Wiesław Pawlak
Roland Desmarests’ Aloisiae Gonzagae ad Ladislaum Poloniae Regem sponsum proficiscentis propempticum. A Contribution to the History of Polish‑French Cultural Links in the 17th Century
Abstract Roland Desmarests (1594-1653), a brother of the better- known Jean Desmarests de Saint-Sorlin, placed a Latin poem dedicated to the French princess Marie Louise Gonzaga de Nevers in his Epistolarum Philologicarum Libri Duo (Philological Letters, 1655). The princess (who was the future wife of two Polish kings, Władysław IV Vasa and John II Casimir) was about to leave France for far away and exotic Poland. The aim of the article is to analyze the poem and to publish it.
Keywords Desmarests Roland; neolatin poetry; Polish-French Cultural Links
© 2017 Wiesław Pawlak The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin | [email protected] The author declares that there is no conflict of interest. pl.it | rassegna italiana di argomenti polacchi | 8 | 2017 ISSN: 2384-9266 | plitonline.it 23 Wiesław Pawlak | Roland Desmarests’ Aloisiae Gonzagae ad Ladislaum Poloniae Regem sponsum proficiscentis propempticum... ------Staro Francusko , Champion, Polsko-francu siècles Drzewo Drzewo Kraków. Mit e La La Pologne en Fran Polska i Polacy w lite Polska i Polacy , Instytut Historii UAM, -XVII e Literatura Literatura staropolska a li , in Hanusiewicz-Lavallee (ed.), (ed.), , in Hanusiewicz-Lavallee L’arbre de Cracovie. L’arbre Le mythe po , in M. Hanusiewicz-Lavallee (ed.), Słownik literatury staropolskiej. Średnio staropolskiej. Słownik literatury . For this very reason Desmarests’ 2 La Pologne et les Polonais dans la littérature Pologne et les Polonais dans la littérature La Literatura Literatura staropolska w kontekście europejskim , Znak, Kraków 1997); J. Sokołowska, Certains Certains aspects des rapports entre la France et la , voll. 1-3, Institut d’Études Slaves de l’Université de de de l’Université Institut Slaves d’Études 1-3, voll. , , Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa Warszawa Warszawskiego, Uniwersytetu Wydawnictwa , , Imago, Paris 1996 (Polish version: , Wydawnictwo Naukowe , Wydawnictwo UAM, Naukowe Poznań 2016); D. Półćwiar . 1 , L’Harmattan, Paris 2008 (Polish version: Paris version: 2008 (Polish , L’Harmattan, , in T. Michałowska (ed.), Michałowska , in T. , Ossolineum, Wrocław 1998, pp. 265-269; M. Serwański, XIX XIX w.) , PWN, 1964; Warszawa J. Sokołowska, ‑ , cit., pp. 291-348. , PWN, Warszawa , 1986; PWN, Warszawa Rosset, F. , Ossolineum, pp. 1977, Wrocław 77-89; Z. Markiewicz, siècles) e siècle e Niebezpieczeństwa “galanterii”, czyli wpływy francuskie a przemiany w men a przemiany francuskie wpływy czyli “galanterii”, Niebezpieczeństwa Le Le monde slave et les classiques français aux XVI -XIX e Polskość we francuskich fikcjach epoki baroku , in T. Michałowska, J. Ślaski (eds.), Nonetheless, Nonetheless, we know that the list of the publications open-ended in remains question as occasional poems, When and lists. it catalogues comes counting or reference to the poetry, may such Many troublesome. more remain even be can accents Polish undiscovered with works in library texts have been thanks discovered to the pioneering publication by Jan Lorentowicz, who made an extraordinarily intensive survey [...]. How How many “Polish” works can be this question. Even answer No one can reasonably found literature? French in 17th and 18th century if we confine ourselvesto prose and drama wherePoland orPoles impossible. virtually is texts such all counting directly, mentioned are Some of them may have been never published, or could be printed Both Both the question posed above and the answer provided by the quoted In a recent essay on Polish-French cultural links in the early modern period, period, modern early the in links cultural Polish-French on essay a recent In W przestrzeni południa W przestrzeni raturze raturze francuskiej (XIV tek-Dremierre, wieku XVII Rzeczypospolitej i kulturze talności intelektualnej polskie tradycje kontaktów z Francją – związki serca czy rozsądku W.M. Malinowski, J. Styczyński, 2009; Poznań (XIV française Polski w literaturze francuskiej 1573-1896 -polskie związki literackie wiecze. Renesans. Barok (Związki i analogie) skie związki literackie lonais dans la littérature française teratura francuska do XVIII teratura wieku. połowy Perspektywy nieco innej i susyntezy: propozycje gestie ce. ce. Essai raisonnée d’une bibliographie Paris, Paris 1935-1941; Z. Libiszowska, Pologne au XVII 2016, pp. 260-261. A. Cf. Mansuy, Paris 1912; J. (avec Lorentowicz la collaboration de A. M. Chmurski), F. F. Rosset, estety romańskich: narodów wobec Rzeczypospolitej Pierwszej Kultura południa. W przestrzeni kulturowe konteksty i style, prądy ka, 2 1 from from the 14th until the early 20th century concerning Polish-French literary relationships, starting literary concerning from the Polish-French monumental bibliography by Jan and Lorentowicz ending with time-span the the recent relatively in antho