DATA REPORT Sustainable Urban Transport Index (SUTI) for Asian Cities

Dr. Muhammad Nanang Prayudyanto Ahmad Faris Saffan Sunarya, MSc.

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Workshop on Sustainable Urban Transport Index Colombo, 30-31 October 2017 Indonesia

Greater GRDP US$ 108.7 mio Contribution to National: 18.48%

Name of The City Area (Km2) Population (in Density Projection of million) (Pop/km2) 20 years Growth (%)

JAKARTA (CITY) 662,33 10 ,08 15231,9 0,86

BOGOR REGENCY 2997,13 5,1 1705,8 1,22

BEKASI REGENCY 1269,51 2,81 2219,8 1,22

BOGOR (CITY) 111,73 1,03 9269,9 1,49

BEKASI (CITY) 213,58 2,54 11914,3 1,49

DEPOK (CITY) 199,44 1,89 9500,5 1,49

TANGERANG REGENCY 1011,86 3,13 3101,4 1,59

TANGERANG (CITY) 153,93 2,02 13163,6 1,99

SOUTH TANGERANG 147,19 1,45 9876,0 1,99 SELATAN (CITY)

TOTAL 6766,7 30,1

Greater Jakarta Population trend in Metropolitan core and sub-urban areas

Seoul MA 10 Bangkok MR 25 8 Total Total 20 6 15 SeoulCore-area City 4 Core-area 10 Suburb 2 population, million million population, population, 5 million million population, population, Suburb Population, million million Population, Population, Population, million million Population, Population, 0 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

20 Metro Manila* 25 Jabotabek 20 15 Total Total 15 10 M. ManilaCore Suburb 10 5 suburb 5 Core population, million million population, population, population, million million population, population, population, million million population, population, 0 million million population, population, 0 1980 1990 2000 1980 1990 2000 *Study Area of MMUTIS  Decentralization of population? 3 Sustainable Urban Transport Index 01 02 03 04 05

Extent to which Modal share of Convenient access Public transport Traffic fatalities per transport plans active and public to public transport quality and 100.000 inhabitants cover public transport in service reliability transport, commuting intermodal facilities and infrastructure for active modes 06 07 08 09 10

Affordability – Operational costs Investment in Air quality (pm10 Greenhouse gas travel costs as part of the public public concentration) emissions of Income transport System transportation . systems . INDICATOR 1 Extent to which transport plans cover public transport, intermodal facilities and infrastructure for active modes SCORE

NO COVERAGE 0 No goals -- No designation -- No budget

1 3 LIMITED CYCLING PUBLIC 1 Vague goal -- Little designation seen in plans -- NETWORK TRANSPORT Small or unclear budget

MIDDLE 2 Qualitative goals -- Some designation in 1-2 WALKING INTERMODAL major areas/corridors -- Some budget NETWORK TRANSFER 2 FACILITIES 4 EXTENSIVE 3 Quantitative goals -- Much designation across city -- increased realistic budget

LEADING 4 Ambitious goals -- Full designation across city - - Major secured new funding Indicative Scoring Criteria for Greater Jakarta Score 0 1 2 3 4 No coverage Limited Middle Extensive Leading I) WALKING Vague goal Qualitative goals Quantitative goals Ambitious goals NETWORKS No goals Little designation seen in Some designation in 1-2 Much designation across Full designation across No designation No plans major areas/corridors city city budget Small or unclear budget Some budget increased realistic Major secured new budget funding II) CYCLING Vague goal Qualitative goals Quantitative goals Ambitious goals NETWORKS No goals Little designation seen in Some designation in 1-2 Much designation across Full designation across No designation No plans major areas/corridors city city budget Small or unclear budget Some budget Increased Major secured new realistic budget funding III) INTERMODAL Vague goal Qualitative goals Quantitative goals Ambitious goals TRANSFER No goals Little designation seen in Some designation in 1-2 Much designation across Full designation across No designation No plans major areas/corridors city city FACILITIES budget Small or unclear budget Some budget Increased Major secured new realistic budget funding IV) PUBLIC Vague goal Qualitative goals Quantitative goals Ambitious goals TRANSPORT No goals Little designation seen in Some designation in 1-2 Much designation across Full designation across No designation No plans major areas/corridors city city budget Small or unclear budget Some budget Increased Major secured new realistic budget funding Walking Facilities Improvement

