Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Latest Discoveries in the Cultural Heritage of Ancient and Other Parts of

Main Stupa at Najigram, Swat Valley

September 4 - 6, 2005 Swat

DEPARTMENTUniversity OF of ARCHAEOLOGY

Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium

CONTENTS

Title Page Introduction, Aims and Objective and other related Information (Pre-scheduled 46 programme) ...... Ethnic Profile of Gandhara ……...... Abdur Rehman and Shah Nazar Khan 75

Terracotta Female Figurines from Protohistoric Swat ……………...... … 83 Arundhati Banerji Monsoon Preparation Work at DK-G Area Moenjodaro During 2005 ……………… 91 Muhammad Safdar Khan The Darel Valley: the Chinese Sources and the Field Research (1998-2004)……….. 101 Haruko Tsuchiya Fascinating Discoveries from Buddhist Sanctuary of Badalpur, District Haripur, Valley …………………………………………………………………………… 119 Muhammad Arif and M.H.Khan Khattak

Kaka Khel Ancestor Adam Baba and his Tomb at Karboga (Kohat) N.W.F.P ……… 127 Shakirullah and Gul Rahim Khan Ghaligai Hill Engravings Reveal a Personification of “Uttarasena” (King of Uddiyana): A New Thought …………………………………………………………… 133 Badshah Sardar A Copper Hoard of the Great Kusanas ……………………………………………… 139 Gul Rahim Khan Lower Palaeolithic in the Soan Valley, Rawalpindi, Pakistan …………………….. Muhammad Salim 159

Glimpses of the International Symposium in Pictures ……………….…………….. 167

Note: Out of thirty two presentations (see pp.70-72), only the above nine papers were received for publication.

45 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium INTRODUCTION

Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar The Department of Archaeology was established in 1962 by the University of Peshawar under the founding Chairman Professor Ahmad Hasan Dani, an archaeologist of international repute. Apart from regular M.A., M.Phil. and Ph.D. degrees awarding programme, the Department is thoroughly engaged in field oriented research throughout the Province. Its graduates are now occupying key positions in various administrative and teaching institutions in and abroad. Some of them have been awarded medals like Sitara-e-Imtiaz and fellowships at universities in abroad due to their solid contributions in their respective field of research. Graduates of this Department have founded teaching departments at the universities of Khairpur, Karachi and the Punjab. The sitting directors of the Punjab and the North West Frontier Provinces are trained here, while several others occupy important positions in the Federal and Provincial institutions in the Country.

Research activities of the Department have not only increased awareness among the people, but also have strengthened the process of preservation of our tangible heritage and indirectly helped in enhancing the economy of the country. Since its inception the discoveries of the Department in various fields have crowned the University of Peshawar with a good name nationally as well as internationally. The first stunning discovery was that of Sanghao Cave which was excavated by Professor Dani in 1963 and is the first ever and earliest evidence of the Middle Stone Age settlements in . The next important discovery was Shaikhan Dheri in , so far the oldest Buddhist site of the Peshawar Valley. Simultaneously in 1964 Gandhara Grave Culture at Thana, Timar Gara and Balambat in Malakand Division was discovered and the sites excavated. It was A.H. Dani who named this culture as such for the first time, prior to which the Italians referred it to Assakenoi and dated it to the time of Alexander of Macedonia. Radio carbon (C14) dating confirmed Dani’s theory who had already suggested chronological sequence of the graves from 1750 – 500 BC, dividing it in three periods. Another important achievement of the Department was excavation of different Buddhist sites of Andhan Dheri, Chatpat, Bambolai, Damkot and others in the Adinzai valley that ultimately led to the establishment of Chakdara Museum in District Dir. On the basis of systematic excavations over here, Professor A. H. Dani developed his theory of the origin of Gandhara Art. In early seventies late Professor Farzand Ali Durrani of the Department explored some Neolithic and Protohistoric sites like Gumla, Hathala and the famous site of Rehman Dheri in the Gomal Valley that has a far reaching impact on the history of archaeology of the subcontinent. Also in the early seventies under the supervision of Professor Farid Khan important discoveries of Pre and Protohistoric sites such as Islam Chawki, Sheri Khan Tarakai, Lak Largai, Lewan and others were made in the Bannu Basin. In 1981 and 1982 two grand international symposia in the Pearl Continental Hotel Peshawar were held solely by the Department in which more than 120 delegates including 40 foreigners participated at each event. Apart from this a number of national conferences, workshops and extension lectures have been organised periodically. In early 1980s a salvage operation under Gandhara Archaeological Project was conducted on a large scale in the Swat valley to explore and excavate potential Buddhist sites. The most important sites excavated under this project are Loebanr, Parrai, Chargpatai, Butkara III and Shnaisha. Making the excavated Buddhist art pieces in relation to their archaeological context as a base, Professor Muhammad Farooq Swati conducted an intensive research on the origin of Buddhist Art (Gandhara

46 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium

Art) that led to Ph.D. dissertation of the University of Cambridge. According to the new hypothesis he presented, the origin of the Gandhara Art took place on the soil of Swat valley sometime in the 3rd Century BC that ultimately evolved into the emergence of Gandhara Art and Civilisation at the end of the 1st Century AD. Sharing some broad characteristic features, the Buddhist art extending from the Indus Valley to that of the Oxus in the Northwest is termed as the Indus Oxus School of Buddhist Art. This vast peace of land, due to regional and bio-cultural diversity, can be divided into various art styles akin to specific regions such as Udiyana, Gandhara, Kapisa and Bactria. He also discovered zonal artistic workshops, each active in its respective zone furnishing and refurbishing religious sites throughout the life time of Buddhism in the valley. While active in executing the Gandhara Archaeological Project, Professor Abdur Rahman and Professor Farid Khan of the Department conducted exploration in the nearby regions of Dir, Bajaur, and Buner enlisting a number of Buddhist sites over there.

Professor Abdur Rahman also conducted archaeological surveys in the Peshawar valley and the districts of Chitral, Kohat and D.I.Khan and discovered a number of new Buddhist, prehistoric and historic period sites. Professor Taj Ali an authority on Muslim Art, Architecture and archaeology of Pakistan conducted his research on the origin of early Muslim architecture in the sub-continent and was awarded Ph.D. degree by the University of Bonn, Germany, in 1986. Presently on deputation to Berlin in Germany he is working as Professor on Iqbal Chair. The Ancient land routs of the Peshawar Valley have been traced by Professor Ihsan Ali through an intensive survey of the valley discovering hundreds of settlement and religious sites. He is awarded a Ph.D. degree by the University of Cambridge on his prime work. Presently on deputation to the provincial Directorate of Archaeology, he is engaged in strengthening the foundation of Archaeology by constructing museums in various districts and conducting exploratory, documentary and research activities in the Province. Dr. M. Nasim Khan an energetic staff member of the Department has been conducting research on diverse fields such as rock art and painting, ancient writing, numismatics and archaeology of the NWFP. Recently his most important work at Kashmir Smast in District Mardan has completely changed a century long concept of the British, Japanese, Italian and Pakistani scholars. All of them assigned the ruins and artefacts from the site to the Buddhist period. Contrary to them, the wisdom of his experience, knowledge and hard work, Nasim Khan declared it a Hindu religious site. The distinguished features of the site and artefacts disclose them among the earliest of their kind ante dating similar Hindu cultural remains by a couple of centuries anywhere in South Asia. On his quality research, he has been awarded with several fellowships by various institutions, including the Royal Asiatic Society.