Poles and Poland discuss authors French which in texts of logy Marie Louise Gonzaga de Nevers and the Polish King Ladislaus (Władysław) IV IV (Władysław) Ladislaus King Polish the and Nevers de Gonzaga Louise Marie the best To Vasa. of my knowledge, the poem is not reported in any research author author are justified. Itcan by demonstrated Roland beeffectively Desmarests’ Latin poem, composed to commemorate the wedding of the Princess French François Rosset wrote: Rosset François 24 pl.it | rassegna italiana di argomenti polacchi | 8 | 2017 7 6 5 4 3 (1553-1617) Thou’s de Auguste Jacques by as King of Poland is confirmed by Jean Choisnin’s report (ca 1530-ca 1580) IIIHenry of election successful the from then and Francetoenvoys Polish their own eyes. Nevertheless, the commotion resulting from the arrival of the as Desportes, yet most of them – unlike Desportes – never saw Poland Polandwith of a view negative as held authors these of all Not country.exotic French king to the Polish throne, and intrigued by the distant and somewhat the among French.theof Poles election by inspiredonlyYet,the be the writer tonot washe and Poland of image negative the to contributed phlet and by Jan Kochanowski in his Latin poem wszetecznemu Francuzowi entitled text the of author Polish anonymous an pamphlet Polish readers) was Philippe Desportes (1546-1606), who authored a spiteful throng of French poets and whole the writers” “mobilized have to said was that throne Polish the to (Valois) III Henryof election the than clearlymore it shows Nothing manoeuvres. stic dyna similar other many the or throne, Polish the on candidate a French attempts at political rapprochement, take for example attempts to establish the and states two the between relations diplomatic the correlatewith tly rest in Poland and Poles among French writers under the one might betempted to think as extensive as not is literatureFrench old in Poland to related poems sional farofso collectedocca corpus the morethat the discussion, deserves poem J. Choisnin, J. Malinowski, Styczyński, Cf. J. August de Thou, nictwo Literackie, Kraków 1971, pp.156-161. Henrykacja Walezego l’électionRoydu trousen Polongne,divisé de livres Henryka Walezego Półćwiartek-Dremierre,D. 483; Crocitanti” “Gallo Kochanowski’s Attendants to the Duel: Classical Intertexts in Philippe Desportes’s “Adieu à la Pologne” and Jan chanowskiego Jana Kochanowskiego spotkania z Francją KrakówLiterackie,1977,358-374); Głombiowska,pp. Z. version: (Polish lae in honorem Georgii Y. Shevelov versus Desportes. A Sixteenth-Century French-Polish Poetic Duel S. Kot, Universitaires deLyon, Lyon 2000,pp.81-98. III Henri dawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 1976; J. Boucher, M. Serwański, Rosset, classiques”);chroniqueurs ses et Pologne de Roi lois, Rosset ( It is a well-knownis It successivethe factthat wavesof interest disinteand Adieu à la Pologne , in F.(ed.),Lavocatin , Polskość L’Adieu à la Pologne L’Adieuà la Discours au vray, de tout ce qui s’est faict & passé pour l’entière négociation de négociation l’entière pour & passé faict s’est qui ce tout de vray, au Discours , Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, Gdańsk 2001, pp. 74-93; R. Finnin, R. 74-93; pp. 2001, Gdańsk Gdańskiego, UniwersytetuWydawnictwo , Henryk III Walezy w Polsce. Stosunki polsko-francuskie w latach 1566-1576 Poetycki pojedynek z Desportes’em pojedynek Poetycki , cit.,pp.262-263) writes about30suchtexts. , in“Roczniki Humanistyczne”, n.63/1, 2015,pp.205-222. O przyjęciu w Paryżu posłów polskich , in , J.Gintel (ed.), Polska , in “Silva Rerum”, n. 4/7, 1930, pp. 49-75; W. Weintraub, La France et la Pologne: histoire, mythes, représentationsmythes,histoire, Pologne: FrancelaLa et , cit., p. 17. See also: Mansuy, op. cit., pp. 63-93 (“Henri Ier de Va (A Pole’s Response to the Lecherous Frenchman), Pierwsze polsko-francuskie Pierwsze , in “Comparative Literature Studies”, n. 44/4, 2007, pp. 458- 44/4,2007,Studies”,pp. Literaturen. “Comparative in , , Universitas Libera Ucrainensis, München 1971, pp. 463‑ 3 . (Farewell to Poland), responded to by both by to responded Poland),(Farewell to CudzoziemcyRelacje o Polsce. i opinie , in Ead., 4 . The best-known of them (at least to the L’opinion française et le bref règne polonais de , Nicolas Chesneau, Paris1574.NicolasChesneau, , Cf. Id., W poszukiwaniu znaczeń. O poezji Jana Ko , in Id., in , Gallo crocitanti itra si temporis sui Historiae “Tere de France, mult estes dulz pais”.“Teredulz estesFrance, mult de , in Gintel (ed.), op. cit., pp. 162‑ Rzecz czarnoleska Rzecz rendez-vous doid pzz Polaka przez Odpowiedź Drzewo KrakówDrzewo , in W. E. Harkins (ed.), ancien régime 5 . Desportes’ pam kultur , Wydawnictwo, , vol.1, Wydaw , cit., pp. 17 pp. cit., , . Polski epizod Polski Kochanowski , Presses , (1620) Symbo stric , Wy , Elek 166. ‑ 473 42; 6 7 ------, , 25 Wiesław Pawlak | Roland Desmarests’ Aloisiae Gonzagae ad Ladislaum Poloniae Regem sponsum proficiscentis propempticum...