1. Walking Networks: KPI pedestrian access 2. Much designation (Jakarta, Kota Bekasi, Kota Bogor, Kota Tangerang, etc) 3. Budget: increased realistic budget Pedestrian Facilities Construction and Campaign

80 km pedestrian facilities in DKI Jakarta has been constructed in 2017. 24 km by Provincial and 56 km by Cities (5 Sub Provinces)

Total budget: Rp. 412 bill. (± US$ 40 mio) Cycling Network

1. Cycling Networks: MoT and MPW Regulations on Pedestrian Facilities 2. Some designation (Jakarta, Kota Bogor, Kota Tangerang, etc) 3. Budget: some budget Intermodal Transfer Facilities

Vending Machine 1. Intermodal at Railway Station Transfer: KPI P&R at Bogor Distance and Commuter Railway Station location in station and terminals 2. Much designation (Commuter Railway Stations P&R, Electronic Payment, BRT shelters, etc) Parking 3. Budget: increased at Railway Station realistic budget Development of Mass Public Transport System in Greater Jakarta:

2017 : Airport Railway 2017 : Elevated BRT 13rd Corridor in Jakarta (Tendean – Ciledug). Public 2018 : LRT Jabodetabek (Cawang – Cibubur) and LRT DKI Jakarta (Gading Nias – Transport Velodrome). 2019 : LRT Jabodetabek (Cawang – Bekasi Timur and Cawang – Dukuh Atas). 1. Public Transport: 2019 : MRT (Lebak Bulus – Bundaran HI). RITJ, PTM, Source: GJTA, 2017 Permenhub 54/2013 2. Full designation LRT Jabodetabek across cities (Trans Jabodetabek, JR Tunnel of Jakarta MRT Connection, JA Co, LRT, MRT, Commuter, Long distance rail, Ferry 3. Budget: major secured new funding INTEGRATED PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORK FOR GREATER JAKARTA Source: GJTA, 2016 INDICATOR 2 Modal Share of Active and Public Transport in Commuting

Mode Economic Status Daily Trips Share Mode Share

Lower income 8.314.748 16% Private cars and motorcycle ownership Motorcycle person grows inevitably as a natural effort by Medium Income 17.801.390 34% 53% trips each individual to fulfill their mobility needs. High Income 2.007.651 4% Lower income 1.211.348 2% low parking prices and subsidized fuel costs have affected the people’s decision to Car person trips Medium Income 7.233.139 14% 20% choose a private vehicle.

High Income 2.056.607 4% Currently, Jakarta has two kinds of rapid Lower income 5.323.158 10% transit system : Transjakarta BRT and Public transport Commuter Rail (KRL) Medium Income 8.466.125 16% 27% person trips High Income 637.535 1% The KRL train headway is less convenient than TransJakarta because its frequent service Total Trips 53.051.701 100% 100% is only every 5-20 minutes per train

Source: Japtrapis, 2012 Public Transport Masterplan

Rail total : 159 km, 127 stations, 2 Operators 2 m trips/day 40% PT 60%

Total PT Trips LRT : 29 km, 43 stations ~ 6 m/day 3.1 m trips/day 0.9 m trips/day

Buses : 350 routes, 3700 buses, 4000 route- km, 2 Operators Taxis : 25,000 (7 Operators) Public Transport Modal Share

Source: Japtrapis (JICA-MoT, 2012) 15 INDICATOR 3 Convenient Access to Public Transport Service

Total Districts Serviced Assumed Serviced Population Area Kota Jakarta Utara 95 1,221,704.77 Kota Jakarta Timur 156 2,456,764.88 Kota Jakarta Selatan 144 2,049,088.43 Kota Jakarta Barat 112 2,222,822.38 Kota Jakarta Pusat 51 948,160.34 Bogor 164 899,878.47 Kota Bogor 60 604,988.31 Kota Depok 93 1,062,996.60 Tangerang 105 206,458.31 Kota Tangerang 87 1,054,938.09 Kota Tangerang Selatan 80 840,183.19 Bekasi 82 559,526.51 Kota Bekasi 73 1,180,666.94 Total 15,308,177.23 Ratio to total Greater Jakarta 51% population (%) INDICATOR 4 INDICATOR -4 Public transport quality and reliability INDICATOR -4 INDICATOR

