mappable “Longford member” (Franks, 1966), which is present in the north-central part of the county 0 4 Kd 0 C

& 5 & (Franks, 1979). The Longford, where found, is the basal unit of the Kiowa and is composed of a white ! Creek ! Pn Kd 00 to grayish-orange capping siltstone underlain by red-mottled and gray clay rocks and siltstone, T 15 S A I R N AT I O N A L 4 Qal Qal Qal T 15 S FALUN ! SMOLAN ! although the lithologies below the capping siltstone can be highly variable (Franks, 1979). The VENANGO ASSARIA GYPSUM CARLTON T 16 S k e !H e T 16 S maximum exposed thickness of the Kiowa Formation in Saline County is about 140 ft (43 m). r Salemsborg

C Pwe Qal

! y ! Qal Kk e 50 r tl 4 45 Pn Qal PALEOZOIC D TRUENORTH s Qal Qal a Kk 0 Pn Pwe Pwe AF4 C MAGNETIC NORTH SE 6 5 4 3 2 1 Kk 6 Kk 5 4 3 2 5 4 G 3 2 1 ! 1 2 6 ! 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 Qal 4 3 1 Ninnescah Shale – The Ninnescah Shale is mostly red shale but may contain some green shale beds LANGLEY LINDSBORG ROXBURY 4 5 y MARQUETTE LINDSBORG GYPSUM SE 0 0 g p 0 Pwe in s Kk 4 r u and a few thin beds of argillaceous limestones. Thin, cross-cutting, secondary satin spar gypsum veins Kd p Qds m Kk k S e may be present (Williams and Lohman, 1949). Erosion has removed the upper part of the Ninnescah

!

! Qal APPROXIMATE MEAN G U A R D R A N G4 E e AF4 5

Index shows the names and locations of the 24 USGS 7.5-min 0 r

! ! DECLINATION, 2011 ! in Saline County where its maximum exposed thickness is about 100 ft (30 m) before it thins 4 C Pn 1:24,000-scale quadrangles used in the digital compilation of 5

! 0 0 4 C Pwe eastward and pinches out in the vicinity of the Smoky Hill River valley. Its contact with the 0 0 0

! 0 ! the Saline County map. The geology was mapped in the field 0 4 0 ! 4 Pwe 5 Kd Pn 4 Assaria 400 Wellington is inferred along the I-135 corridor in the south-central part of the county. The Ninnescah using these topographic maps. 4 Kd Pn Pwe Kk Kk Qds 5 0

! 0 Kd 5 Kk Kk Pwe is poorly exposed in Saline County. 4 ry

! D 7 8 9 10 11 Pn C 12 7 8 9 10 11 7 8 9 10 r 11 12 12 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 8 9 10 11 12 e Wellington Formation – The Wellington Formation in Saline County is predominantly gray and 0 e

EXPLANATION ! 0 Kd k Falun 4 Pwe bluish-gray shale with beds of gypsum, anhydrite, and argillaceous limestone. Maroon, red, and green ! Kd !H C Boundaries and Locations Transportation Hydrology and Topography argillaceous shales can also occur (Williams and Lohman, 1949; Byrne et al., 1959). The uppermost Kk Qal Kd Kk ! Milan Limestone Member is not known to occur in central Kansas; however, Bauleke et al. (1967)

Kd ! Kd Kd e County line !"#$70 Perennial stream l Interstate highway Kd Kk d 4 reported a dolomitic limestone bed at the stratigraphic position of the Milan Limestone in Saline Qal Kd Qal Pwe 0 0 d Kk

! i Township/range line JI81 U.S. highway, divided Intermittent stream Kd Kd Pwe County. The Hutchinson Salt Member occurs only in the subsurface in the western part of the n n M s 400 Kd ! Kk ek H o 0 t Kk Qal e Pn e Pwe o t r 0 b county. The Carlton Limestone Member is a light-gray to pale-yellow-tan, thin-bedded, platy, s t 4 Section line 140 Perennial water body ek l 0 4 C b CB Kd 5 5 s State highway Kd 18 17 e 16 15 a 14 13 r 4 u 0 r 18 ! 17 15 14 18 e 18 13 18 17 16 15 14 13 R Qal Pn 13 17 16 15 14 13 iv 17 16 15 14 Pwe argillaceous limestone and interbedded tan-gray, calcareous shale (Byrne et al., 1959). Plant and C 16 Kd