e ) ------Me dame dame 1585), 1585), ‑ Polsko-francu chambre bleue chambre , in Id., , in Id., Les sonnets de Jean de la Jessée Jessée la de Jean de sonnets Les . The political idea of a Polish- 9 , in “Archivum Neophilologicum”, n. 1, 1930, , Książka i Wiedza, Warszawa 1963. Warszawa i Wiedza, , Książka , PIW, Warszawa 1976, and especially: K. Targosz, Targosz, K. especially: and 1976, Warszawa PIW, , , Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków , 1889, Jagiellońskiego, Drukarnia Kraków Uniwersytetu : she had connections with the spiritual milieu of , cit., pp. 17-30; W. Lednicki, Lednicki, W. 17-30; pp. cit., , . 10 , in “Revue du Nord”, n. 225, 1975, pp. 133-145; R. Kamuntavičius, R. Kamuntavičius, pp. 133-145; n. 225, 1975, du Nord”, , in “Revue Polska Żona dwóch Wazów dwóch Żona . 8 . This influence comes as no surprise, since – already as 11 Marya Mantuańska, królowa polska, w latach 1644-1648 w latach polska, królowa Mantuańska, Marya Warszawski dwór Ludwiki Marii Ludwiki dwór Warszawski femme femme savante Les comptes rendus de voyages et commentaires des Français sur la Pologne, au XVI au Pologne, la sur Français des commentaires et voyages de rendus comptes Les , Muzeum Pałacu Króla Jana III w Wilanowie, Warszawa 2015 (see also the extensive extensive the also (see 2015 Warszawa w Wilanowie, III Jana Króla Pałacu Muzeum , , in “Lithuanian Historical Studies”, n. 3, 1998, pp. 27-48. n. 3, 1998, Studies”, , in “Lithuanian Historical and Marie Marie Louises’ remarkable personality and the Queen’s “learned court” As As everyone knows, Henry III’s Polish reign did not last long and ended list of references herein). herein). references list of Cf. B. Fabiani, Fabiani, B. Cf. Uczony dwór Ludwiki Marii Gonzagi (1646-1667). Z dziejów polsko-francuskich stosunków na ukowych skie w XVIIstosunki wieku. 1644-1667 Z. Libiszowska, pp. 1-61; moirs of French Travellers: A Source of Lithuanian History in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Seventeenth the of Half Second the in History Lithuanian of A Source Travellers: French of moirs Century Waliszewski, K. pp. 107-126. Tollet, D. éditions et auteurs siècle, Malinowski, Styczyński, Malinowski, Styczyński, sur la Pologne et sur son roi Henri de Valois
11 10 9 8 illustre illustre ( salon Parisian famous the of guest a frequent was Port-Royal, and on its culture a Princess of Mantua – Marie Louise had made her name as a French ger brother John Casimir John brother ger Poland of history political century 17th late the on both impact a huge wielded Wawel Cathedral. It was the two beginning decades her of over Wawel lasting royal youn – his 1649 May 30 – from then and IV, Ladislaus of a wife as first at reign, the 35-year-old bride Marie a long left Louise to Poland. Paris On for the journey 35-year-old 10 Ladislaus 1646, wedding of March and the Marie actual took Louise place in and Warsaw, on 15 July 1646, she was crowned as Queen in the Cracow a splendid Polish embassy entered Paris to witness the grandeur of the proxy proxy the of grandeur the witness to Paris entered embassy Polish a splendid marriage ceremony that was to take place on 5 November. Later that year, an extraordinary an French Nicolas envoy extraordinary Flecelles de Bregy signed a prelimi 1645, October 25 on later, months Three Warsaw. in agreement marriage nary wife. wife. This time the project failed as well, as the young king married Cecilia Renata, a daughter of Emperor Ferdinand II. as However, soon as she died, the idea marriage Ladislaus’ of to 1645, On Marie July Louise 17 re-emerged. to to the Polish royal envoy to France, Jan Zawadzki, the Princess of Mantua, Marie Louise Gonzaga de Nevers, as the best candidate for Ladislaus’ IV the reign of Sigismund III Vasa, the first and initially futile attempts were made made were attempts futile initially and first the Vasa, III Sigismund of reign the revi was idea The princess. a French marry Ladislaus, Prince son, his make to sited almost a decade later – in 1635 – when Cardinal Richelieu suggested French alliance was not abandoned either, since the French were still seeking seeking still were French the since either, abandoned not was alliance French of period late the In power. to rise Habsburgs’ the counterbalance to a means with his memorable Yet,fleeing escape theroyal toFrance did in June 1574. not put an end to the in interest French Poland, as inreflected the accounts of French travellers who visited the country Gessée (1551-1596) Gessée and a series of poetic works of such and (1524 of authors works a series as: Ronsard poetic Pierre of la de Jean or (1552-1630) d’Aubigné Agrippa 1600), 1553-ca (ca Binet Claude 26 pl.it | rassegna italiana di argomenti polacchi | 8 | 2017 16 15 14 13 12 ExtraordinaryGuébriant, Marshalde AmbassadriceMadameof Return the on Intendante de la conduitte Sur-extraordinaire,et Ambassadrice Guébriant, de Maréschalle la Madame de in published work the 1647,entitled in omit Paris cannot one IV, Ladislaus with Gonzaga Louise Amant (1594-1661) Saint de GirardMarc-Antoine poet, court Louise’s Marie of works the most, drama the 1671), ExtraordinaryVoivode, Duke Ambassadorof MajestyHis ofKing Illustrious Poland)by RenéSainte-Espine de (1610- the of 1645 October 25 on Paris in octobre1645 25 le à Paris, Pologne, de Roy Sérénissime du Extraordinaire Ambassadeur Palatin, Comte Illustre Très Latin and French in written poetry gence of a significant number of literary works referring to Poland: prose and emer contributethe todid question above,ofFrancein the in marriage the tic disputeover the place wherethe ceremony was tobe held ceremonymarriage of Princessofthe Mantuacontext the in of diploma the the of issue the recalls only 1613-1679) Gondi, de Paul(Jean-François Retz Cardinalmemoirs, his For in example,imagine. temptedto be wouldone as time) seemingly powerful kingdom. That interest was probably not as general which were finally crowned by marrying a king of the distant, vast and (at the social position explains public interest in her successive matrimonial projects, John Casimir Vasa, who was to become her second husband met she point some atParis,familywhere herresidenceNeversHôtel in de ( literaryownherevensalon ran and Rambouillet, ofmarquisede