Currently, the Department is engaged at least in 40 different individual projects most of them leading to Ph.D. and M.Phil. degrees. Research conducted by the faculty is regularly published in its bulletin, Ancient Pakistan, which is widely known for its quality work. Artefacts from Prehistoric, Protohistoric and Historic period sites down to the Muslim Period retrieved through excavations from all over the Province are housed in the newly constructed University Museum (Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology). Although the establishment of the Museum goes back to 1963, the construction of its new building (completed in 1998) is a precious gift of late Professor Farzand Ali Durrani to the University of Peshawar. It not only provides recreation and education to the general public but also has become the hub of various academic and social activities on the Campus. Scholars and researchers from in

47 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium and abroad do pay their visit once they reach Peshawar. This university museum, the first of its kind in South Asia, presents the entire cultural profile of the Province under a single roof. There is great potential of establishing conservation and radio carbon dating laboratories at the museum. The development of its auditorium into a video conferencing hall is under process. A well furnished conference hall with sound system accommodating 80 people round the table is located on its first floor. To the back of the hall is situated the seminar library of the Department shelving 5000 books and journals. The Department has successfully accomplished a number of collaborative projects with different universities like Cambridge, Institute of Archaeology, British Museum and Bradford University in UK, Temple and Pennsylvania Universities in USA and Heidelberg in Germany. Currently work under the link programme established with Freie University in Berlin has been started that will be further extended with the passage of time. Links with Cambridge University, British Museum and the Institute of Archaeology, University College London, underway, for which members of the concerned institutions are expected to visit Peshawar shortly. The present symposium is also the outcome of a link programme the Department has signed with the Gandhara Art and Culture Association, Lahore.

48 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

• To highlight the latest discoveries made in the cultural heritage ⎯ art, architecture, epigraphy, numismatics and archaeology of ancient Gandhara and other parts of Pakistan, and discuss related problems.

• Discuss various academic problems and issues in the concerned areas of research.

• Establish and strengthen links between national and international institutions for enhancing the quantity and quality of research.

• Take steps for conservation, preservation and restoration of cultural heritage sites, monuments and artefacts assisting world heritage programme of UNESCO.

• Promote cultural tourism in the country.

• Disseminating knowledge by passing on the latest information and achievements in different fields to the university and college teachers.

• Contribute to the national integrity by inviting scholars and researchers from different parts of the country.

• Publicise the efforts and works of various institutions and individuals in promotion of national heritage.

• Create awareness among the people of value added approach to tangible national heritage.

Benefits to Pakistan • The Symposium will bring long term economic benefits to country by encouraging and promoting tourism of tangible heritage, both cultural and natural.

• Strengthen research potential of academic institutions in Pakistan.

• Promote confidence in advancing mutual relationship with participating countries in the changing perspective of new world order.

• Open vistas to promising youth for seeking higher education and job opportunities in abroad.

• Project the positive and bright image of Pakistan among the international community.

49 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium PROGRAMME SCHEDULE

04-09-2005 Inaugural Session (09:00-10:15) 08:45 Guests take seats 09:00 Recitation from the Holy Quran Welcome and Introduction: Prof. (Dr.) M. Farooq Swati, Chairman, 09:05 Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar Comments by M. Farrukh Irfan Khan, Chairman, 09:15 Gandhara Art and Culture Association, Lahore Views by Maj. Gen. (Retd.) Sayeed-ul-Hassan Zaidi, President, Gandhara Art 09:25 and Culture Association, Lahore Keynote Lecture by Dr. M. Nasim Khan 09:35 Recent Discoveries at Kashmir Smast, Gandhara Inaugural Address: Lt. Gen. (Retd.) Mumtaz Gul, Vice Chancellor, University 09:55 of Peshawar Vote of Thanks: Prof. (Dr.) Ghulam Taqi Bangash, 10:05 Dean, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Peshawar 10:15 Tea Break

Paper Reading Sessions

04-09-2005 Morning Session (11:00-13:15) Chair: Prof. Harald Hauptmann

Time (Hours) Speaker Title

11:00-11:20 Prof. Rita Wright Imagery in the Indus Civilisation

Mature Indus Period Sites in the Thar Desert: 11:20-11:40 Prof. Nilofer Shaikh Their Distribution and Complexity.

11:40-12:00 Dr. Qasid Hussain Mallah Kot Dijian Sites in Thar Desert.

An Advance Lithic Technology in Indus period in 12:00-12:20 Mr. G. Mohiuddin Veesar Thar Desert, Sindh-Pakistan.

Prof. Farid Khan, The Anthropomorphic Terracotta Figurines from 12:20-12:40 Mr. Robert Knox and Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Sites in Prof. Ken Thomas Bannu and the Gomal Plain.

50 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium

Some Newly Discovered Bronze Age Sites in the 12:40-13:00 Mr. Zakirullah Jan Gomal Plain, Pakistan.

13:00-13:15 Discussion

13:15-14:15 Lunch

Afternoon session (14:15-16:35) Chair: Prof. Dr. Abdur Rahman

Time (Hours) Speaker Title

Foreigners along the Upper Indus. 14:15-14:35 Prof. Harald Hauptmann Archaeological Research in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.

14:35-14:55 Prof. Harry Falk New Techniques in Kharothi Palaeography.

Terracotta female forms from the proto historic 14:55-15:15 Dr. Arundhati Banerji Swat.

Dr. Massimo Vidale Dr. Luca M. Olivieri

Dr. Roberto Micheli Latest Discoveries in Swat: Archaeological 15:15-15:35 Dr. Emanuele Morigi Campaign 2004-2005 Mr. Tahir Saeed Mr. Abdul Nasir

Buddhist Votive Tablets from Gul Muhammad 15:35-15:55 Mr. Altaf Hussain Mangi Jamro site.

15:55-16:15 Mr. Nidaullah Sehrai Inscribed Relic Casket from Marjane Swat.

16:15-16:35 Discussion

16:35-17:05 Tea Break

Visit to Marghuzar. 18:30 Dinner at White Palace (19:30)

51 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium

05-09-2005 Morning Session (08:30-12:15) Chair: Professor Farid Khan

Time (Hours) Speaker Title

08:30-08:50 Prof. Abdur Rahman Ethnic Profile of Gandhara.

Gandhara – Bactria: In aspect of development of 08:50-09:10 Dr. Tigran K. Mkrtychev Buddhist Art

A Study on the Buddha and the Black Serpent in 09:10-09:30 Dr. Ikuko Nakagawara the Fire Temple at Urvilva in Kizil, Yungang, Ajanta and Gandhara.

09:30-09:50 Dr. Madhuvanti Ghose Nana: The ‘Original’ Goddess on the Lion

09:50-10:10 Ms. Mastoor Fatima Lotus in the Buddhist Art of Pakistan

10:10-10:30 Korean Ancient Buddhism Art, the religious and Ms. Esther Park philosophical background of the decorations on the stupas and the design of the monuments

10:30-10:40 Discussion

10:40-11:00 Tea Break

The Pacavra Cult and its continuity in 11:00-11:20 Mr. Ibrahim Shah Northwest Pakistan.