Source: GJTA Primary Survey, 2017 Source: Japtrapis, 2012 Source: GJTA Primary Survey, 2017 INDICATOR -5 Source: Source: Traffic Police, 2015 erN fAcdnsFatalities No of Accidents Year 04654653085823,149 23,794 21,885 568 18,102 4,711 17,744 6,153 3,088 2,925 6,312 2,938 605 5,820 676 2,820 912 3,473 1,008 6,574 1,048 6,498 8,020 2014 8,079 2013 8,235 2012 2011 2010 Fatalities by Mode by Fatalities Bus Car Statistical Bureau from Jakarta Metro Police (2015) Traffic Motorcycle Truck Seriously Injured INDICATOR5 fatalities Injured per 100.000 inhabitants Material Loss (Rp. Mio)

605/(30.000.000/100.000)= 2.1 Traffic100.000=per Fatalities 605. Population= fatalities= of No. mio. 30 Tangerang) Kab. minus Bogor and Kab. Jabodetabek as Metro Jakarta Fatalities (Polda fatalities 1,000 1,200 200 400 600 800 - 0921 0121 0321 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009

y = -49.279x + 100000y = -49.279x R² R² = 0.6049 INDICATOR- 5 INDICATOR -6 Statistical Bureau, 2016        rae aat rnpr uhrt Survey, 2017 Jakarta Transport Authority Greater vrg otl Income Monthly Average      vrg al pnigb Mode by Spending Daily Average Average : Rp. 53,453 53,453 Rp. 4.11) ($ 30,712 Rp. 2.36) ($ 89,574 Rp. 6.89) ($ 26,931 Rp. 2.07) ($ 30,271 : Rp. (around 2.33)$ : : transport is$4.11x25 expenditure Monthly 102.75$ days= 121,049 Rp. 9.31) ($ : Average : Cycle Motor Rail : Taxi Car Private Bus vrg 6,793 $ 3,115 $ : 566 2,538 : $ $ income: 14,727 monthly $ Average Average : : Banten Java Affordability

INDICATOR6

– travel costs as part of Income travel – = 18.2%. = 102.75/ $ = 566$ The income transport monthly cost from INDICATOR- 6 INDICATOR -7 Operational costs Operational

INDICATOR7

of the public transport public System of the    Jakarta inGreater shows : that BPTJ from (2017) The routes 29 from study large of buses box ratio is box ratio 55.44%. fare findwe average the calculation From 35,000. 15,00-20,000 operating but cost between 30,000- Rp. operators. private operated by The tariff isbetween Rp. routes connect Jakarta and hinterlands the but routes 9 operated levelprice under ceiling. lower The 12,000.The tariff isaround 10,00- Rp. Bhakti. PT. operate operation by mostly cost, Mayasari tariff that routes 9 issame private operates as by 11,000Rp. of tariff the govt. 3,500 Rp. of isunder the operating cost Jakarta by routes 6 of Trans Jakarta subsidised are INDICATOR- 7 INDICATOR 8 INDICATOR -8 Investment in public transportation systems

• Public transport investment in Greater Jakarta has been constructed very intensive. • The investment mostly spend on MRT lane construction which amount 22 Trillion IDR, and LRT 27 Trillion IDR. Besides that 2,3 Trillion IDR also pledged to build 10 km of elevated BRT lane, and 6,4Trillion IDR to build double- double track of Manggarai- Cikarang commuter railtrack. Those total amount are equal to 4,1 billion EUR. INDICATOR -8 INDICATOR • On the other hand, according to official data of Toll Road Authority, the government has pledged 24.6 Trillion IDR to build Second Jakarta Outer Ring Road and construction of new Semanggi interchange at cost of 0,22 Trillion IDR. Total private investment for road construction is 24.82 Trilllion IDR. • The share of public transport investment is 67.39%. in the matrix we consider maximum value, 50%. INDICATOR -9

Air quality Air

    INDICATOR9 the PM10: PM10: the 68-79 inaverage or is75. (llhd.jakarta.go.id) calculated area 5 from inJakarta Province, Based website on Environmental of Impact Jakarta of Control (>350) (150-250) Unhealthy Very (250-350) unhealthy Dangerous The classification PM10 of Goodis: Medium (0-50) (50-150) Jakarta 150 is µgram/m3. number PM10 inGreater for Permitable micron (micrometer). that lessthan matter 10 Particulate isfine (PM10) particulare compared threshold. to particulate (population inthe (PM10) matter air weighted) This annual the indicator with provide mean fine levels of (pm10 concentration) INDICATOR- 9 INDICATOR -10 INDICATOR10 Greenhouse gas emissions    Rate= 70/132= 70/132= Rate= 0.53. 132 mio= ton. mio 240 of Urban population about 55% ton. mio 70 Indonesia about (MER) across transport from CO2 emission per capita. annum per urban residents by transport from emissions CO2 equivalent INDICATOR-10 Sustainable Transpot Strategies