op. cit.,pp.149-166. F. Dumora-Mabille, 329-336;121-123, pp. 145-157;Targosz,cit., pp. op. 1992, 33, Litteraria”,Folian. Lodziensis. tis Rosset, Gonzague”); de Marie-Louise et (“Saint-Amant 163-202 pp. cit., op. Mansuy,Cf.7. p. Ibidem, Malinowski, Styczyński, Mansuy, op.cit.,pp.131-202; Rosset, Cf. Kardynał Retz, Targosz, op.cit.,pp.12-69. When discussing French literary works inspired by the marriage of Marie of marriage the by inspired worksliterary French discussing When even though it is not completely true, it is most probably sincere probably most is it true, completely not is and it Desportes, though even of vision gloomy the to contrast stark in is portrait honey.and ofmilk This land ofSarmatians, kingdom ofthe a picture poems enthusiastic his in creates he Warsawthe court, to invitation himself Sentamanski. When he finally receives his very much desired a fur hat on a clean-shaven head; writing poems in Polish and calling proud a as wellas as side his himself at sabre ornate depicts an and velvetwearing he Sarmatian poetry, his In Poland. to visit prior his poems to composes vivant bon famous a and traveller great A Drzewo Kraków Pamiętniki Poétique de la circonstance: la Pologne de Saint-Amant de Pologne lacirconstance: la de Poétique Venceslas 15 : , cit., pp. 58-66; J. Bailbé, Polska Relation du voyage de la Royne de Pologne, et du retourdu et Pologne, de Royne la de voyagedu Relation , vol. 1,PIW, Warszawa 1981,pp. 68‑ [...] (Report on the Voyage of the Queen of Poland and , cit.,pp.35-54. by Jean Rotrou (1609-1650), and, first and fore and first and, (1609-1650), Rotrou Jean by Drzewo Kraków 14 . These include: These . (A Poem to Commemoratethe Arrivalto(A Poem Saint-Amant en Pologne , cit.,pp.43-71. 74. Stances sur l’Entrée du l’Entrée sur Stances 12 , in “Acta Universita . Marie Louise’s 13 , in Lavocat (ed.),Lavocat in , . Irrespective. cabinet 16 . ) in ) - - - - 27 Wiesław Pawlak | Roland Desmarests’ Aloisiae Gonzagae ad Ladislaum Poloniae Regem sponsum proficiscentis propempticum... . - - - - - chef chef d’oeuvre . In France, the the . In France, 20 in her memoirs and Epistolae Epistolae philologicae 19 Historiettes , apud Henricum le Gras, Lutetiae , Czytelnik, Warszawa , 1978; Czytelnik, Warszawa Malinow Mémoire du voyage de Madame de Madame voyage du Mémoire , Arausioni 1654, p. 187: “Has inter delicias delicias inter “Has 187: p. 1654, Arausioni , . The marriage of Marie Louise was was Louise Marie of marriage The . , in Gintel (ed.), op. cit., pp. 238-259; Rosset, Rosset, 238-259; pp. cit., op. (ed.), Gintel in , 18 et et quelques remarques des choses qui to Jean-François Sarrasin (1614-1654), was was (1614-1654), Sarrasin Jean-François to [...] 21 . Unlike Le Laboureur’s work, work, . a similar Unlike Le Laboureur’s kind 17 ), written by ), written Pierre by Des who (1606-1693), Noyers Anna Austriaczka i jej dwór , a work that turned out to be Desmarests’ Epistolae. Opus posthumum Opus Epistolae. 22 , cit., pp. 35-39. Epistolarum Epistolarum philologicarum liber primus Relacja z podróży królowej polskiej królowej z podróży Relacja Polska Aloisiae Gonzagae ad Ladislauum Poloniae Regem sponsum proficiscentis Pro proficiscentis sponsum Regem Poloniae Ladislauum ad Gonzagae Aloisiae , cit., pp. 55-58; Targosz, op. cit., pp. 197-203. Targosz, , cit., pp. 55-58; , in Id., Roland Roland Desmarests to is in referred works usually indirectly to devoted his This French wave This wave of interest French in Marie-Louise’s distant kingdom is a histori Parisiorum 1650, pp. 98-100. Parisiorum R. Desmarests, Desmarests, R. pempticum suarum vestium totiusque regii apparatus, non totus Amplissimus, insuave noster fuere Ordo spectaculum. salutavit abiturientem Serenissimam suum regnum Sarmaticum in Reginam libentissime”. officia habitu debita exhibui ego quoque, isto purpuratus: ravius ravius (Claude Sarrau, 1600-1651) to Jacob Candalio, dated as of 14 1645, November issued Sarravius, C. Cf. Paris. in Polonorum pudet Legatorum ingressum referre pompaticum, qui, novitate et magnificentia Ibidem, p. 49. to Paris and the to farewell the envoys Polish of arrival the “pompous” See also a mention of Claudius included Sar of in the “Sarmatian a letter kingdom” her to queen on departure her Mansuy, Mansuy, op. cit., pp. 131-162 (“Madame de Motteville et Marie-Louise de Gonzague, reigne de Pologne”); Motteville, F. ski, Styczyński, Drzewo Kraków Drzewo Ibidem, pp. 194-197. J. de Laboureur, Laboureur, de J.
22 20 21 19 18 17 (Philological Letters) (Philological (1595-1676), Saint-Sorlin de Desmarests Jean brother better-recognized younger, the event had had on him, that is in the late 1649. However, the poem is known known is poem the However, 1649. late the in is that him, on had had event the to have been published originally in 1650 as part of the cess’s cess’s departure from Paris and her journey to Poland. A poem, included into letters undated Desmarests’ of one composed – if to take its that author’s for word – under the direct impact that cal and literary context for the hitherto mentioned poem composed by Roland Roland by poem composed mentioned the hitherto for context and literary cal the prin commemorate to 1594-1653) Lat. Maresius, (Desmarests, Desmarests the current situation in Poland. situation the current by Gédéon Tallemant des Réaux (1621-1689) in his (1621-1689) des Réaux Tallemant Gédéon by public interest in the Queen of Poland and her kingdom was also stimulated by the press (which often relied on English accounts), publishing reports on of Princess of Mantua as Queen of Poland of Queen as Mantua of of Princess also mentioned by Françoise de Motteville (1621-1689) was was the queen’s long-time secretary and who chose Poland to become his homeland for good, failed to be history the published. concerning research for source a valuable His remains letters, his with manuscript account, along Louise Louise Marie de Gonzague de Clève lui sont arrivées dans ce pays book must have captured genuine readers’ interest, since its second edition was published year the following ( Poland to journey on Louise’s Marie of report eyewitness eyewitness account of Marie Louise’s journey The to the state. Polish of system and political on monograph the history French Poland, but also the first and