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The Chinese Civil War (1927–37 and 1946–49)
13 CIVIL WAR CASE STUDY 2: THE CHINESE CIVIL WAR (1927–37 AND 1946–49) As you read this chapter you need to focus on the following essay questions: • Analyze the causes of the Chinese Civil War. • To what extent was the communist victory in China due to the use of guerrilla warfare? • In what ways was the Chinese Civil War a revolutionary war? For the first half of the 20th century, China faced political chaos. Following a revolution in 1911, which overthrew the Manchu dynasty, the new Republic failed to take hold and China continued to be exploited by foreign powers, lacking any strong central government. The Chinese Civil War was an attempt by two ideologically opposed forces – the nationalists and the communists – to see who would ultimately be able to restore order and regain central control over China. The struggle between these two forces, which officially started in 1927, was interrupted by the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war in 1937, but started again in 1946 once the war with Japan was over. The results of this war were to have a major effect not just on China itself, but also on the international stage. Mao Zedong, the communist Timeline of events – 1911–27 victor of the Chinese Civil War. 1911 Double Tenth Revolution and establishment of the Chinese Republic 1912 Dr Sun Yixian becomes Provisional President of the Republic. Guomindang (GMD) formed and wins majority in parliament. Sun resigns and Yuan Shikai declared provisional president 1915 Japan’s Twenty-One Demands. Yuan attempts to become Emperor 1916 Yuan dies/warlord era begins 1917 Sun attempts to set up republic in Guangzhou. -
Imperialism and Nationalism As May Fourth Movement Discourses
IMPERIALISM AND NATIONALISM AS MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT DISCOURSES Tiina H. Airaksinen University of Helsinki This article analyses those imperialist and national discourses that the Chinese and the British constructed, particularly during the May Fourth Movement, in China in the 1910s and 1920s. Moreover, the paper explores the form, content, and impact of May Fourth rhetoric on national identity, concentrating on the cultural, historical, and political dimensions of nationalism presented in China. It is clear that the May Fourth protestors, especially urban and educated men, dominated public articulations of national identities. With their control of knowledge production, and in some cases control of state bureaucracies, elite men were able to make demands for the nation, often combining their own group needs with specific definitions of the nation. British discourse that was constructed during the May Fourth Movement responded to a reality that was infinitely adaptable in its function of preserving the basic structures of imperial power. For the British, the May Fourth demonstrators represented a potential change in the level of existing intellectual, political, social, and economic stability, which for decades had guaranteed the British a privileged position in the country. As result, discussions on nationalism and imperialism became a crucial part of the Sino- British May Fourth Movement discourse. INTRODUCTION On May fourth in 1919, around 3,000 university students gathered together at Tiananmen Square in Beijing and started a series of demonstrations that would later be named the May Fourth Movement (Wusi Yundong). The demonstrators distributed flyers declaring that the Chinese could not accept the concession of Chinese territory to Japan, as stipulated at the Versailles Peace Conference held in the spring of 1919. -
Imagining Sisterhood in Modern Chinese Texts, 1890–1937
Imagining Sisterhood in Modern Chinese Texts, 1890–1937 Imagining Sisterhood in Modern Chinese Texts, 1890–1937 Yun Zhu LEXINGTON BOOKS Lanham • Boulder • New York • London Published by Lexington Books An imprint of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB Copyright © 2017 by Lexington Books All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Available ISBN 978-1-4985-3629-5 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4985-3630-1 (electronic) TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America Table of Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction: Gender, Nation, Subjectivities, and the Discourse on Sisterhood in Modern China ix 1 The Emergence of the “Women’s Sphere” and the Promotion of Sisterhood in the Late Qing 1 2 From Dual Slaves to Liberty Flowers: The Feminist-Nationalist Spectrum of Sisterhood in Stones of the Jingwei Bird and Chivalric Beauties 35 3 Is Blood Always Thicker than Water?: Rival Sisters and the Tensions of Modernity 73 4 Cosmopolitan Bourgeois Sisterhood and the Ambiguities of Female-Centeredness in Lin Loon Magazine (1931–1937) 113 5 Sisterly Lovers in Women’s Fiction and the Potential of “Nondevelopment” as a Feminist Intervention 149 Conclusion 183 Bibliography 187 Index 205 About the Author 217 v Acknowledgments This book has been developed from my PhD dissertation, which I completed in 2012 at the University of South Carolina. -