Mr. Tauqir Ahmed 11:20-11:40 Pre-Islamic Architectural Traditions in Pakistan Waraich

New & Unique Fraction of Kujula Coins from 11:40-12:00 Mr. Gul Rahim Khan Taxila, Pakistan

12:00-12:10 Discussion

Visit to Malamjaba 12:20 Lunch (14:00)

15:00 Tracking at Malamjaba

17:00 Tea at Malamjaba and return

52 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium

06-09-2005 Morning Session I (08:30-10:45) Chair: Prof. Dr. Harry Falk Time (Hours) Speaker Title Mr. Masaya Masui/ Excavation and Preservation at , 08:30-08:50 Prof. Setsuko Cornish District Buner 08:50-09:10 Prof. Haruko Tscuchiya Topic to be conveyed 09:10-09:30 Mr. Saeed ur Rehman Ranigat: UNESCO Contribution Post-Modern Innovative Technologies and the 09:30-09:50 Ms. Nargis Rashid Cultural Heritage of Gandhara. New Discovery of Buddhist engravings from 09:50-10:10 Mr. Badshah Sardar Ghaligai hill, district Swat. 10:10-10:30 Mr. Safdar Khan Conservation of Cultural Property 10:30-10:45 Discussion 10:45-11:15 Tea Break

Morning Session II (11:15-13:10) Chair: Prof. Dr. Nilofer Shaikh Time (Hours) Speaker Title The Palaeolithic of Pakistan; Recent 11:15-11:35 Dr. Muhammad Salim Researches 11:35-11:55 Dr. Anjum Rahmani Cholistan, the desert palaces. Recent Archaeological Discovery in District 11:55-12:15 Mr. Shahbaz Khan Chakwal of Salt Range Tomb of Shaikh Sadan Shaheed: Connectivity 12:15-12:35 Dr. Farzand Masih and Continuity. Kaka Khel Ancestor Adam Baba and His 12:35-12:55 Mr. Shakirullah Tomb Karbogha (Kohat) NWFP. 12:55-13:10 Discussion 13:10-14:10 Lunch Break Business and Concluding Session (14:10-15:40) Chair: Prof. Farid Khan Site seeing Butkara I,III (16:00-17:45); Tea at Swat Museum (18:00) 15:45 Museum Visit (18:15-19:00) 19:15 Back to Hotel 21:00 Entertainment

53 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium CONTRIBUTORS

Dr. M. Nasim Khan

Recent Discoveries at Kashmir Smast, Gandhara

Prof. Rita Wright

Imagery in the Indus Civilisation

Prof. Nilofer Shaikh

Mature Indus Period Sites in the Thar Desert: Their Distribution and Complexity.

Dr. Qasid Hussain Mallah

Kot Dijian Sites in Thar Desert

Mr. G. Mohiuddin Veesar

An Advance Lithic Technology in Indus period in Thar Desert, Sindh-Pakistan

Prof. Farid Khan, Mr. Robert Knox and Prof. Ken Thomas

The Anthropomorphic Terracotta Figurines from Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Sites in Bannu and the Gomal Plain

Zakirullah Jan

Some Newly Discovered Bronze Age Sites in the Gomal Valley, NWFP, Pakistan

Abstract Gomal Valley, comprising of Districts D.I. Khan and Tank, has great archaeological and cultural potential due to its ideal geographical location. A flood plain of and its tributaries, it is surrounded on three sides by the mountains of Wazirstan, Suleman, Khisor, Bittani and Marwat Ranges, which linked it to and Central Asia through hospitable passes. Since 1878–79 archaeological investigations were carried out and have revealed the region to be a melting pot of various cultures and civilizations. The University of Peshawar, under Dr. Dani and Durrani, played a leading role in unearthing the Bronze Age cultures in the area. The present author, on behalf of the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of NWFP, further broadened the cultural horizon of the Gomal Valley and discovered some new and important sites, classified into Neolithic, early Bronze Age, Kot Dijian and mature Harappan periods. The sites are Gulgai Kot I (Neolithic); Darazinda (early bronze age); Maddi, Kot Musa (Kot Dijian) and Kauri Hot, Rohri II, akwa, Umar Daraz Theri I & II and Lal Mahra (Harappan). The discovery of the Harappan settlements extended its frontiers to the Gomal valley, which were previously confined to the main Indus land. These settlements were equally important as the Kot Dijian’s. The presence of all these cultures in the Gomal Valley indicates the importance of the area in the 3rd and 4th millennium BC and the role it played in the origin and development of the Indus Valley Civilization.

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Prof. Dr. Harald Hauptmann Foreigners along the Upper Indus Archaeological Research in the Northern Areas of Pakistan Abstract In the high mountain range of Northern Pakistan, where the Himalayas, the Karakorum, and the Hindukush are blocking the lowlands against the highlands of Central Asia like a barrier, the upper Indus with its tributaries has opened break-throughs. Since prehistoric times they served also gateways to the south for peaceful migrations or hostile invasions, and also as routes for traders and Buddhist pilgrims. Branches of the "Silk Roads" were leading from the Tarim basin and Khotan over the main mountain passes into the gorges of the Indus with the "suspended crosses" as described by the Chinese monk Fa Hsien around 400 A.D. The history of the Northern Areas is known from Chinese records only since the time of the Western Han Dynasty, i.e. since the second century A.D. There have been small principalities in this region, like Great Palur (Bolor) and Little Palur (Bruza), encompassing Baltistan including Astor and the plain of Gilgit including the upper valley up to Yasin. During the 7/8th century the Buddhist rulers of these principalities were caught up in conflicts between Tibet and the Chinese empire. A third power, the lands of the Darada(s), was dominating the southern part of the upper Indus at a stretch from Shatial as far as the gorges beyond Nanga Parbat, but with its political centre in the Kaghan valley. The historical and cultural background of this area during the Buddhist time has been illuminated by numerous rock carvings and inscriptions in Kharosthi, Brahmi, Sogdian, Chinese, and Tibetan. Their importance for future archaeological exploration has been recognized as early as 1884 by K.E. von Ujfalvy and 1902 by A. H. Francke for Baltistan and Ladakh, and 1905 by Ghulam Mohammad for the region of Gilgit and Chilas. A systematic documentation of these monuments around Chilas and Gilgit was started by Ahmad Hasan Dani and the late Karl Jettmar in 1980. Since then as a result of a joint Pak- German research project by the Heidelberg Academy of Humanities and Sciences more than 50.000 petroglyphs and 5.000 inscriptions in the rock art galleries in the gorges of the upper Indus between Shatial in Indus-Kohistan and the bridge of Raikot, along the Gilgit and Hunza valleys and in Baltistan have been registered. During this field work ancient routes, settlements, and graveyards are also documented. The survey of the sites along the southern side of the Indus between Shatial and Chilas has been accomplished. The documentation of sites on the northern side of the Indus valley is still in progress. From the results of the field research the reconstruction of the early history of this region – where the empires were to meet – is obtaining clearer contours. This history since prehistoric times is determined by different waves of foreign invasions and cultural influences. Definite links between the upper Indus region and the cultural sphere of Central Asia during the third millenium B. C. are witnessed by a group of anthropomorphic pictures related to the Siberian Okunev culture. Since the end of the 2nd millenium B.C. the upper Indus valley in Ladakh and in the Northern Areas is clearly a passage for nomadic groups originating from the central Asian steppes. This early wave of northern nomads is indicated by images of animals, which seem to be "standing on tip-toes". There are dozens of engravings of this style found around Chilas, but also in Ladakh and Western Tibet. They recall representations from Kazakhstan and in the Altai, as on the so-called stag stones from the Altai. Another large group of engravings in the characteristic Eurasian animal style show clear analogies to representations of the 9th-6th century B.C. This new nomadic population may be connected with the spread of the Saka. Some of the ancient settlements and large graveyards, sometimes containing round megalithic structures, may be remnants of this foreign invasion. These carvings and Bronze ornaments as from Kandia show, besides local varieties, direct connections to the Pamir region. The golden ring of Pattan, which has been compared with similar objects from the treasure of Peter the Great and from the recently excavated Kurgan Arzan II, is the most famous witness of one of the different waves of northern nomads. Another group of elegantly carved kneeling animals may recall Achaemenid art. Some of them seem to be related to bronzes of