Superintendent of the Royal Retinue) by Jean Le Laboureur (1623-1675). This tripartite treatise written by an outstanding historian was not only an 28 pl.it | rassegna italiana di argomenti polacchi | 8 | 2017 27 26 25 24 23 ( Latin in written wereletters” “philological Grafton phrased it – “a true circulatorytrue – “a system”it Graftonphrased for theirthought epistolography whom constitutednotonly of means – as main also the communication,but Anthony for scholars, of community transdenominational and sentatives repre of the other and Dupuy, Jacques and Pierre brothers Naudé, Gabriel tioned de Valois,alreadyPétau,the Denis Saumaise, Claude Heinsius,Nicolaus men Adrien Patin, Guy Ménage, Gilles Chapelain, Jean as wellas brotherJean, his foremost, and first were,correspondents Desmarests’ Among acquaintances. approximately reaches letters legacy thousand 10-14 whose (1580-1637), Peiresc de Fabri Claude Nicolas including time, his of humanists other many by – shared activity rary Desmarests’litefavouritethat However,seems (1600-1653). it Naudé Gabriel biographer and librarian scholar,well-known the of death the commemorate wrote an epicede in epistolaLatin ( institutione literis in puerorum de regium on children: educating treatise epistolographic short his in itself manifested teaching in interest (Palais-Cardinal)Cardinalpalaceof Richelieu’s portico the adorned had Frenchmenportraits famous whose praising distichs of collection a small remarkable a Latin as in expert outstanding commemoration an and erudite and humanist, reputation a deserves truly himself a poet, playwright and the first chancellor of the French Academy
binum, Kraków 2015, pp.63-83. pospolitej manistycznej “respublica litteraria” W.Pawlak,9; p. 2009, 1/1, n. Grafton,A. Virtue intheSeventeenth Century torium H. Jaumann, 1973, pp.43-60. Palais-Cardinal du illustres hommes Dorival, B. Cf. 41). p. (ibidem, suntur” etiamnum inscripta, tum tabulis Cardinalis D
33 32 31 30 29 cae 28 epistles, as mirrored in the title of the whole collection ( his letter to Jean-François Sarrasin – canby Jean-François used and be his to efficiently delightfully letter scholars (“Patrio sermone etiam cum laude ac utiliter scribi a doctis posse”) esse et ediscenda”) of the best Latinists of his time, professing to have only been writing in Latin, he highly valued literary works in his mother tongue, which – as he wrote in thing ancient deserves study, but rather only those things that are necessary and useful (“Non omnia antiqua, sed tantum necessaria ac utilia examinanda des modernes Mothe La de François to letter his in itself manifested Moderns the towards tion (1588-1672), in which he Vayer Le persuades his that correspondent not every rest in new trends of European thought (particularly in natural sci natural in (particularly thought European of trends new in rest Ancients the of and incipient ( Moderns” “quarrel already outcome outcome of his humanist, typically that is philological learning, in rooted Greek and but Antiquity, Roman on the other his hand, considerable reveal they inte epistles became the best-recognized and most-renowned work of this French this French of work and most-renowned epistles became the best-recognized de lettres homme originally originally in Paris in 1650. The expanded edition, including a second volume, was published in Paris in 1655 and then in Leipzig and in Frankfurt 1687 30 pl.it | rassegna italiana di argomenti polacchi | 8 | 2017 e ot rad Mlic Brezaei Malliaci Armandi morte De 37 36 35 34 espagnole guerre la conquérant, Rollon poem epic the (e.g. poetic well-recognizedof author Sarrasin, Jean-François along included, author’s requestthe a poem with for evaluation, letterhis in to Song for Louise Gonzaga, on propempticum her proficiscentis Way sponsum to Regem his Husband, Poloniae King ofLadislaum Poland Vladislas) his for true holds also events.This particular memorate Naudaeum epicedion inscriptio sepulchri parisiensis epinicion capta Dunkerka de duci Angensi Borbonio illustrissimi ducis non include: These letters”.“philological his in concealed is Desmarestsby poetry remaining the formof small-size occasional prints– are exceptionan from rule. the allThus, posed to commemorate the death of Gabriel Naudé – published separately in com epicede were ofthe Cardinalportico and the palace, Richelieu’s displayedin portraits whose Frenchmen, famous to devoted distichs of collection mentioned hitherto The correspondents. his of milieu elite an to readership disrespect even and disdain of a degree with spoke he which of oeuvre, poetic own his prose to turn to as efforts,poetic his abandon to much so not him persuading FrançoisSarrasin, time too– wrotemuch spend poems writing Desmarestsletter his in to Jean- not should Nevertheless,yourself.youwriteyou unless others’works assess literarya mandatorybe should it critics practice,since youobjectivelycannot lenges would find in writing poetry a fair kind of entertainment, but for aspiring intellectual chal significant more with dealing exhausted minds Desmarests, utilitarian. Accordingand todetachedsomewhat them wasto attitude yethis works, poetic and literaryappreciated undeniably He views. his of ambiguity early modern literary criticism
Ibidem, pp. 113-116. stri aevi sat egregiorum scripta aetatem nonferre videam?”. Quid enim utilitatis ex his ad alios pertingere potest, ad me gloriae, cum etiam Poetarum no aliquando animicausa feci carmina, sed exemplumin adducam, me quo non dicam, aliquid me de ut 101-102:“Egoipse, pp. Ibidem, simum te adhorter”. tecapis, mulceset veroreficisiisdem prosamipsum ad ut sed oblectas: orationemet potis de versuum tuorum dulcedine siquidem Alios abducam. te places, mire qua in vernacula, sit ingenio ita ad poesim apto [...]. Porro non haec eo adduxi, suavissime Saracene, ut a Poesi qui ei, nisi forte censeo: paucis esse versificandum sic dicebat, philosophandum paucis nus Ennia Neoptolemus ut et, esse, immorandum multum non eo in exercuerit.Sed non se do aliquan studio hoc in ipse qui iudicare, iis verede aut poterit, assequi intelligendo alioquin veneresomnes Poetarumvero Nec exhilarat. recreatet fessum studiis gravioribus animum amoenitas scilicet cuius negligenda; nequaquam literato homini exercitatio,et profectoest Desmarests, und Thomasius Jaumann, H. Cf. Almost all poems composed byoccasionalarecomDesmarestscomposedto works allpoems Almost 36 . He did not care to have his poems published, confining their confining published, poems his have to care not did He . RolandiMaresiiduo epistolarumlibri , Brill,Leiden 1995,pp.206-209. Critica. