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OSTEOCYTE SIGNALING and ITS EFFECTS on the ACTIVITES of OSTEOBLASTS and BREAST CANCER CELLS by Sina Ahandoust

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OSTEOCYTE SIGNALING and ITS EFFECTS on the ACTIVITES of OSTEOBLASTS and BREAST CANCER CELLS by Sina Ahandoust OSTEOCYTE SIGNALING AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE ACTIVITES OF OSTEOBLASTS AND BREAST CANCER CELLS by Sina Ahandoust A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biomedical Engineering Department of Biomedical Engineering at IUPUI Indianapolis, Indiana May 2021 THE PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL STATEMENT OF COMMITTEE APPROVAL Dr. Sungsoo Na, Chair Department of Biomedical Engineering Dr. Hiroki Yokota Department of Biomedical Engineering Dr. Jiliang Li Department of Biology Approved by: Dr. Joseph Wallace 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to appreciate my supervisor, Dr. Sungsoo Na, for his guidance and support. This study would not be possible without his careful direction, expertise, experience and encouragement. I would also like to thank the members of my thesis advisory committee, Dr. Hiroki Yokota and Dr. Jiliang Li for their support throughout my project. Finally, I would like to appreciate my family and friends for their support during my graduate studies. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... 7 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 8 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 9 1.1. Cell Signaling.................................................................................................................. 9 1.2. Cancer Cell Growth in Bone Environment ................................................................... 10 1.3. Cancer Cell Migration to Bone Environment ............................................................... 10 1.4. Cytoskeleton of Osteocytes ........................................................................................... 12 1.5. The Role of AMPK in Cell Proliferation ...................................................................... 13 1.6. The Connection Between AMPK and Rho Family GTPases ....................................... 14 1.7. The Role of AMPK in Bone Cells ................................................................................ 15 1.8. The Role of Mitochondrial AMPK in Overall Cell Behaviors ..................................... 16 1.9. The Role of Mitochondrial AMPK in Bone Cells and Osteogenesis ........................... 17 1.10. The Role of Mechanical Stress in Osteocytes and Osteogenesis .................................. 17 1.11. Role of Moesin in Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression ............................................ 18 1.12. FRET Imaging .............................................................................................................. 19 2. METHODS ........................................................................................................................... 20 2.1. Biosensors and Plasmids ............................................................................................... 20 2.2. Chemical Reagents ........................................................................................................ 20 2.3. Cell Culture and Transfection ....................................................................................... 20 2.4. Condition Medium (CM) Experiments ......................................................................... 21 2.5. Shear Stress Application ............................................................................................... 22 2.6. Microscopy and Image Analysis ................................................................................... 23 2.7. Statistical Analysis ........................................................................................................ 23 3. RESULTS ............................................................................................................................. 24 3.1. Role of AMPK Modulators on Osteogenesis and Tumor Suppression ........................ 24 3.2. Role of Fluid Flow Stress on Osteocytes and Cancer Cells .......................................... 31 3.3. Role of MSN Modulators on Osteocytes and Cancer Cells .......................................... 32 4. DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................... 36 5. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 39 4 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Signaling cascade from cell surface receptors such as integrin which activates FAK and RhoA. ....................................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 1.2. The steps of cancer metastasis including acquisition of invasive phenotype, intravasation, transmission in the blood, extravasation and colonization in the new tissue. ........ 11 Figure 1.3. Osteocytes are in LCS of bone microenvironment, and it shows the components of osteocytes involved in mechano-response such as cytoskeleton, focal adhesions and ion channel. ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 1.4. FRET signaling in activation of RhoA GTPase in which fluorescent proteins get to close proximity. ............................................................................................................................. 19 Figure 2.1. (A) Image of the µ-slide cell culture chamber connecting to the tubing. (B) The experimental set-up for cyclic flow experiment. (C) The experimental set-up for unidirectional flow while imaging under microscope. ......................................................................................... 22 Figure 3.1. Effects of AMPK modulators on beta catenin activity of osteocytes and osteoblasts; color bar of images represents GFP signaling; scale bar=10 µm; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01. (A) The bar graphs of beta catenin activity in the nucleus of osteocytes after 1 and 2 hours treatment with AMPK activator; n=14. (B) The bar graph of beta catenin activity in the nucleus of osteocytes after 1 and 2 hours treatment with AMPK inhibitor; n=12. (C) The bar graph of beta catenin basal activity in the nucleus of osteocytes in control and transfected with Mito-AIP; n=11. (D) The bar graphs of beta catenin activity in the nucleus of pre-osteoblasts after 1 and 2 hours treatment with AMPK activator; n=16. (E) The bar graph of beta catenin activity in the nucleus of pre-osteoblasts after 1 and 2 hours treatment with AMPK inhibitor; n=12. (F) The bar graph of beta catenin basal activity in the nucleus of pre-osteoblasts in control and transfected with Mito- AIP; n=10. ..................................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 3.2. Effect of CM of osteocytes treated with AMPK modulators on beta catenin activity of cancer cells and pre-osteoblasts; *, #, $, & p<0.05, **, ## p<0.01, ***, ### P<0.001; scale bar=10 µm. (A) beta catenin activity in nucleus of pre-osteoblasts. (B) beta catenin activity in nucleus of cancer cells. ................................................................................................................. 28 Figure 3.3. The effects of AMPK modulators on Rho family GTPases of breast cancer cells; color bar represents FRET ratio. (A) Time course graph showing FRET ratio of RhoA with 1 hour AMPK activator treatment in t=0; n= 18; scale bar= 10 µm. (B) Time course graph showing FRET ratio of Rac1 with 1 hour AMPK activator treatment in t=0; n= 14; scale bar= 10 µm. (C) Time course graph showing FRET ratio of CDC42 with AMPK activator treatment in t=0; n= 13; scale bar= 10 µm. (D) Time course graph showing FRET ratio of RhoA with AMPK inhibitor treatment in t=0; n= 11; scale bar= 10 µm. (E) Time course graph showing FRET ratio of Rac1 with AMPK inhibitor treatment in t=0; n= 11; scale bar= 20 µm. (F) Time course graph showing FRET ratio of CDC42 with AMPK inhibitor treatment in t=0; n= 13; scale bar= 10 µm. (G) The graph bar showing FRET ratio of RhoA with Mito-AIP treatment ; n= 18; scale bar= 20 µm. (H) 5 The graph bar showing FRET ratio of Rac1 with Mito-AIP treatment ; n= 14; scale bar= 10 µm. (I) The graph bar showing FRET ratio of CDC42 with Mito-AIP treatment ; n= 17; scale bar= 10 µm; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. ....................................................................................... 30 Figure 3.4. Fluid flow effects; scale bar= 10 µm. (A) The effect of 1 hour fluid flow on FRET ratio of Cyto-AMPK in osteocytes; color bar represents FRET ratio (FRET YFP/FRET CFP) (B) The effect of 1 hour fluid flow on FRET ratio of Mito-AMPK in osteocytes; color bar represents FRET ratio (FRET YFP/FRET CFP). (C) The effect of 1 hour fluid flow on FRET ratio of Cyto- AMPK in osteocytes treated with Y-27632; color bar represents FRET ratio (FRET YFP/FRET CFP). (D) Beta catenin basal activity in cancer cells in CM of osteocytes treated with cyclic flow; color bar represents GFP signal; *** p<0.0001. ................................................................. 32 Figure 3.5. Role of intracellular MSN in osteocytes and cancer cells;
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