55 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium

Western Zhou China. But, at Thalpan warriors as in the goat sacrifice had been depicted in truly Achaemenid style, thus representing the easternmost influence of the Persian empire in the “Countries of Hindus” since the reign of king Darius I. During the reign of Buddhism Sogdian inscriptions, the engraving of fire altars, tamgas, and even Nestorian crosses are documenting the presence of another important ethnic group. This evidence reveals the eminent role of the Sogdians in the international relations within the inter-Asian network of the Silk-Road. Other inscriptions show the occurrence of foreign names belonging to noble families of Hephtalites, i.e. the Huns. The future systematic archaeological exploration of the valleys along the upper Indus and its tributaries will enrich our knowledge of the ethnic and cultural variety in the Northern Areas since the prehistory. Prof. Harry Falk

New Techniques in Kharothi Palaeography

Dr. Arundhati Banerji

Terracotta female forms from the proto historic Swat

Dr. Massimo Vidale, Dr. Luca, M. Olivieri, Dr. Roberto Micheli, Dr. Emanuele Morigi, Mr. Tahir Saeed and Mr. Abdul Nasir

Latest Discoveries in Swat: Archaeological Campaign 2004-2005

Mr. Altaf Hussain Mangi

Buddhist Votive Tablets from Gul Muhammad Jamro site

Mr. Nidaullah Sehrai

Inscribed Relic Casket from Marjane Swat

Abstract Marjanai is situated at a distance of 21 km northwest of city in Tehsil Kabal, District Swat in the Amluk Tangi area of the Swagali valley. Marjanai site stand on a terraced field and therefore remained under cultivation for many years sculptures were reported by the owner of the land. The site was excavated under Gandhara Archaeological Project under the supervision of Dr. Abdur Rehman and Mr. Shah Nazar Khan in 1982. Besides structural remains large number of sculptures and few relic caskets were recovered from the sites. Two relic caskets were found inside stupa No. 3. the large one is made of soapstone and is faintly inscribed on the inner side of the lid. The small one is made of Green Phyllite. Both are having carved lotus flower decoration. The large casket has a hole in the center which was covered with the lid of the small relic casket and it body was kept inside the large relic casket. In the small relic casket is a tiny pear shape bronze relic casket and while shaking it we clearly determine that inside it is either containing a small metal box or scrolls.

Prof. Abdur Rahman

Ethnic Profile of Gandhara

Dr. Tigran K. Mkrtychev

Gandhara – Bactria: In aspect of development of Buddhist Art

56 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium

Ikuko Nakagawara

A Study on the Buddha and the Black serpent in the Fire Temple at Urvilva in Kizil, Yungang, Ajanta and Gandhara

Abstract The story of the Buddha and the black serpent in the fire temple at Uruvilva is the first miracle performed by Buddha in order to convert the influential Kaśyapa brothers and their disciples. This episode was represented in Sanci, Amaravati, Gandhara, Ajanta, Kizil, and Yungang.

Firstly, I will focus on analyzing examples of Kizil Caves in Xinjiang of China, because I find out the fact that a particular type spread out to extensive area at a limited period through the research of Kizil’¯s instances.

Kizil Caves have 9 examples of this episode, that is, Cave 205 (Maya Höhle 2. Anlage), Cave 192, Cave 175 (Versuhungshöhle), Cave 63(Kaśyapahöhle), Cave 110 (Treppenhöhle), Cave 80(Hollentopshöhle), Cave 186, Cave 189(2. Höhle von vorn), and Cave 196(Nagarjahöhle). Among those, Cave 205, Cave 192, Cave 175 and Cave 63 have iconographical common features. The following is: (1) The Buddha sits in the fire temple in meditating pose. (2) The Buddha is bound by a venomous serpent with several rolls. The serpent threw up venomous smokes and flames. (3) In fire temple is enveloped in flames and smokes. (4) By the side of the Buddha, Brahman ascetics draw water with a water pot from a pond. (5) The disciples of Uruvilva Kaśyapa climb up ladders and try to put out the fire. (6) Uruvilva Kaśyapa stands with a stick by the side of the Buddha. These paintings are represented on the side wall of aisle, the front wall of main room, or the back wall of the pillar in large screen. Other examples are represented on the ceiling of vault and dome in small size. Because those paintings in this case are limited in space, and those representations are simplified to minimum, that is, the Buddha is bound by a venomous serpent with several rolls and Uruvilva Kaśyapa with a stick and a disciple with a water pot on his shoulder stand on both sides of the Buddha.

Secondly, I will parallel between Kizil and Gandhara, Ajanta, Yungang.

The most characteristic feature of the miracle of fire temple in Kizil is second and the fifth representations, especially disciples climbing up ladders. It goes without saying that there are a close relationship between the bas-reliefs of Gandhara and the wall paintings of Kizil representing Buddha’s life story. In Gandhara, there are several types in the scene of ¡°the miracle of the fire temple¡±. I find out two instances which disciples are climbing up ladders and putting out the fire in the bas-reliefs of Gandhara. One is in , another one is in Crambrook Museum, Brooklyn of USA. The date of this bas-relief is suspicious about the last period of Gandhara by Ingholt.

In Ajanta Caves, we can find out this theme in the back wall of Cave 9. According to German scholar Dr. Schlingloff, this painting consists of 8 scenes. Among these scenes, second scene has the

57 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium representation of a ladder and a fire-fighting. This painting, which have some retouching, originally is guessed belonging to about the mid- to the last 5th century.

In Yungang Caves, we can find out 5 instances. Among them, only one instance, that is, the Cave 35 has the representation of ladders and fire-fighting. There are small niches of entrance side wall in Cave 35 of Yungang Caves. This niche, in which a cross-legged Maitreya bodhisattva is deified, one of them have the date of 515 ( ), so we can guess that Cave 35 was constructed before 515 year.

This unusual iconography is narrated in only the ( ) fo ben xing ji jing (the last 6th century AD) translated by ( ) She na jue duo.

The mentioned above, I conclude that the iconography depicting the ladders and fire-fighting spread abroad from Gandhara as starting point to Ajanta, Kizil, and Yungang about 5th -6th . This currency is a one-time phenomenon, but no doubt, we can say that one iconographical type of this story was accepted in those districts.

Dr. Madhuvanti Ghose

Nana: The ‘Original’ Goddess on the Lion

Ms. Mastoor Fatima

Lotus in the Buddhist Art of Pakistan

Ms. Esther Park

Korean Ancient Buddhism Art, the religious and philosophical background of the decorations on the stupas and the design of the monuments

Ibrahim Shah

The Pancavira Cult and Its Continuity in Northwest Pakistan

Abstract Little attention has so far been paid to the study of Hindu art and cult objects in Pakistan. There is dire need to bring forth the ancient cults worshipped here. One among these cults is the Pancavira (or the Five Heroes of the Vrsni clan) greatly honoured and widely adored particularly in the Northwest Pakistan. Apart from literary sources, archaeological evidences abound to substantiate the view. The Pancavira cult, mainly based on Vasudeva-Krsna (an early form of Visnu) in the guise of Bhagavatism attracted some alien rulers of ancient Gandhara to adopt it as part of their religio-political and socio-cultural policy to make room in the hearts of their new subjects for safer and stronger governance.