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Literaturkritik zwischen Quintilian zwischen Literaturkritik der Geschichte zur Untersuchungen Critica. lga e ot rad Rcei criai eietsii nec eminentissimi cardinalis Richelii Armandi morte de Elegia 35 . These words summarize as well Desmarests’ attitude towell Desmarests’attitudeas summarizewords These . . , De morte Nicolai Borbonii epigramma Borbonii Nicolai morte De , as well as the already-mentioned the as wellas , 34 . Desmarests’ stance on poetry reveals a typical , Nunc versus, et caetera ludicra pono eie lsi pafci elegia praefecti, classis Regiae ) as well as prosaic works of the time the of works prosaic as well as ) , cit., p. 99-100: “Carmina factitandi honesta factitandi 99-100:“Carmina p. cit., , , Claudii Sarravii senatoris Sarravii Claudii Aloisiae Gonzagae ad Gonzagae Aloisiae , Votum pro pace, proVotum In Gabrielem In [Hor. A Farewell(A , Lodovico Ep . I 1,10]. 37 ------, 31 Wiesław Pawlak | Roland Desmarests’ Aloisiae Gonzagae ad Ladislaum Poloniae Regem sponsum proficiscentis propempticum... . ------38 , in , Nie , in “Me in , , 1651) , in G. Gaz G. in , Des hommes , in M. Simonin Galante Galante Liebes Menander: A Rhe Menander: , Universitas, Kraków Kraków Universitas, , Propemptikon . Some of the motifs 41 Culture antique et galanterie mo antique et galanterie Culture Propempticon Maecio Propempticon Celeri consisting of verses, 70 sent to Conspiration Conspiration de Walstein , in “Meander”, n. 13/11, 1958, pp. 406-419; Jean-François Sarasin: Sull’Amore Sarasin: Jean-François , 1649; , Niemeyer, Tübingen 2006, pp. 33-54. Tübingen , Niemeyer, Liebe und Emergenz. Neue Modelle des Affektbegreifens Affektbegreifens des Modelle Neue Emergenz. und Liebe propempticum Propempticon dla Mecjusza Celera (Stat. Silv. III 2) III Silv. (Stat. Celera Mecjusza dla Propempticon (On Epideictic Speeches) , Adriatica, Bari pp. 1987, 213-243; A. Génetiot, Słownik rodzajów i gatunków literackich i gatunków rodzajów Słownik (propemptikon), used in the title of the poem, Siècle”, n. 186, 1995, pp. 21-38; J. Steigerwald, , and the theoretical outline for the prosaic variant e 40 , in “Eos”, n. 79, 1991, pp. 203-215; J. Schnayder, Schnayder, J. 203-215; pp. 1991, 79, n. “Eos”, in , III 2) , ed. with A. translation and and D. Russell by commentary N. Wilson, G. , in “XVII Jean-François Sarasin’s Jean-François Leben und Werke, seine Zeit und Gesellschaft. Kriti propempticum Propemptikon Propemptikon – pieśń pożegnalna The Propempticon in the Augustian Poetry (Hor. Od. III 27, Prop. I 8, Ovid. Am. II 11: Am. II 11: I 8, Ovid. Prop. Od. III 27, (Hor. Poetry Augustian in the The Propempticon , ed. and transl. by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Harvard University Press, Cambrid , Press, ed. University and Harvard D. R. transl. by Shackleton Bailey, , Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004. Oxford Press, University , Oxford Περὶ Ἐπιδεικτικῶν Silvae Silvae Silvae , in K. Dickhaut, D. Rieger (eds.), (eds.), Rieger in K. Dickhaut, D. , Eros Eros in nel Francia Seicento Histoire Histoire du siège de Dunkerque . One the of classic the example of genre is Menander Menander Rhetor 39 The term Cf. Cf. A. Mennung, scher Beitrag zur französischen Litteratur- und Kulturgeschichte des XVII. Jahrhunderts Armani, A. Speranzi Halle 1902-1904; meyer, tor in Context tor Cf. Cf. Heath, M. 1981; York Oxford-New Press, University Press-Oxford Clarendon Statius, Statius, Szelest, H. 170-182; pp. 2015, MA ge, 1969, pp. 335-344. n. 24/7-8, ander”, A Comparative study) A Comparative (eds.), Tynecka-Makowska da, S. 2006, pp. 609-611. im französischen Kulturgedächtnis um 1700 Kulturgedächtnis im französischen L. Winniczuk, A. Bobrowski, derne chez Sarasin “Dialogue Sarasins sur la question faut qu’un s’il Jean-François jeune -Ethik. homme soit amo ureux” (ed.), (ed.), illustres exclus du panthéon, les poètes mondains et galants Sarasin, (Voiture, Benserade) A. Niderst, n. 19, 1993, pp. 215-235; classiques”, “Littératures
41 40 39 the poet expresses the joy of the whole of France on the occasion of the 38 of of the hardships potential and the wishes that the protagonist surpass them – can also be found in work Desmarests’ under analysis. Obviously enough, his treatise listed by Menander and noticeable in the most recognized ancient mention works of the or journey, the of course the of description the as – such kind this by by Statius ( of the genre was formulated by Menander Rhetor of Laodicea (3rd c. AD) in the commencement of a journey, often used in the Antiquity and later epo chs Greek or Latin poems on the same subject, or any other in fact. fact. in other any the same subject, or poems on Latin or Greek commemorate to song farewell of a type was which genre, literary its defines devout devout reflection gave riseto a his with presenting own the Sarrasin the hope by author requite that would he realized that realized – instead writing of an epithalamium – it would be more prudent of him to pray for the queen, who embarked on her across the ney Artic long frigid when was zones just the winter about to and set in. This perilous jour Paris (except for Desmarests, who stayed at home) rushed to the streets to bid bid to the streets rushed to home) at who stayed Desmarests, for (except Paris to farewell the queen leaving for her distant dominion. This is when Maresius their their thoughts into the form of epithalamia; hence, the topic had been largely was He approach. different take to decided Desmarests why is This exhausted. unexpectedly struck by the idea on that very day when the whole people of the wedding of Marie wedding of the Louise Gonzaga. mentions Maresius in his that the letter had event been numerous perpetuated poets, who by already most often put (e.g. (e.g. poetic inspiration in the poem Desmarests’ had in its the source of celebration 32 pl.it | rassegna italiana di argomenti polacchi | 8 | 2017 42 blurrylimitedand