B R

Geologic cross section ! A A' Primary road Kd Pn ek C Intermittent water body Kk k e insect fossils are found at some localities. The Carlton crops out east of Gypsum Creek near the Kk e Qal r Military reservation Qal e C Pwe ! Pn r Pwe eastern edge of the county. Below the Carlton in this area, several gypsum beds, ranging from 1 to 5 Medium-duty C Pn Qal

Elevation contour 400 ! ! ! boundary 350 ! ft thick (0.3-1.6 m; Kulstad et al., 1956), crop out. Gypsum layers also occur elsewhere in the

secondary road e

! (50-meter interval) l %&'(135 Kd t Salina County seat s Kd Pn Wellington. The Hollenberg Limestone Member does not crop out in Saline County but should be a Kk Qal C XY Light-duty road 81 Kk Elevation contour C ! JI 4 Hallville present in the subsurface. Outcrops of the Wellington Formation are generally poor. Although the 5

! 0 Gypsum 0 !H Other incorporated city 5 l ! Unimproved road (10-meter interval) l Pn 4 Pn i AF4 Qal Wellington Formation can be up to 700 ft (214 m) thick, only about 100 ft (30 m) is exposed in Saline Qal Kk Kd 20 Pwe Falun 19 21 22 23 24 H ! 19 20 21 19 20 21 22 23 24 County. !H Unincorporated city or locality Railroad 400 Depression contour 22 23 24 19 20 21 22 23 24 19 20 21 22 23 24 g Qds

a Pwe 0

! Kd M t Kk Kk 0 Kd 0 S (50-meter interval) Kd 5 Qal 4 Built-up area Kk 4 C Airport Qal Qal Pwe r ek e C e

! ! Qds e Kk k

(incorporated cities only) Depression contour Pwe r LOCATION DIAGRAM

! ! !

! !

! C ! ! (10-meter interval) ! C

Geologic Unit Boundaries ! Pn ry Pn Index Reference Features Kd ek Qds D e Pwe Kd ! Kk r Resource Development Kd Pn Observed contact C ll ! Qal i k 1:24,000 quadrangle Kd Qal H Cree 400 Qal 0 0

29 28 27 ! Qal boundary Concealed contact Open sand or gravel pit 4 26 Pn 4

M 30 25 30 29 g 28 Qds 27 26 25

5 28 27 26 25 y 30 29 29 28 27 26 25 30 29 28 26 25 30 n 0 Kd k 27 4 i Pwe 4 P ! m 0 Pn 5 o r u 0 Bridgeport e Kk s 0 p w Pwe p Kk 4 !H

! S y 4 5 e CITED REFERENCES m 5 Pn Cr 0 0 e

e Pwe e G

0 0 k C S Kd 4 Pwe Bauleke, M. P., Hardy, R. G., Franks, P., Plummer, N., and Palmer, C. D., Hamilton, V. L., Hoffman, B. R., Fahnestock, 38°37'30" ! 38°37'30"

4

5 ! 0 y Kk Qal 0 Kk 0 Qal Stewart, G., 1967, Evaluating mineral resources, Saline P. B., and Barker, W. L., 1992, Soil survey of Saline County, t k Kd 4 C s y o Qal Qal e Pn r 400 4 r Qal County (a pilot project): Kansas Department of Economic De- Kansas: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources ! Kk 5 D m W Qal e 0 S Kk Kd Kk e Qal velopment, Planning for Development, Report No. 15B, 52 p. Conservation Service, in cooperation with Kansas Agricultural ! k Pn 135 Kk Pwe 4 %&'(

! r Experimental Station, 133 p.; http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda. 31 32 33 34 35 Kk 5 Pwe 36 0 31 32 C 31 32 33 34 35 36 Bayne, C. K., Franks, P. C., and Ives, W., 1971, Geology and Pn ! 33 34 35 36 31 32 33 34 35 36 31 32 33 34 35 36 C AF4 ey Qal gov/Manuscripts/KS169/0/saline.pdf. Kd v 0 4 81 r

! JI 0 5 Qal y g a 4 ground-water resources of Ellsworth County, central Kansas: 0 Pn 0 Kd k a H 5 Kk Kk c t 4 Pwe Qal u S Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 201; http://www.kgs. Plummer, N., and Romary, J. R., 1947, Kansas clay, Dakota Kk Coronado t 400 Kk Pn 0 40 ! Kd 0 n 5 0 Kk Pn 5 4 Pwe

T 16 S Qal 4 Heights e Kk 5 Pwe

!