The cult seems to have flourished here right since 2nd century BCE (in the light of archaeological evidences; although literary references to this effect go back to 5th/4th centuries BCE as recorded by Panini himself) down at least to 2nd century CE; but the evolved Vaisnavism existed side by side Buddhism up to the time of the Hindu Sahi dynasty in 9/10th centuries CE. From this time on till the colonial period we have scanty material evidence when the cult reappeared in disguise. This time the meanings of the cult were transformed from Hinduism to the Muslim adherents who took the five Vrsni viras for the Muslim saints and men of high religious calibre who played a dominant role in the spread of Islam on this soil. The cult spread far and wide in different parts of the Indian

58 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium subcontinent as far east as modern Bangladesh where a shrine is reported with the same ideology in the minds of the neighbouring inhabitants

The present paper aims at highlighting the archaeological potential of the cult and its new face among the Muslim dwellers of Northwest Pakistan with the main emphasis on the Panj Pir shrines in the Peshawar valley or ancient Gandhara. The main objective of the paper is to invite attention of the scholars to help solve the problem of the chronological hiatus that hinders the ideology associated with the Panjpir shrines from the ancient and the medieval Pancavira cult.

Mr. Tauqir Ahmed Waraich

Pre-Islamic Architectural Traditions in Pakistan

Mr. Gul Rahim Khan

New & Unique Fraction of Kujula Coins from Taxila, Pakistan

Abstract

Kujula Kadphises the first recognised king of the Kushans who had founded the in Afghanistan in the mid of first century AD and then was able to extend it up to the Punjab (Pakistan). The coins of this ruler are common and all struck in copper are normally found in Uzbekistan, Tadzikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan. In Pakistan, Taxila in general, in particular yielded a great treasure of coins of the king.

While Kujula Kadphises was the first ruler of the dynasty therefore no appropriate patron was developed to which the Kushan coins could be identified. Before him the chiefs of the Yue-chi to which his family Kuei-shuang was also belonged, settled in the Bactria region, always imitated the Greek coins for the purpose. Taking into consideration Kujula also followed the same practice hence the basic pattern of his coins was based on the Hermaeus, the last Indo-Greek king in Kabul Valley and Gandhara. Besides this his coins also show the various features of other contemporary dynasties and regional traditions. In this way the coins of Kujula are interesting and important for understanding the early history of the Kushans and their coinage. Some of the coins of Kujula are also known for their debatable nature like the ‘Heraus issues’ which the scholars normally consider for a separate king, the predecessor of Kujula. In this regards the Joe’s explanation is convincible and now widely accepted that the issues of these coins was Kujula Kadphises. Here the fractional coins confirm this concept as such the half coin (chiselled coin 1.1) of ‘Heraus’ is included in the group of subject coins. The Taxila coins prove that the fractional (chiselled coins) was the practice of king Kujula and not of his successors or predecessors. Hence this piece of evidence obviously supports the opinion of Joe Cribb.

These arrangements of groups are known to represent different mints in the certain localities, e.g. the Augustus portrait type coins were issued from the eastern mint located in central Chach and the Heraus coins in Bactria.

Studying the Kushan coins of Taxila excavated by J. Marshall in the first half of the 20th century, the Sirkap coins found interesting for the research of Early Kushan coinage and history. This site presents a massive number of coins of Kujula Kadphises and luckily containing all the main types mentioned above. These fractioned are found in cut pieces of the actual coins. They were by means executed in half (1/2), quarter (1/4) and three-fourth (3/4) where the last group is little bit suspicious because the cut edge is not much conspicuous and the number of such coins also limited.

59 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium

Kujula struck his coins in different range of weight but the small denomination was not a common practice except the nature of types such as king seated cross-legged with standing Zeus reduced weight. It was probably due to the shortage of small denominations once its need was felt then the intact and ordinary coins of all types were allowed and turned to be broken and legally accepted for circulation.

My thanks to DG Archaeology Fazal Dad Kakar and the Department of Archaeology, Govt. of Pakistan who granted me permission for the study of Taxila coins. I have my gratitude to the staff members of the and specially Dr. M. Ashraf for their kind cooperation and hospitality.

Dr. Masaya Masui and Setsuko Cornish

Excavation and Preservation at Ranigat, District Buner

Abstract Located in the present Buner District, N.W.F.P, in a hilly area, Ranigat is one of the largest Buddhist sites in Gandhara. A core area of the site was excavated by the Kyoto University missions, led by Prof. Nishikawa, carried out between 1983 and 1992, as a result of which more than ninety stupas and another structures were discovered. Much of remains were looted to a large extent due to the illegal diggings. However, the lower part of structural remains had often remained untouched and the several precious objects were discovered, though in a fragmented condition, such as the lower part of Kushan aristocrat in stone. Also, a large number of pieces of pottery are discovered from the soil carried to the site for the land development and several trenches, which provided the chronology of pottery and the dating of the Ranigat temple itself; the first stage of the site should be some time later than the last period of the 1st century A. D. and the latest period of the Buddhist temple should be in the 6 century A. D.

After the excavation, the preservation work has been carried out thanks to the combined effort of Pakistani and Japanese experts since 1996 as a pilot project of the UNESCO/Japan Fund in Trust Project for the Preservation of Gandhara Monuments.

This paper reports the summary of the excavation result and the progress of the preservation of the site. Prof. Haruko Tscuchiya

Topic to be conveyed

Mr. Saeed ur Rehman

Ranigat: UNESCO Contribution

Nargis Rashid

Information & Communication Technologies and the Cultural Heritage of Gandhara Abstract Information Science, Information Technology, Advanced Technologies or Information & Communication Technology all are the various names of 21st century post-modern Innovative Technologies (PMIT) describes as the sciences concerned with gathering and manipulating and storing and retrieving and classifying recorded information.

60 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium

In the short span of a few years, we have witnessed enormous progression in our ability to provide access to multi-media documents in a distributed information environment. The revolution in the information access and dissemination resulting from digitization and networking is creating new opportunities on both the production and consumption side of information and knowledge. The changes bring with them the opportunity for individuals to create and publish multimedia documents and to share cultural heritage materials with a world-wide audience. Now diverse communities are becoming enabled to capture and share their culture in integrated media formats (text, image, animation, video, audio, hyper linking, and computer codes). At the same time Higher Educational Institutions and organizations can draw more attention to make available primary sources over the Internet to enrich learning and cultural appreciation. With advances in the creation, dissemination, display and retrieval of network and digital information, there is now enormous potential to increase the accessibility of cultural heritage information. Digital technologies make information independent of distance and time, and it is also possible for any one person or group of persons to have access to a large body of cultural heritage materials or ideas, to study them, combine them in new ways, and make their results available to anyone else.

The Advanced world has made the application of information technology in the heritage sector as well such as libraries, archives, and museums etc. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) are playing an increasingly central role in the work of organizations which act to conserve, preserve, and improve access to our cultural and natural heritage. The use of above mentioned technologies allows achieving goals of important cultural value which are beyond the reach of traditional tools and certainly provides the links to the world outside to renowned art, archaeology, and history museums; inside online museum galleries for special exhibitions; and to electronic journals, image collections; and artists' works in progress.

This paper will describe an initiative which seeks to expand the reach of Cultural Heritage of Gandhara materials through the use of digital Information and Communication Technology. The need for educating professionals in cultural outreach has become apparent with the recent exponential developments in information technology and the wide-spread dissemination of "anytime/anyplace" information. The dissemination and fruition of cultural heritage benefits from the use of these technologies. Moreover synergies can be obtained from connecting museums, libraries, and archives; and this will no doubt open up our cultural heritage of Gandhara to new avenues of exploration.

Mr. Badshah Sardar

New Discovery of Buddhist engravings from Ghaligai hill, district Swat

Mr. Safdar Khan

Conservation of Cultural Property

Dr. Muhammad Salim

The Palaeolithic of Pakistan; recent researches Abstract We have discovered now stratified Palaeolithic sites. The earliest of 2.2 my one pebble tools from the Pinjor. Overlying upper Siwalik Conglomerate has Acheulian handaxe-cleaver-picles. Later after 4 lakh years we discover hand axes on Lei conglomerate. Middle palaeolithic is found in the Loess. Late Palaeolithic is at Rohri Hills. The Mesolithic tools, hearths are found on surface of loess.