to geography its Oderthe location, (northern the as western rather is country distant the of knowledge Desmarests’ collection). lographic and Poles eitherPoland (in fact, it in is most interestprobably particulara unique Maresius’ of a sign considered be cannot It conventionalrathercharacter. its signal least at should one occasion, another interpretationanalysisin-depthItaly).and leavingan While of Desmarests’ fortopoem back Empire the of provinces eastern the from return his on Metius to givenStatius’greeting version: (in homeland newher in queen the to given agat imber frigidus tecum ut ( destination the valto arri successfuljourney,forhersafeprayers her about anxietyaddressee, the of a laudation include Theyabove. referredto as work, his in Statius by used to meet her royal spouse( the Peace ( ( stops sabres the of rattle the that be the obstacles caused by winter and the on-going thirty years’ war. Thus, let it the poem contains wishes of the happy journey and of successful overcoming day,and workingon He is spending his sleepless nights, imagining the face of his beloved day by journey.her down slowingwinter the curses and her, see to barelywait can envoyshastentohershould royal ofking. she Polish Then the husband, who savages ( ( nation a martial ( expanses lar that she should feel no fear of her new people. Although they inhabit sub-po departure from her native land, her relatives and friends. He also recommends and the might of the kingdom will compensate for the torment of the queen’s poraryFrenchmen an idiosyncrasy of the Polish political system in the eyes of the then contem sentence conceals an allusion to elective royal succession, which constituted ( safeguardedbyvirtues his butheredity, of that not is grandeur his and state,powerful and a vast over rules monarch. He Polish wise the primarily affection attractedof that merits pudor including virtues, herconvention; to ded backhan a little maysound poem the in praised is waythe she – so era the of standards the to – according young longer no was bride The optasset”). […]coniungere procerum alicui Gallorum Frenchman:“te a mighty to wed be to Louise Marie wished Gallia how most viable describing the passage the of interpretation isperhaps (this suitors French the of efforts unsuccessful ( country a distant toture wedding of the Princess of Mantua, yet mixed with the sadness of her depar royal electioninPoland). praktyka króla”wyboru French(The writersare constantly confusionin practice the about of Cf. Malinowski, Styczyński, This abbreviated account of Maresius’ propemptikon discloses a lot of motifs , are listed before listed are , rigidae nil feritatis habet Pax Nec gentem exhorre, quamvis declinet ad Arctos ad declinet quamvis exhorre, gentem Nec ) accompany the venerable virgin ( amet assiduis bellis exercitaMartem bellis assiduis amet 42 . Maresius. expressesthen king’sthe that hope his virtues varia spectaculavaria Nos tibi placamus ventos hiememque precamur hiememque placamusventos tibi Nos Polska corporis bona corporis longinquas Ad Regem Virtute, haud serie sanguinis illud habet illud sanguinis serie haud Virtute, ) and the description of the ceremonial greeting ceremonial the of description the and ) , cit., p. 8: “Pisarzy francuskich nieustannie uderza w Polsce ), of which she could learn while meeting the [...] [...] tocelebrate herof arrival.part last The procul horrida bella facessant bella proculhorrida (even though she is not deficient) as deficient) not is she though (even maritum in oras in honestas morum honestas ). He mentions the earlier andearlier the mentions He ). Polonicum ). virgo generosa ), they are by no means no byarethey ), in his ample episto , mira dulcedo mira ), and they arethey and ), ), who hurries ). This last This ). ), and let and ), , / , Mitius and ------33 Wiesław Pawlak | Roland Desmarests’ Aloisiae Gonzagae ad Ladislaum Poloniae Regem sponsum proficiscentis propempticum... . - - - - - 45 , Jean . In his 46 . 43 (particularly the paragraph: the paragraph: (particularly , Wydawnictwo KUL, Lublin 2017 2017 Lublin KUL, Wydawnictwo , W stronę Albionu. Studia z dziejów polsko , ed. by M. Riley, transl. by T. May, Leuven Uni Leuven May, T. by transl. Riley, M. by ed. , ), in Ead., , Jean Petit-Bas, Paris 1625 (a contemporary edition: edition: contemporary (a 1625 Paris Petit-Bas, Jean , . 44 Relation Relation du voyage de la Royne de Pologne , ed. by P. Choné, S. Taussig, Brepols, Turnhout 2009, pp. 199- pp. 2009, Turnhout Brepols, Taussig, S. Choné, P. by ed. , Staropolska kariera Johna Barclaya Barclaya Johna kariera Staropolska , published in 1614 (dedicated to Louis XIII), constrained , cit., p. 289. Icon animorum or the Mirror of Minds of Mirror the or animorum Icon Le Tableau des esprits des Tableau Le Polskość Icon Icon animorum who neighbour the greatest barbarians of Europe, followed the Regarding the customs of the nobility, I cannot agree with Barclay’s Barclay’s with agree I cannot nobility, the of customs the Regarding words, as I am convinced he judged the present day keeping the past in his mind. One cannot deny that all the peoples of Poles, [...]. the past exception an not was nation Our savage. and violent were born to cruelty and licentiousness, which they call liberty […]. They do abhor the very name, not only of arms to of force king is Their compelled by slavery, a justsceptre. and lawful but of obedience to laws country their observe But the Poles and age, our of live elegancy the to composed people the of dispositions hard lives under a nation a are They […] natures. cruel more of they are also thence rough from clime, nor are the Barclay’s Barclay’s treatise gained significant popularity allover Europe, going into A striking feature of Desmarests’ poem at hand is his polemic with the nega the with polemic his is hand at poem Desmarests’ of feature striking A (in print). -brytyjskich związków literackich w dobie wczesnonowożytnej w dobie literackich związków -brytyjskich Cf. M. Hanusiewicz-Lavallee, M. Hanusiewicz-Lavallee, Cf. Icon animorum i obrona polskiej reputacji J. Barclay, Barclay, J. le Septentrion”). vers estans & nations Moscovites, Polonois 214: “Des Hongres, est ad ferociam et licentiam nata, quam vocant libertatem armis adigitur”). vi et leges ad patrias Rex oderunt. iusti ac legitimi regni […]. servitutis sed et Ipsum nomen non tantum Barclay Jean M. de esprits des Tableau Le J. Barclay, Barclay, J. po nec aspero, caelo vita dura plurimum ut (“Polonis 184-187 pp. 2013, Leuven Press, versity Gens [...] ingenia. saeviora aliquando hinc et venustatem, saeculi nostri ad factis moribus puli Rosset, Rosset,