! 4 Qal ! Kd 0 ! 0

ku.edu/General/Geology/Ellsworth/index.html. Formation: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 67, 241 p. ! 5 T 16 S K Kk 4 R 6 W R 5 W T 17 S -97°52'30" R 5 W R 4 W T 17 S R 1 W R 1 E Byrne, F. E., Walters, C. P., Hill, J. L., and Riseman, L., 1959, Schoewe, W. H., 1949, The geography of Kansas, pt. 2, -97°45' R 4 W R 3 W MC PHERSON CO -97°37'30" R 3 W R 2 W -97°30' R 2 W R 1 W Geology and construction-material resources of Marion Physical geography: Kansas Academy of Science -97°22'30" SCALE 1:5,000,000 County, Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 1060-B, 95 p. Transactions, v. 52, no. 3, p. 261-333. 50 0 50 100 150 200 MILES SCALE 1:50,000 Franks, P. C., 1966, Petrology and stratigraphy of the Kiowa Swineford, A., 1947, Cemented sandstones of the Dakota and Computer compilation and cartography by the Kansas Geological Survey's 50 0 50 100 150 200 KILOMETERS Cartographic Services unit. For purchase information, or for information and Dakota Formations (basal Cretaceous), north-central Kiowa formations in Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, 1 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 MILES about other KGS maps or publications, please call Kansas: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Kansas, 2 Bulletin 70, 104 p. 1 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 KILOMETERS Publication Sales GENERALIZED GEOLOGY OF KANSAS vols., 312 p. 500 Whittemore, D. O., Basel, C. L., Galle, O. K., and Waugh, T. (785) 864-2157 Franks, P. C., 1979, Paralic to fluvial record of an early C., 1981, Geochemical identification of saltwater sources in QUATERNARY SYSTEM NEOGENE SYSTEM CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM or visit the Kansas Geological Survey website at www.kgs.ku.edu. Cretaceous marine transgression - Longford member, Kiowa the Smoky Hill River valley, McPherson, Saline, and LAMBERT CONFORMAL CONIC PROJECTION Holocene - Pleistocene Series Pliocene - Miocene Series Formation, north-central, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Dickinson counties, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, WITH STANDARD PARALLELS AT 33° AND 45° NORTH AMERICAN DATUM OF 1983 ISBN# 978-1-58806-982-6 Loess and river-valley deposits Ogallala Fm Pennsylvanian Subsystem Bulletin 219, 55 p.; http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/ Open-file Report 81-6, 78 p.; http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Hydro/ Bulletins/219/index.html. Publications/1981/OFR81_6/index.html. Sand dunes CRETACEOUS SYSTEM Mississippian Subsystem

Frye, J. C., and Leonard, A. B., 1952, Pleistocene geology of Williams, C. C., and Lohman, S. W., 1949, Geology and Glacial-drift deposits JURASSIC SYSTEM Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 99, 230 p.; ground-water resources of a part of south-central Kansas with http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/99/index.html. special reference to the to the Wichita municipal water supply: Limit of Kansan Glaciation PERMIAN SYSTEM Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 79; http://www.kgs.ku. Gogel, T., 1981, Discharge of saltwater from Permian rocks to edu/Publications/Bulletins/79/06_geocret.html. A major stream-aquifer systems in central Kansas: Kansas A' Elevation contours are presented for general reference. They were generated by the U.S. Geological Survey West Geological Survey, Chemical Quality Series 9, 60 p. http:// Zeller, D. E., ed., [1968] 2009, Classification of rocks in 1600 East 1600 from USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) digital-elevation models (DEM) with 1/3 arc-second resolution,