61 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium

Dr. Anjum Rahmani

Cholistan, the desert palaces

Mr. Shahbaz Khan

Recent Archaeological Discovery in District Chakwal of Salt Range

Dr. Farzand Masih

Tomb of Shaikh Sadan Shaheed: Connectivity and Continuity

Shakirullah

Kaka Khel ancestor Adam Baba and his Tomb at Karbogha (Kohat) N.W.F.P

Abstract Kohat is the divisional headquarter, situated about 64 km in south of Peshawar, comprises on three districts Huangu, Kohat and Karak. It is sandwiched between Bannu and Peshawar. Its western boundary is marked by the Tribal area and the eastern by the river Indus. The word Kohat, probably meaning "Hill Market Town" (Koh-hat) is occasionally mentioned in historical literature particularly of the time of the Mughals.

Hadrat Adam, the ancestor of the present KakaKhel,s in NWFP, was born at Khost (Afghanistan) in 806.H/A.D.1403. He studied under the Mulana Qasim Allah and Shaikh Wajih al-Din, well known scholars of his time. Then he came to Hindustan and became the follower of Hadrat Shaikh Nur al- Din Qutub-i Alam Bangali. He was under their surveillance for a few years and then came back home (Khost). Most of the time he kept himself busy in teaching and preaching of Islam. After the death of his father, he came to Karbogha (Kohat) and settled there at a place know as Mamanro Gundai ( ), where in 872.H/A.D.1467, he died at the age of 64. He is buried there on top of the same low mound. Every year thousands of people from different areas visit his last resting place. It is located 9km south of Doaba on the main Kohat-Hango road and may be reached by a metalled road.

The tom building is square in plan externally marked by sunk pointed tall arches, one on each side. In the middle of the east side is an entrance having wooden frame of a wooden door. This square chamber has four round minarets one in each corner, while the dome is missing. This tomb building is now in a very poor state of preservation and needs immediate attention of the authorities. The under discussion may be dated some where in the last quarter of 18th century or the first quarter of 19th century.

Dr. M. Rafique Mughal

Impact of Discoveries in the Frontier Region on the Archaeology of South Asia

62 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

International Delegates

1. Prof. Dr. Harald Heidelberg Academy for the Humanities and Germany Hauptmann Sciences Karlstrasse 4, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Email: [email protected]

2. Mrs. Harald C/O Prof. Harald Hauptmann, Heidelberg Germany Hauptmann Academy for the Humanities and Sciences, Heidelberg, Germany

3. Prof. Dr. Harry Falk Freie Universitat Berlin, Institut fur Indische Germany Philologie und Kunstgeschichte, Konigin-Luise- Str. 34AD Berlin Email: [email protected]

4. Dr. Arundhati Banerji Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath New India Delhi – 110011, India Email: [email protected]

5. Dr. E. Morigi IsIAO Centro Scavi e Ricerche Archeologiche in Italy Asia, Via Merulana, 248-00185 Roma, Italy

6. Dr. Luca M. Olivieri IsIAO Centro Scavi e Ricerche Archeologiche in Italy Asia, Via Merulana, 248-00185 Roma, Italy

7. Dr. Massimo Vidale IsIAO Centro Scavi e Ricerche Archeologiche in Italy Asia, Via Merulana, 248-00185 Roma, Italy

8. Dr. Roberto Micheli IsIAO Centro Scavi e Ricerche Archeologiche in Italy Asia, Via Merulana, 248-00185 Roma, Italy

9. Dr. Ikuko Research Associate, Dept. of Aesthetics and Art Japan Nakagawara History School of Letters, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, Email: [email protected]

10. Dr. Masaya Masui Associate Professor of Architectural History & Japan Conservation, School of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women’s University, Nara, 630 Japan Email: [email protected]

63 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium

11. Prof. Haruko 1-13-6 Omachi Kamakura 248-0007, Japan Japan Tsuchiya Email: [email protected]

12. Dr. Tigran K. Chief of Sector Central Asia, State Museum of Russian Mkrtychev Oriental Art, Research Institute, 119019, Moscow, Russia Email: [email protected]

13. Dr. Madhuvanti Lecturer, School of Oriental and African Studies, UK Ghose University of London Email: [email protected]

14. Dr. Setsuko Cornish Email: [email protected] UK

15. Prof. Ken Thomas Institute of Archaeology, University College UK London. Email: [email protected]

16. Dr. Robert Knox Keeper, Asian Departments, UK The British Museum Email: [email protected]

17. Prof. Rita Wright Associate Professor, Department of USA Anthropology, Archaeologist, New York University, New York, USA Email: [email protected]

National Delegates Director General, Department of Archaeology and 1. Dr. Fazal Dad Kakar Museums, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan 2. Mr. Badshah Sardar Islamabad Studies, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. Deputy Chief of the Mission, Japanese Embassy, 3. Mr. Hiroshi Azuma Blue Area. Islamabad Email: [email protected] Mr. Khalid Saeed 4. 23, St. 11, Sector F 6/3, Islamabad Islamabad Haroon House No. 277, Chakma House, Gomal Road, E-7, 5. Mr. Raja Tridiv Roy Islamabad Islamabad Ms. Musarrat Nahid Curator, National Art Gallery, # 77, St. 48, F-7/4, 6. Islamabad Imam Islamabad 7. Ms. Tahira Tanveer Deputy Director, National Archives, Islamabad. Islamabad 8. Mr. Saeed ur Rehman Former DG Archaeology, Apartment No. 38-B, Karachi

64 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium

Askari III, School Road, Karachi Cantt., Tel: 9202941 Chairperson, Department of General History and 9. Prof. Nargis Rashid Archaeology, University of Karachi, Karachi Karachi Email: [email protected] Department of Archaeology, Shah Abdul Latif Dr. Qasid Hussain 10. University, Khairpur, Sindh. Khairpur Mallah Email: [email protected] Mr. Altaf Hussain Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, 11. Khairpur Mangi Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh. Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Mr. G. Mohiuddin 12. Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh. Khairpur Veesar Email: [email protected] Department of Archaeology, Shah Abdul Latif Ms. Tasleem Alam 13. University Khairpur Abro Khairpur, Sindh. Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, 14. Prof. Mastoor Fatima Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh. Khairpur Email: [email protected] Chairperson, Department of Archaeology, Shah 15. Prof. Nilofer Shaikh Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh. Khairpur Email: [email protected] 16. Dr. Anjum Rahmani Former Director, Lahore Museum, Lahore. Lahore Chairman, Department of Archaeology, Punjab 17. Dr. Farzand Masih Lahore University, Lahore Former Director General, Department of Dr. M. Rafique Archaeology & Museums, Government of 18. Lahore Mughal Pakistan. Email: [email protected] Managing Director, The Pakistan Credit Rating 19. Mr. Javed Masud Agency (Pvt) Ltd. Awami Complex, FB-1, Usman Lahore Block, New Garden Town, Lahore Mr. M. Farrukh Irfan United Trade Mark & Patent Services, West End 20. Lahore Khan Building, 61-The Mall, Lahore Chairman, Punjab Industrial Estates, 1st Floor, 21. Mr. Mohsin M. Syed Lahore Saudi Pak House, 14-Egerton Road, Lahore Mr. Muhammad 12-C, Block-K, Main Boulevard, Gulberg II, 22. Lahore Farooq Naseem Lahore 23. Mr. Nayyar A, Ilyas House No. 18-C, Model Town Lahore Lahore Mr. Orya Maqbool Jan Director General, Department of Archaeology & 24. Lahore Abbasi Museums, Govt. of the Punjab, Lahore Director, Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, 25. Mr. Shahbaz Khan Govt. of the Punjab, Lahore Lahore Email: [email protected] Deputy Director, Department of Archaeology & 26. Mr. Talib Hussain Lahore Museums, Govt. of the Punjab, Lahore Mr. Tauqeer Ahmed Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, 27. Lahore Waraich Punjab University, Lahore