46 45 44 43 hitherto hitherto mentioned account wrote: Laboureur Le numerous editions and translations to vernacular languages, including French including languages, vernacular to translations and editions numerous Interestingly enough, the work prompted polemic not only in Poland descriptions descriptions of the European lands and peoples. Barclay’s portrait of Poland one: a positive is hardly and its nobility ady ady well rooted, stemming from the works of French authors like Desportes, but also others – primarily The of the (1582-1621). latter’s John famous Barclay work tive tive stereotype of the Poles as a northern and savage it people. Yet might be alre was time the stereotype in that Desmarests’ the fact of proof just another the ‘Polish’ literary works do not concern Poland actually, at best they multiply multiply at best they actually, do Poland concern not works literary the ‘Polish’ the people” and the country of imagery mythical the and preserve (elective (elective monarchy). In fact, Desmarests’ knowledge seems to be than that no of most better of his French contemporaries. “It comes as no surprise that border, border, the Vistula in the middle, and the Baltic in the north), its international relations (waging wars against Muscovites and and Turks) its political system 34 pl.it | rassegna italiana di argomenti polacchi | 8 | 2017 50 49 ped the perception of Poland in France or even in the whole Western Europe of how stereotypes and clichés formed that have – partly even until today – sha 48 47 collated against 1655), (Paris philologicalletters ofthe edition expanded second, the on based terthatpreceded addressedit, to Jean-FrançoisSarrasin. The versionbelow is reason,that belowweenclose ofa transcript ForPolish-Frenchcontemporaryresearchersoflinks. literary the and past the -Latin French literature to the corpus of the “Polonica” in old French literature (or, to be precise, in neo added be can it that is oblivion from poem the savingfor reason himself.The ted. It is a typical example of occasional poetry, rather neglected by the author disdain noticeable familiar some least at with worksof Scottishthe writerspokeand of them with was Maresius that considers one iflikely more seems It matter). this in views true Desmarests’ were what of (irrespective Barclay people with northern polemic the of is a covert anxiety Louise’s Marie reduce to strove he which in
ska, kołowska on the necessity to include neo-Latin literature in comparative research (Sokołow undiscoveredFrenchliteraturesome neo-Latinstill conceals ana Passerata “Cień”,utworów“Róża”,przekładyJe “Kur”, jako Naborowskiegostyczniowe”“KalendyDaniela Bielak, P.Sadzik, recentdiscoveriesA. in most the borowski,see DanielNa and MorsztynJan (including Andrzej poets forPolish ofinspirationearly modern tin. It has been known that the Latin works by French authors constituted a significant source (Malinow ski, Styczyński, anthology Styczyński’s and Malinowski’s links. literary Polish-French re on the search in undiscovered partly remains literature neo-Latin the that a mention worthy is It cław 1993. czewska-Hennel, Cf. R. Wołoszyński, cit., pp.95-96. est”.deliciis in summe Desmarests,illis qui phormionis, Eu cuius nescio et conantur, effingere iuvenes quem Apuleii, est Qualis facit. magis chum stoma ad argutior,illis fortasse et tritus, ita non utpote sermo, fractus vitiis et vero,ruptus popularmost ofof the one style worksby the Barclay, Barclaium,negativelyCiceronemaut he sed sequendum”),Apuleium and maxime assesses Barclaynon (“Adolescentibusoregressis of Apuleius schola not but Cicero,of example the followshould youth the that recommends he which in Hallé, Pierr to letterDesmarests’Cf. Quoted after: Rosset, t a wl b te ae ht h psae f emrss propempticon Desmarests’ of passage the that case the be well may It The artistic range of Roland Desmarests’ poem should not be overestimabe not should Desmarests’poem Roland of range artistic The Literatura staropolska social status its suit that virtues the all displays who nobility, Polish the among customs these readyregardswear high theyto areI am thatin and theirstateinto introduced They nations. gentler the of customs , in “Prace Filologiczne”, n. 5/8, 2015, pp. 17-49). It may well be the case that the Polska editio princeps zcpsoia VI ik w cah cudzoziemców oczach w wieku XVII Rzeczpospolita Polska w opiniach Francuzów XVIII wieku 47 48 . Drzewo Kraków , cit., p. 17) only contains a single poem (bypoem La Ronsard) 17)onlyin a single composedp. contains cit., , . Nevertheless, his Nevertheless, . [translated by Konrad Klimkowski] 50 , cit.,pp.84-85). ). Desmarests’ work seems to remain unrecognized by of 1650. , cit.,p.57. Propempticum Propempticum EuphormionisLusininiSatyricon RolandiMaresiiduo epistolarumlibri , PWN, Warszawa 1964; T. Chyn Polonica is yet another example another yet is W nurcie pochwałNiczego. W nurcie as welllet the as . Cf.byremarks. So J. Oslnu, Wro Ossolineum, , : “Cor : 49 ------, . 35 Wiesław Pawlak | Roland Desmarests’ Aloisiae Gonzagae ad Ladislaum Poloniae Regem sponsum proficiscentis propempticum... et ad
ἀμφιδέξιος
Epistola XXXI. Epistola Propempticum sponsum proficiscentis , apud Edmuntum Martinum, Parisiis 1655, pp. 112-116. 1655, Parisiis Martinum, Edmuntum , apud Aloisiae Gonzagae ad Ladislaum Poloniae Regem Aloisiae Gonzagae ad Ladislaum Poloniae Queis pulcras inter tamen insignita refulges, inter Queis pulcras in sponsa sed minus ista sua. Expetit dudum coniungere Gallorum alicui procerum Te Dei, sed renuere Connubio optasset: Quam blande in tenero nutriit alma sinu. Quam blande in tenero honestas devinxit tantum omnes probitas, Tantum tuus. pudorque mira dulcedo et Morum amorem, sapientis regis hae dotes Praecipue Gallia virtuti debita sceptra tuae, virtuti debita sceptra Gallia honorem, regalis apicis meritum cessisse Et illa dolet: nonnihil tamen laeta Inter Corporis haud tantum prom