Avoid-Shift-Improve

Avoid Shift Improve  Smart Growth  Public transport  Alternative fuels  Zoning regulations  Non-Motorised Transport  Fuel efficiency standards  Internet & Com. Technologies (ICT)  Transportation Demand  Vehicle maintenance  Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Management (TDM)  Vehicle testing

Source: 5th Regional EST Forum Greater Jakarta City X Normalized performance

Extent to which transport plans cover facilities for active modes and public transport 100.00 Greenhouse gas emissions from 90.00 Modal share of active and public transport 80.00 transport in commuting 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 Convenient access to public Air quality (pm10) 30.00 transport service 20.00 10.00 0.00

Investment in public User satisfaction with public transportation systems transport service

Operational costs of the public Traffic fatalities per 100.000 transport system inhabitants

Affordability – travel costs as part of income Greater Jakarta

Natural Normalization 2017 # Indicators Weights units MIN MAX Jabodetabek Extent to which transport plans cover 1 facilities for active modes and public 0 - 16 scale 0.1 0 16 transport 12 Modal share of active and public 2 Trips 0.1 10 90 transport in commuting 27 Convenient access to public transport Number of 3 0.1 20 100 service people 50 User satisfaction with public transport 4 % satisfied 0.1 30 95 service 52.5

5 Traffic fatalities per 100.000 inhabitants # fatalities 0.1 35 0 2.1 Affordability – travel costs as part of 6 % of income 0.1 35 3.5 income 18.2 Cost Operational costs of the public transport 7 recovery 0.1 22 175 system ratio 55.4 Share of Investment in public transportation 8 total 0.1 0 50 systems investment 50

9 Air quality (pm10) µg/m3 0.1 150 10 75 Greenhouse gas emissions from 10 Tons 0.1 2.75 0 transport 0.53 MUST SUM TO 1 1.0 Greater Jakarta Comparing cities all indicators

and Jakarta Extent to which transport plans cover facilities for DRAFT active modes and public transport 100.00 Greenhouse gas emissions 90.00 Modal share of active and from transport 80.00 public transport in commuting 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 Convenient access to public Air quality (pm10) 30.00 transport service 20.00 10.00 Jabodetabek 0.00 Jakarta

Investment in public User satisfaction with public transportation systems transport service

Operational costs of the Traffic fatalities per 100.000 public transport system inhabitants

Affordability – travel costs as part of income DRAFT

Natural Normalization 20172017 # Indicators Weights units MIN MAX Jabodetabek Jakarta Extent to which transport plans cover 1 facilities for active modes and public 0 - 16 scale 0.1 0 16 12 12 transport 12 Modal share of active and public 2 Trips 0.1 10 90 transport in commuting 27 27 30 Convenient access to public transport Number of 3 0.1 20 100 50 70 service people 50 User satisfaction with public transport 4 % satisfied 0.1 30 95 service 52.552.5 70 2.1 2.1 5 Traffic fatalities per 100.000 inhabitants # fatalities 0.1 35 0 2.1 Affordability – travel costs as part of 6 % of income 0.1 35 3.5 income 18.218.2 15 Cost Operational costs of the public transport 7 recovery 0.1 22 175 system 55.4 67 ratio 55.4 Share of Investment in public transportation 8 total 0.1 0 50 systems 50 35 investment 50 75 75 9 Air quality (pm10) µg/m3 0.1 150 10 75 Greenhouse gas emissions from 10 Tons 0.1 2.75 0 0.53 0.53 transport 0.53 MUST SUM TO 1 1.0 DRAFT

D3 RESULT SPIDER DIAGRAM MULTIPLE CITIES Jabodetabek Jakarta Extent to which transport plans cover facilities for active modes and public transport 75.00 75.00 Modal share of active and public transport in commuting 21.25 25.00 Convenient access to public transport service 37.50 62.50 User satisfaction with public transport service 34.62 61.54 Traffic fatalities per 100.000 inhabitants 94.00 94.00 Affordability – travel costs as part of income 53.33 63.49 Operational costs of the public transport system 21.83 29.41 Investment in public transportation systems 100.00 70.00 Air quality (pm10) 53.57 53.57 Greenhouse gas emissions from transport 80.73 80.73 FUTURE PLAN Implementation of SUTI for Greater Jakarta