The Course of Chinese Culture's New Life Since the May
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 378 6th International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Inter-cultural Communication (ICELAIC 2019) The Course of Chinese Culture’s New Life Since the May 4th Movement: From Cultural Awakening to Cultural Self-Confidence Qinzhao Han School of Marxism Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China 310000 Abstract—The May 4th Movement is the beginning of culture, and ethical culture, Chinese culture was still not Chinese culture. Summarizing the development of Chinese prosperous at the time. This shows that Chinese culture cannot culture since the May 4th Movement has important practical be reborn without changing the nature of China's semi-colonial significance for enhancing the cultural confidence of the Chinese and semi-feudal society and not mobilizing the broad masses people and the Chinese nation. Before the May 4th Movement, of the people. the changes in Chinese culture were mostly cultural movements led by a few enlighteners, top-down, and lacking a strong In the face of serious social problems caused by the Opium leadership core. As a result, they failed to lead Chinese culture to War, a small number of people of insight in the feudal prosperity. After the May 4th Movement, history and people intellectuals began to face up to and learn about science and handed over the baton of Chinese cultural development to the technology. Lin Zexu is the first person in modern China to Chinese Communist Party. Chinese culture has embarked on the open his eyes to the world. When he banned opium in path of cultural renewal led by the Communist Party of China, Guangzhou, he organized people to translate Western books guided by Marxism and centered on the people, and has achieved and magazines, and introduced the geographical and historical the overall awakening of the people. -
OUR FINAL AWAKENING” (1916) by Chen Duxiu
Primary Source Document with Questions (DBQs) “ OUR FINAL AWAKENING” (1916) By Chen Duxiu Introduction Beginning around 1917, Chinese intellectuals began to engage each other in serious discussion and debate on culture, history, philosophy, and related subjects — all with an eye to the bigger problem of China’s weakness and the possible solutions to that problem. This period of intellectual debate, labeled the May Fourth Movement, lasted to around 1921. Chen Duxiu (1879-1942) was one of the leading intellectuals of the May Fourth movement. Dean of Peking University in 1916, and, in 1921, co-founder of the Chinese Communist Party, Chen also edited and published the popular New Youth magazine. The passage below is an excerpt from his article entitled “Our Final Awakening,” published in New Youth in 1916. Document Excerpts with Questions From Changing China: Readings in the History of China from the Opium War to the Present, by J. Mason Gentzler (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1977), 168. ©1977 Praeger Publishers. Reproduced with the permission of the publisher. All rights reserved. “Our Final Awakening” By Chen Duxiu We, having been living in one corner of the world for several decades, must ask ourselves what is the level of our national strength and our civilization. This is the final awakening of which I speak. To put it another way, if we open our eyes and take a hard look at the situation within our country and abroad, what place does our country and our people occupy, and what actions should we take? … Our task today can be said to be the intense combat between the old and the modern currents of thought. -
Images of Women in Chinese Literature. Volume 1. REPORT NO ISBN-1-880938-008 PUB DATE 94 NOTE 240P
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 385 489 SO 025 360 AUTHOR Yu-ning, Li, Ed. TITLE Images of Women in Chinese Literature. Volume 1. REPORT NO ISBN-1-880938-008 PUB DATE 94 NOTE 240p. AVAILABLE FROM Johnson & Associates, 257 East South St., Franklin, IN 46131-2422 (paperback: $25; clothbound: ISBN-1-880938-008, $39; shipping: $3 first copy, $0.50 each additional copy). PUB TYPE Books (010) Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Chinese Culture; *Cultural Images; Females; Folk Culture; Foreign Countries; Legends; Mythology; Role Perception; Sexism in Language; Sex Role; *Sex Stereotypes; Sexual Identity; *Womens Studies; World History; *World Literature IDENTIFIERS *Asian Culture; China; '`Chinese Literature ABSTRACT This book examines the ways in which Chinese literature offers a vast array of prospects, new interpretations, new fields of study, and new themes for the study of women. As a result of the global movement toward greater recognition of gender equality and human dignity, the study of women as portrayed in Chinese literature has a long and rich history. A single volume cannot cover the enormous field but offers volume is a starting point for further research. Several renowned Chinese writers and researchers contributed to the book. The volume includes the following: (1) Introduction (Li Yu- Wing);(2) Concepts of Redemption and Fall through Woman as Reflected in Chinese Literature (Tsung Su);(3) The Poems of Li Qingzhao (1084-1141) (Kai-yu Hsu); (4) Images of Women in Yuan Drama (Fan Pen Chen);(5) The Vanguards--The Truncated Stage (The Women of Lu Yin, Bing Xin, and Ding Ling) (Liu Nienling); (6) New Woman vs. -