! Kansas, revised by Kansas Geological Survey Stratigraphic ! ! ! www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/CQS9/index.html. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! which in turn contain resampled data from the 1/9 arc-second layer of NED. Secondary datasets used in ! ! 1550 ! ! ! ! ! 1550 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Nomenclature Committee; in, The Stratigraphic Succession in ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kd ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kd ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! generation of the contours include the high-resolution flow lines, water bodies, and areas from the National ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Jewett, J. M., 1942, Gypsum; in, Kansas Mineral Resources ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1500 ! 1500 ! ! ! ! ! Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 189, 81 p., 1 !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Hydrography Dataset (NHD). In some places the contours may be more generalized than the base maps used for ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! for Wartime Industries, J. M. Jewett and W. H. Schoewe, eds.: ! ! ! ! ! ! Iron Mound ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! Kd ! ! ! !! ! ! plate; http://www.kgs.ku.edu/General/Strat/index.html. ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! compilation of geologic-outcrop patterns. Outcrop patterns on the map will typically reflect topographic ! ! ! ! 1450 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1450 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 41, pt. 3, p. 138-144. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Qal ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! variation more accurately than the associated contour lines. Repeated fluctuation of an outcrop line across a ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ADDITIONAL SOURCES ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Qal ! !!! ! ! ! 1400 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! 1400 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kk ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Qal ! ! ! ! ! ! Kansas Geological Survey, 2011a, Smoky Hills; in, ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kk contour line should be interpreted as an indication that the mapped rock unit is maintaining a relatively constant ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Spring Creek ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kk ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! Elevation(ft) ! ! ! ! ! ! 135 ! ! ! ! %&'( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kk GeoKansas: Kansas Geological Survey; http://www.kgs.ku. Franks, P. C., 1975, The transgressive-regressive sequence of ! ! ! ! ! ! ! elevation along a generalized contour. ! ! ! 140 ! 1350 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1350 ! ! ! ! ! ! CB ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kk ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! Qal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kk ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 81 ! Qal I ! ! ! J ! ! ! ! ! ! ! the Cretaceous Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Dakota formations of ! ! ! ! edu/Extension/smoky/smoky.html. ! Smoky Hill River ! ! ! ! ! Kk ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kk ! ! ! ! ! ! ! The geology was mapped in the field using USGS 7.5-minute 1:24,000-scale topographic maps. ! ! ! 1300 ! ! 1300 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Qal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kansas; in, The Cretaceous System in the Western Interior of ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Qal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Gypsum Creek ! ! Kansas Geological Survey, 2011b, Saline County; in, KGS ! ! ! ! ! ! ! North America, W. G. E. Caldwell, ed.: Geological Associa- ! Roads and highways are shown on the base map as represented by data from the Kansas Department of 1250 Qal ! ! 1250 ! ! ! Pn Directory of Kansas Industrial Mineral Producers; ! ! Qal ! ! ! ! ! ! Pn ! ! ! ! tion of Canada, Special Paper 13, p. 469-521. ! ! ! ! ! Transportation (KDOT) and Saline County. U.S. Department of Agriculture – Farm Services Agency (USDA- ! Qal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Magellan/Minerals/index.html. ! ! ! 1200 ! ! ! ! ! 1200 ! ! !! ! ! ! Pn ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Pwe ! ! ! ! FSA) National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery and Saline County imagery also were used to ! Qal ! Lee, W., Leatherock, C., and Botinelly, T., 1948, The (ft) Elevation Kansas Geological Survey, 2011c, Saline County - Oil and gas check road locations. stratigraphy and structural development of the Salina basin of 1150 1150 production: Kansas Geological Survey; http://www.kgs. Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 74; http://www. 1100 1100 Shaded relief is based on 1-meter hydroflattened bare-earth DEMs from the State of Kansas LiDAR Database. ku.edu/PRS/County/rs/saline.html. kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/74/02_intro.html. Pwe Pwe The DEM images were mosaicked into a single output DEM in Esri GRID format, converted to geographic 1050 Pwe 1050 Kulstad, R. O., Fairchild, P., and McGregor, D., 1956, coordinates. This DEM was downsampled to 1/3 arc-second resolution and converted to a hillshade, a Gypsum in Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 113, SUGGESTED REFERENCE TO THIS MAP 1000 1000 multidirectional shaded-relief image using angles of illumination from 0°, 225°, 270°, and 315° azimuths, each 110 p. 45° above the horizon, with a 4x vertical exaggeration. McCauley, J. R., 2011, Surficial geology of Saline County, 950 950 Kansas; text and geologic-unit descriptions by C. M. Phillips- Pc Latta, B. F., 1949, Ground-water conditions in the Smoky Hill Map partially funded by the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping STATEMAP Program. Lander and R. S. Sawin; cross section geology by R. S. Sawin: 900 900 valley in Saline, Dickinson, and Geary counties, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Map M-123, scale 1:50,000. Vertical exaggeration 20x This map was produced using the ArcGIS system developed by Esri (Environmental Systems Research Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 84, 152 p. ELLSWORTH CO SALINE CO SALINE CO DICKINSON CO Institute, Inc.). Merriam, D. F., 1963, The geologic history of Kansas: Kansas The Kansas Geological Survey does not guarantee this map to be free from errors or inaccuracies and disclaims Geological Survey, Bulletin 162, 317 p.; http://www.kgs.ku. any responsibility or liability for interpretations made from the map or decisions based thereon. edu/Publications/Bulletins/162/06_pres. html. Last edited 11/8/2011