65 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium

73-W, Defence Housing Authority. 28. Mr. Zulfiqar Rahim Lahore Email: [email protected] Mrs. Farrukh Irfan C/O United Trade Mark & Patent Services, West 29. Lahore Khan End Building, 61-The Mall, Lahore 30. Mrs. Nayyar A. Ilyas C/O House No. 18-C, Model Town, Lahore Lahore 31. Ms. Humera Alam Keeper, Lahore Museum, Lahore Lahore Ms. Kyosoon Park 32. 73-W, Defence Housing Authority, Lahore Lahore (Esther) Professor Saeed House No. 41-D, Valencia Housing Society, 33. Lahore Akhtar Lahore Archaeological Chemist, Department of Archaeology and Museums, Govt. of Pakistan, 34. Mr. Safdar Khan Mohenjo-daro Mohenjodaro Email: [email protected] Professor, Department of Archaeology, University 35. Dr. Ihsan Ali of Peshawar Peshawar Email: [email protected] Chairman, Department of Archaeology, University 36. Dr. M. F. Swati of Peshawar Peshawar Email: [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, 37. Dr. M. Nasim Khan University of Peshawar Peshawar Email: [email protected] Professor, Department of Archaeology, University 38. Dr. Taj Ali of Peshawar Peshawar Email: [email protected] Photo Superintendent, Department of 39. Mr. Asad Ali Archaeology, University of Peshawar Peshawar Email: [email protected] Department of Archaeology, University of 40. Mr. Asim Amin Peshawar Peshawar Email: [email protected] Deputy Director, Sub-Regional Office, Department 41. Mr. Bahadar Khan of Archaeology and Museums, Govt. of Pakistan, Peshawar Peshawar. Assistant Curator, SSAQ Museum of Archaeology 42. Mr. Gul Rahim and Ethnology, University of Peshawar Peshawar Email: [email protected] Lecturer, Department of Archaeology, University 43. Mr. Ibrahim Shah of Peshawar Peshawar Email: [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, 44. Mr. M. A. Durrani Peshawar University of Peshawar Surveyor-cum-Draftsman, Department of 45. Mr. Naeem Bacha Archaeology, University of Peshawar Peshawar Email: [email protected] Lecturer, Department of Archaeology, University 46. Mr. Naeem Qazi Peshawar of Peshawar

66 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium

Assistant Curator, SSAQ Museum of Archaeology 47. Mr. Nidaullah Sehrai and Ethnology, University of Peshawar Peshawar Email: [email protected] Assistant Research Officer, SSAQ Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, University of 48. Mr. Shakirullah Peshawar Peshawar Email: [email protected] Lecturer, Department of Archaeology, University 49. Mr. Zakirullah Jan of Peshawar Peshawar Email: [email protected] Prof. Dr. Abdur Former Chairman, Department of Archaeology, 50. Peshawar Rehman University of Peshawar Former Chairman, Department of Archaeology, 51. Prof. Farid Khan University of Peshawar Peshawar Email: [email protected] Former Chairman, Department of Archaeology, 52. Prof. Fidaullah Sehrai Peshawar University of Peshawar Maj. Gen. (Retd.) House No. 55, St. 27, Valley Road, West Ridge, 53. Sayeed-ul-Hassan Rawalpindi Rawalpindi Zaidi Maj. Gen. (Retd.) House No. 706, St/No. 3, Chaklala Scheme-3, 54. Rawalpindi Sikandar Hayat Rawalpindi. Mrs. Sayeed-ul- C/O House No. 55, St/No. 27, Valley Road, West 55. Rawalpindi Hassan Zaidi Ridge, Rawalpindi 56. Mr. M. Iqbal Chawla Chawala Soap Factory, St. 1, Block-1, Sargodha Sargodha

67 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium ORGANISING COMMITTEES

Executing Committee 1. Prof. (Dr.) M. Farooq Swati 2. Dr. M. Nasim Khan 3. Mr. Ibrahim Shah 4. Mr. Shakirullah 5. Mr. Asim Amin

Proceedings & Publication Committee 1. Prof. (Dr.) M. Farooq Swati 2. Dr. M. Nasim Khan 3. Mr. Ibrahim Shah

Accounts Management Committee 1. Mr. Ibrahim Shah 2. Mr. M. Naeem

Reception & Facilitation Committee 1. Mr. Gul Rahim Khan 2. Mr. M. Naeem 3. Mr. Shakirullah

Media Coverage Committee 1. Mr. Ibrahim Shah 2. Mr. Asad Ali 3. Mr. Shakirullah

68 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium fur not not not not not not :not :not received for fur for for for fer Remarks publication publication publication publication publication publication publication publication received received rocoivod rocoivod received received Paper Poper Paper Paper Paperilr Paperfor Paper Paper Paper Jlllblication ,ocoivod ,ocoivod Korea 2005 Co1111try Gemrany Gcrmimy South UK Rw.iilo Japa11 Japa11 I1aly India Cultural th.e of Art, in via. Hirstory, September SchoDl Art University Asia, 61h Conso,vation, Oriental University and ill Sciences & to of Dosign, WJd Stu.Ji..,, & 4th Discoveries Women's Hi,lory Wore Gm:nany Aesthetic~ Kun:,tgcschichlc Mlllleum Japa11 of Afi:icait 464-8601 Aroheologiche Nara und from 630 Latest Stale Hwwu,ities and Moscow Univmiry llaviromnont India lhe on Authwity, nrnbi!!!Jlf.!l:l!!:!oo.com Asia, Nara, Hcifolberg, of Swat Nagoya, Arcb:il>:cturol 12-A Roma Ticerche fol 110011 1.2!!! Department of e Philologie Orienta.I in 34A 119019, Nagoya ~rrur:,w: Berlin lJK of bi,d. Go,rn111y Hous.ic_g Central Smvey Residential ~Ill! nakasaww:[email protected]. D-69117 &avi Delhi- andE11.vironment, c,f HeJd Academy 4, l:ndisclm Ni,himacbi, 24&-0018S Professor Letters, Chikllia-lru. Associate. Institute, School Berlin, Seclllr Loodon. Nilihly Sympol'lium fur of Email: wlJ!l:,lkh{i!! mashi!il!rmLnet, [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Defence Centro of Uoive.illi1at Uoya Karl,tra"'c K.onigin-Llli$1l-S1r. Kira College Chief School Add=,• Archaeological Associate Heidelber8 P.reie D-14195 Merulana. Research RUB.io, Research Furo-cho, Lecturer. Depntrnent Hum811Life Email; JaDpathNe.w Em:ril: Email: Japan. Elllll'il: Email: India IsIAO lraly 73-W. inog~g~IJ.l:11,!ll: 1:nstitut Pakistan' of in Art Md and 2004- International Fire Parts ilDpos Reseaa:b GaJ:i(lliam. the Bun& lhe ."iwat. in reli$ioUB ofBuddhist 'First !l.!1d oo Campaign the Other at District historic. Serpent Ajanta Um ART. and Archaeolo&ical the ]Jroto c\ecocatiOJlll developmeot Black Ranigat, on Palaeo8raphy. the of the .at Scholars the Atchaeological I.Dd1Js. YllDgang, of from by and aspect Pakismn. K.izil, Goddess Swat: Upper Gandh.ara [n Kharo~tbi of in in form, lhe in IJlllJll!JDenls Preservation B11ddba bacl:grollDd Papers Areas 1be Boctri11: the and Prcscntation along 'Original' ANCIBNTBUDDHISM female llf Ui:v.ilva of - / Ancient on at Di11CC1Yi:-.tie& 1be Techmques of Northern desigD Swdy KOREAN Gandhw:o W05 Ne.w Nano: pbi]Ollopbiclll. A the PoreigDe.is Latest Excavation Terracotta Temple 1be Article Heritage Presentation Ghose B,rnerji Mkrtychev Vidale Ha11ptmann flalk Pock K. Nakagawara Harald Harry MasayaMasu:i E!tbe.r Aru:ndhati M,as,.;mo M.adl:ruvonti Ilrnko Ti,gran Autb