News Release
Research Express@NCKU - News Release Research Express@NCKU Volume 22 Issue 8 - July 20, 2012 [ http://research.ncku.edu.tw/re/news/e/20120720/1.html ] NCKU touts efforts to preserve cultural heritage on campus NCKU Press Center [Tainan, Taiwan, 3 July 2012] National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), southern Taiwan, held a news press conference in Taipei June 28 to share the school’s historical treasures and to call for joint efforts among educational institutes nationwide to preserve cultural heritage on campus. Dr. Hong-Sen Yan, vice president of NCKU, hosted the conference, in which he shared his experience in planning and preserving NCKU’s historical heritage. A university should identify its distinctive characteristic and grow with it to achieve excellence in education, said Dr. Yan, adding that it takes time and effort to keep the artifacts with historical significance. Dr. Kuang-Nan Huang, minister without portfolio of the Executive Yuan, Academician Ovid Tzeng of Academia Sinica, and Mr. Chen-Yu Nien, deputy director of Bureau of Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Culture, were present at the conference on behalf of their organizations. They praised NCKU for its resolution and dedication to preserving the school’s historical assets. Many world-renowned universities have their archives to keep the non-current records of the university, allowing the tradition and the spirit to pass down, according to Tzeng, who said NCKU’s aspiration to enlighten the students with the historical heritage is admirable. Dr. Huang emphasized the importance of time and resources in promoting cultural heritage. He noted that people are the key elements of culture assets. -
This Is the Accepted Version of a Forthcoming Book Review That Will Be Published in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and Afric
This is the accepted version of a forthcoming book review that will be published in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies by Cambridge University Press: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/all- issues Accepted version downloaded from SOAS Research Online: http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/24718/ BARBARA HOSTER: Konversion zum Christentum in der modernen chinesischen Literatur: Su Xuelins Roman Jixin (Dornenherz, 1929). (Deutsche Ostasienstudien 29.) vi, 322 pp. Gossenberg: OSTASIEN Verlag, 2017. € 35.80. ISBN 978-3- 946114-30-7. Lars Laamann, Department of History, School of History, Religions and Philosophies, SOAS University of London Conversion to Christianity. A powerful concept which, in the case of China’s modern history, evokes the most controversial reactions, ranging from intercultural exchange to the imposition of alien concepts and the outright imposition of colonial superstructures. Barbara Hoster’s doctoral research topic is, however, of a distinctly different nature. Rather than analysing the impact of Western missions overseas, Hoster dissects the mind of a young woman, who had arrived during the 1920s in France as a student and whose profuse writings focused on the encounter of different cultural, political and not least gender-related discourses in the shape of people who became part of the young author’s life. “Conversion to Christianity in modern Chinese literature: Su Xuelin’s novel Jixin (Heart of Thorns, 1929)” thus describes the tribulations of a young woman who felt at odds with the ‘progressive’ winds which were sweeping the intellectual landscape of the 1920s, and who reacted by seeking solace in the spiritual world which she encountered during her sojourn at the Institut Franco-Chinois in Lyon during the early 1920s. -
Shanghai Sojourners
CHINA RESEARCH MONOGRAPH 40 FM, INSTITUTE OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES ~~ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA • BERKELEY C(S CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES Shanghai Sojourners EDITED BY Frederic Wakeman, Jr., and Wen-hsin Yeh A publication of the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California at Berkeley. Although the Institute of East Asian Studies is responsible for the selec tion and acceptance of manuscripts in this series, responsibility for the opinions expressed and for the accuracy of statements rests with their authors. Correspondence may be sent to: Ms. Joanne Sandstrom, Managing Editor Institute of East Asian Studies University of California Berkeley, California 94 720 The China Research Monograph series, whose first title appeared in 1967, is one of several publications series sponsored by the Institute of East Asian Studies in conjunction with its constituent units. The others include the Japan Research Monograph series, the Korea Research Monograph series, the Indochina Research Monograph series, and the Research Papers and Policy Studies series. A list of recent publications appears at the back of the book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shanghai sojourners I Frederic E. Wakeman, Jr. , Wen-hsin Yeh, editors. p. em. - (China research monograph ; no. 40) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-55729-035-0 (paper) : $20.00 l. Shanghai (China)-History. I. Wakeman, Frederic E. II . Yeh, Wen Hsin. III. Series. DS796.5257S57 1992 95l.l'32-dc20 92-70468 CIP Copyright © 1992 by The Regents of the University of California ISBN 1-55729-035-0 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92-70468 Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved. -
