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Plant Diversity Effects on Plant-Pollinator Interactions in Urban and Agricultural Settings

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Plant Diversity Effects on Plant-Pollinator Interactions in Urban and Agricultural Settings Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Plant diversity effects on plant-pollinator interactions in urban and agricultural settings Author(s): Hennig, Ernest Ireneusz Publication Date: 2011 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-006689739 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Diss. ETH No. 19624 Plant Diversity Effects on Plant-Pollinator Interactions in Urban and Agricultural Settings A dissertation submitted to the ETH ZURICH¨ for the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES presented by ERNEST IRENEUSZ HENNIG Degree in Environmental Science (Comparable to Msc (Master of Science)) University Duisburg-Essen born 09th February 1977 in Swiebodzice´ (Poland) accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Jaboury Ghazoul, examiner Prof. Dr. Felix Kienast, co-examiner Dr. Simon Leather, co-examiner Prof. Dr. Alex Widmer, co-examiner 2011 You can never make a horse out of a donkey my father Andrzej Zbigniew Hennig Young Man Intrigued by the Flight of a Non-Euclidian Fly (Max Ernst, 1944) Contents Abstract Zusammenfassung 1 Introduction 9 1.1 Competition and facilitation in plant-plant interactions for pollinator services .9 1.2 Pollination in the urban environment . 11 1.3 Objectives . 12 1.4 References . 12 2 Does plant diversity enhance pollinator facilitation? An experimental approach 19 2.1 Introduction . 20 2.2 Materials & Methods . 21 2.2.1 Study Design . 21 2.2.2 Data Collection . 22 2.2.3 Analysis . 22 2.3 Results . 23 2.3.1 Pollinator Species and Visits . 23 2.3.2 Plant species and experimental treatments . 24 2.3.3 Visitor Diversity of Bees and Syrphids between Plant Species . 24 2.3.4 Visits of Bees and Syrphids between Plant Species . 25 2.3.5 Plant interactions . 25 2.4 Discussion . 26 2.4.1 Diversity and visits of flower visitors . 26 2.4.2 Plant interactions – facilitation, competition or no interactions? . 27 2.5 Conclusion . 28 2.6 References . 29 2.7 Tables and Figures . 34 3 Linking competition and facilitation processes in pollination systems to plant species richness 39 3.1 Introduction . 40 3.2 Materials & Methods . 41 3.2.1 Field Sites . 41 3.2.2 Study Species . 41 3.2.3 Field work . 42 3.2.4 Statistical Analysis . 43 3.3 Results . 45 3.3.1 Treatment characteristics . 45 3.3.2 Pollinators . 45 3.3.3 Seed set in the focal plant species . 47 3.4 Discussion . 48 3.4.1 Visitor community richness and visitation frequency and the surrounding plant community . 48 3.4.2 Seed set in the focal plants . 49 3.4.3 Conclusion . 51 3.5 Acknowledgement . 51 3.6 References . 51 3.7 Tables and Figures . 57 4 Plant-Pollinator Interactions within the Urban Environment 67 4.1 Introduction . 68 4.2 Materials & Methods . 70 4.2.1 Study Site . 70 4.2.2 Data Collection . 70 4.2.3 Analysis . 71 4.3 Results . 74 4.3.1 Plant Species . 74 4.3.2 Flower Visitor of Trifolium pratense ................... 74 4.4 Discussion . 77 4.4.1 Local Community Effects . 77 4.4.2 Landscape Scale Effects . 78 4.4.3 Interaction between Local and Landscape Scales . 79 4.4.4 Conclusion . 80 4.5 Acknowledgements . 80 4.6 References . 81 4.7 Tables & Figures . 89 4.8 Appendices . 97 4.A Number of occurrences and floral abundance of plant species found in the urban study. 97 4.B Pollinator species . 100 4.C Landscape Structures at different scales . 102 4.D Green Area Structures . 103 5 Pollinating Animals in the Urban Environment 105 5.1 Introduction . 106 5.2 Materials & Methods . 108 Study Site . 108 Data Collection . 108 Analysis . 110 5.3 Results . 111 Pollinator Species . 111 Plant Species . 112 Landscape Metrics . 112 5.4 Bees and Syrphid Flies . 113 Bees........................................ 113 Syrphids . 114 5.5 Discussion . 114 Scale effects of landscape metrics . 114 Local and large scale factors . 117 Conclusion . 119 5.6 References . 119 5.7 Tables and Figures . 126 6 Synthesis 135 6.1 Summary . 135 6.2 Discussion . 136 6.3 Outlook . 138 6.4 References . 139 List of Tables 2.1 Plant species combinations used in the experimental design and the number of observations (n). The plant species are: Ao = Anchusa officinalis L., At = Anthemis tinctoria L., Bs = Buphthalum salicifolium L., Cj = Centaurea jacea L.s.l., Cc = Centaurea cyanus L., Cm = Chelidonium majus L., Cp = Chrysanthemum praecox Horvatic,´ Hn = Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. s.l., Ka = Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. s.str., Mm = Malva moschata L., Sl = Silene latifolia Poir., So = Scabiosa ochroleuca L., Sv = Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke s.l., Tc = Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Schultz-Bip. 34 2.2 Species richness, plot visits, and floral visits of each order. The contribution of the most common species of the Hymenoptera and Diptera is given. 35 2.3 t-values from the Analysis of Variance for bee and syrphid diversity, and bee and syrphid log-transformed visits among Anchusa officinalis, Centaurea cyanus, Centaurea jacea, Chrysanthemum praecox. Asteriks indicate significant results (∗ = < 0.05, ∗∗ = < 0.01, ∗∗∗ = < 0.001). 35 2.4 Test for the importance of correlation structures using repeated observations at the plot level (”Plot Number”) and on each day (”Date”) for each plant species and pollinator family and the response variables ”diversity” (upper table section) and ”floral visits per flower density” of the focal plant species (lower table section). We used always models with lowest Akaike‘s Information Criterion, which provide better fits. 36 2.5 Estimates and F-values from the generalized least square models with diversity of bees and syrphids as a function of plant species treatment (PS), floral density of heterospecifics (FAD) and the interaction in each plant species (Anchusa offici- nalis, Centaurea cyanus, Centaurea jacea, Chrysanthemum praecox). Asteriks indicate significant results (∗ = < 0.05, ∗∗ = < 0.01, ∗∗∗ = < 0.001). 36 2.6 Estimates and F-values from the generalized least square models with bee and syrphid visits per flower as a function of plant species treatment (PS), floral density of heterospecifics (FAD) and the interaction in each plant species (An- chusa officinalis, Centaurea cyanus, Centaurea jacea, Chrysanthemum praecox). Asteriks indicate significant results (∗ = < 0.05, ∗∗ = < 0.01, ∗∗∗ = < 0.001). 37 3.1 The experimental design at Grandcour. The number in the cells present the field sites. 57 3.2 Plant species and treatment order in the experimental set up at Grandcour. The number represent the field number. 57 3.3 The differences among field sites in metre obtained by the command ”pairdist()” using the package spatstat 1.9-6 (Baddeley and Turner, 2005) in R 2.7.2 (R Development Core Team, 2009). The Swiss coordinates were obtained from the web site: www.ecogis.admin.ch....................... 58 3.4 Results from the generalized least square model after.
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