• STRONG • WEAKNESS • MODERATE

1. Extent to which 1. Modal Share of 1. Affordability travel masterplan covers Active and Public cost as part of public transport Transport income 2. Traffic fatalities 2. Convenient Access 2. Air Quality (pm 10) 3. Investment of to Public Transport Public Transport Services System 3. User Satisfaction 4. Greenhouse 4. Operation Cost of emission form Public Transport transport System ANALYSIS OF OF SUTIINDICATORS ANALYSIS Draft- Transport Plan

No Cities Existing Masterplan

1 Jakarta The concept of road based public transport development is BRT with bus priority with the Jabodetabek has a support from LRT and MRT. Existing public bus system will be improved through the big role for national route management and bus rationalization. Construction of LRT and MRT has been in economic activity, progress. The integration system has also been provided but need to be optimised. that generates GDP 2 Depok Depok City focused on the improvement of existing accessibility of public transportation, such as accessibility to terminals, stations, etc. In additions, they also plan to develop mass more than € 111,148 transport in the form of feeder bus services that connect settlement areas to trunk roads Million (18.48% of (existing BRT networks) as well as railway stations. national). The 3 Tangerang Their public transport policies are focused on the rationalization of existing bus route, economic structure improvement of public transport regulation, improvement of integrated terminal and of Jabodetabek supporting facili ties. In the near future, they also plan develop dedicated bus lane in mass rapid transport system that can be integrated with BRT in DKI Jakarta. 2012, which is 4 Bekasi There are two main policy concepts of road-based public transport development of calculated from GDP Regency Bekasi Regency, which are (1) the development of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), and (2) at current prices, the improvement of public transport services for industrial areas and settlements. The plan of BRT will connect DKI – Bekasi City – Bekasi Regency. shows about 72.56% 5 Bogor The main policies of Bogor Regency transportation development are the road development, Jabodetabek Regency improvement of BRT connection, and integration between BRT/railway with feeder system and transit terminals. economy is still 6 Bekasi Especially for the development of road based public transport, Bekasi City only provides some concentrated in the strategies including route management, inner -city BRT, as well as attempting the possibility city of Jakarta of JABODETABEK Busway operation which connecting Bekasi – DKI Jakarta DISCUSSION Implementation of SUTI for Other Agglomeration City in Indonesia

5 other agglomeration cities need to be supported by public transport based management

0 % -3 % Kota Jumlah Luas Kepadatan Pengguna (%) -24 % Penduduk (km2) (/km2) PT :Car:Walk

 Greater Jakarta 28,336,934 6,682.8 4,240.3 27: 53: 20 9,115,485 5,925.8 1,538.3 55%  Greater Surabaya 52%  Greater Bandung 7,889,047 3,382.9 2,332.0 28%  Greater Medan 4,144,583 2,739.9 1,512.8 15 :83:2 2000 2002 2010  Greater Makassar 2,225,048 2,473.0 899.74 12 :88:0  Greater Denpasar 2,223,070 1,749.8 1,270.4 11 :82:7 TOTAL 53.934.167 22.954.0 2,350.0

Target Medium Term: • Modal share increases from 16% menjadi 35%. Strategic Policies: Indication of Problems: • Central government support and other possible financing sche ‣ Traffic flows to city centers, old attraction area such as matching fund, CSR for BRT development causes tidal flow during peak hours. • A synchronized program for BRT, LRT and MRT ‣ Cooperation between city and hinterlands still Estrimated Budget: far from expected. • Rp. 3 Tril. for urban transport construction in 5 agglomeration ‣ Govt budget for transportation integration is still cities . very low compared to standard of international DISCUSSION Integration from Planning, Construction and Controlling

Kota Tangerang Kabupaten Kota Kabupaten DKI Jakarta Tangerang Kota Bekasi Bekasi Integration Tangerang Selatan

is Urgent ! Kota Depok

Kabupaten Bogor Kota BogorKota Bogor

Strategy of TRAFFIC ROADS PUBLIC URBAN PLANNING MANAGEMENT • Construction TRANSPORT • TOD Integration • Supervision • Management • Construction • Planning of Land Use • Control • Regulation • Urban Development • Information • integration • Management ALHAMDULILLAH THANK YOU