The 1919 May Fourth Movement: Naivety and Reality in China
The 1919 May Fourth Movement: Naivety and Reality in China Kent Deng London School of Economics I. Introduction This year marks the 100th year anniversary of the May Fourth Movement in China when the newly established republic (1912-49) – an alien idea and ideology from the Chinese prolonged but passé political tradition which clearly modelled the body of politic after post-1789 French Revolution - still tried to find its feel on the ground. Political stability from the 1850 empire- wide social unrest on - marked by the Taiping, Nian, Muslim and Miao uprisings - was a rare commodity in China. As an unintended consequence, there was no effective control over the media or over political demonstrations. Indeed, after 1949, there was no possibility for the May Fourth to repeat itself in any part of China. In this regard, this one-off movement was not at all inevitable. This is first the foremost point we need to bear in mind when we celebrate the event one hundred year later today. Secondly, the slogan of the May Fourth 1919 ‘Mr. Sciences and Mr. Democracy’ (kexue yu minzhu) represented a vulgar if not entirely flawed shorthand for the alleged secret of the Western supremacy prior to the First World War (1914-1917). To begin with the term science was clearly confined within natural sciences (military science in particular), ignoring a long line of development in social sciences in the post-Renaissance West. Democracy was superficially taken as running periodic general elections to produce the head of the state to replace China’s millennium-long system of patrimonial emperors. -
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Ill DEMCHUGDONGROB’S EARLY CAREER 1919-1928 The Ruling Prince of His Own Banner After the old Prince Namjilwangchug died, there was not an actual ruling prince of the Sunid Right Banner for almost seventeen years. Therefore, Demchugdongrob’s assumption of power as jasag was a momentous and happy occasion for the whole ban ner. It also relieved, at least ostensibly, his “ official” mother (the Turned khatun, the first wife of his father) and the elderly officials of the banner of their heavy responsibilities.' During 1919, Prince De’s first year in charge of the banner administration, a group of Buriyad Mongolian intellectuals initiated the Pan-Mongolian movement, and in late February convened a meeting of delegates from Buriyad and Inner Mongolia at Dau- ria, in Siberia. They decided to organize a government for all Mongolia and sent repre sentatives to the Paris Peace Conference to strive for international recognition ofMon golia’s independence. Because it had already established its own government. Outer Mongolia rejected the invitation, but some Inner Mongols, especially the leaders of the Hulunbuir area in the far north of Inner Mongolia, were willing to Join, and the Naiji- Toyin Khutugtu of Hohhot Turned (Inner Mongolia) was recognized as their leader. Though this movement failed to achieve its goal of recognition at the Paris con ference, it influenced all of Mongolia. Even though the activities of Japanese militarists and the White Russian leader, Semenov, overshadowed this movement, it still helped to rouse a common Mongolian desire for unity and independence. Although Demchugdong- rob was not involved in these matters, he was inevitably influenced by them. -
A Thematic Study of Lh Xun's Prose P O E T R Y Collection
A THEMATIC STUDY OF LH XUN'S PROSE POETRY COLLECTION WILD GRASS by TIANM1NG LI M.A., The University of Ilcnan, 1086 M.A., The University of British Columbia, 1994 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Asian Studies We accept this thesis as conforming to the rexiuired standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September 1998 © Tianming Li, 1998 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada DE-6 (2/88) tt Abstract This thesis is a comprehensive thematic study of the unique prose poetry collection Wild Grass by the famous modern Chinese writer Lu Xun. It provides a general survey of previous Wild Grass studies both in China and abroad in the past 70 years in Chapter 1. The survey clarifies the achievements and defects of those studies, and finds that they are still insufficient and can and should be further expanded. By employing a comprehensive methodology, including close reading, rhetorical analysis, intertextual interpretation, and some standard psychoanalytic insights, the thesis explores the themes of Wild Grass on three different levels.