69 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium for for for not not not not not not not not not not received received received for for for for for for for for for for cation . publication publication publication publi publication publication publication publication publication publication publication publication publication received received received received received received received received received received Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper USA Kbairpur Kbairpur Karachi Khairpur Kbairpur Karachi Labore Labore Labore Islamabad Japan Islamabad I" , New ) Cantt., NJ Shah AJlama oil and Labore Place, and University, Karachi -e--Aa!!i,ar t Attock ogy Studies, History l Pump Latif Waverly Road, P.O. Archaeology, Sindb Sindb. , 25 (Nizama Karachi. , Petrol of Anthropology Archaeology Archaeology Archaeo Pakistan General Town Abdul Mor of of SO of of of of School com ah P . h [email protected] Kbairpur Kbairpur S ill, of Karachi, , Barkat 248-0007 , University Morgah of 14 Archaeology Department [email protected] Sbabrab-e-Quaid-e-Azam, Islamabad. back 3, , , Labore Askari of Department Department York Department Department Department Department No. the , , USA Labore , , No. University, University, at Email: Kamakura 38-B, St. New kbang@l!o!ml!i! Archaeology University [email protected] z Street , Latif Latif University of , 10003, University Sbabdara, No. Chairperson, House Professor Professor Professor, Professor Professor, Professor Directorate Sindh. Sindb, Rawalpindi. View, l!ah~ University, [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]. [email protected] ~ [email protected] Omachi No-3 Email: Latif Aiwan-i-Awqaf N.Y. , Abdul Abdul Open Road, 021-9202941 Park : ah - h 1-13-6 Associate Assistant Assistant Kbairpur 5 S Shah Archaeologist, Archaeology Assistant Abdul Assistant Associate Apartment York, Mobile:0300-5305443 House Punjab Floor, Kbairpur Professor/ Department Email: Email: Email: Japan Director, Email: Email: Iqbal company, Tel College, G.T. Email: Salt Desert, hill, of research Thar in Cultural field Their Gbaligai Chakwal the the period from Pakistan and and Desert: Researches District in Indus in Thar in sources Recent the Pakistan engravings in of Traditions Technologies Desert. alaces. Discovery P Chinese Art . Civilisation Sites Pakistan; Technology Contribution Thar the of Comple:itity. in ofBuddhist Desert Indus Period Innovative Llthic and Buddhist Architectural Gandbara the Sites Valley: The UNESCO of in the akistan. Indus Archaeological Swat. in -P Discovery Modem e Palaeolithic Dijian Darel - Advance Pre-ls.lamic New An Mature Kot Ranigat: Post Distribution Heritage Recent Lotus lmagery district The The Cbolistan: (1998-2004) Sindb Rang Veesar Mallah Salim Rebman Tscuchiya Khan Sardar Fatima Shaikh Rashid Ahmed Rahmani ur Wright Hussain Mohiuddin Rita Nilofer Haruko Nargis Mastoor Badshab G. Saeed Shahbaz Tauqir Anjum Muhammad Qasid . . Prof. Prof. Mr. Mr. Waraicb Dr. Prof. Mr. Mr. Mr. Dr. Ms Ms Dr. . . . 18. 10. 11. 13 14 16 12. 15. 17. 19. 20. 22. 21.

70 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium r for for for fo not not not not not received received received received for for for for for Paper publication publication publication publication publication publication publication publication publication received received received received Paper received Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper Peshawar Peshawar Peshawar Peshawar Lahore Peshawar Peshawar Mohenjodaro Peshawar Taxila Museums, University, University, & eshawar, eshawar, P P Punjab of of ology Peshawar Ethn Ethnology Ethnology J-3 Archaeology & & & Museum .com of University University Campus, , ax:ila Sector Archaeology, eshawar eshawar eshawar T Taxila P P P 1 of , Peshawar partment stan, No. niversity Archaeology Archaeology Archaeology U De of of of , Chemist, Paki Abad eshawar, eshawar, Archaeology, Archaeology [email protected] P Peshawar P Street of 042-9231285 of of 3, SB-7, Department of of of i.rector Hayat Tel: D Email: [email protected] lbrahim.sbabOl@yahoo No. No. Museum Museum Museum 840639 ouse ouse Archaeological University Deputy Phase-II Department H H Department Peshawar Email: Lahore, Email: Peshawar Government Chairman, SSAQ SSAQ SSAQ University University Tel: Taxila, of Pakistan overview Pakistan. Continuily. , an Neolithic Muslim Karbogha and Tax:ila, Plain the Significance from : omb to cruary: T from in San Gomal Swat. His Valley t. . Coins the Figurines and Connectivity in Plain Buddhist Marjane Baba Kujula Transference Peshawar Sites Property of Pur Subcontinen Its Shaheed: from the Gomal n Terracotta Age e Adam in and th ctio Badal Indian Gandhira. Sadan Cultural Fra Casket and Cult of of the Broore Shrines Ancestor of Relic nique annu Shaikh NWFP. B U Discovery Profile of Newly Khel in & Anthropomorphic Panjpi.r Pancavira the Conservation (Kohat) Some Kaka New Recent Ethnic The The loscribed Tomb Traditions Sites Khan and , Khan Jan Sebrai Shah Rahman Masib Kno:x Khan Khan Thomas Rahim Habiballah Farid Keo Abdur Cbrahim Nidau!Jab Zakirullah M. Robert Gui Sbakirullab Safdar Farzand . Prof. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Dr. Prof. Prof. Mr Mr. Mr. Khattak . 26. 29 25. 23. 28. 32. 31. 30. 24. 27. 71 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium

LIST OF DELIGATES

S# Name Address/Country Country

Freie Universitat Berlin, Institut fur Indische Philologie und 1. Prof. Dr. Harry Falk Germany Kunstgeschichte, Konigin-Luise-Str. 34AD Berlin, Germany

2. Dr. Arundhati Banerji Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath New Delhi – 110011, India India

Research Associate, Dept. of Aesthetics and Art History, School of Letters, 3. Dr. Ikuko Nakagawara Japan Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

4. Prof. Haruko Tsuchiya 1-13-6 Omachi Kamakura 248-0007, Japan Japan

Chief of Sector Central Asia, State Museum of Oriental Art, Research 5. Dr. Tigran K. Mkrtychev Russia Institute, 119019, Moscow, Russia

Lecturer, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 6. Dr. Madhuvanti Ghosh UK UK

Email: [email protected] 7. Dr. Setsuko Cornish UK UK

8. Mr. Hiroshi Azuma Deputy Chief of the Mission, Japanese Embassy, Blue Area, Islamabad. Pakistan

9. Prof. Ghulam Taqi Bangash Dean, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Peshawar Pakistan

10. Prof. M. Farooq Swati Chairman, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar Pakistan

11. Dr. M. Nasim Khan Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar Pakistan

Director General, Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government 12. Dr. Fazal Dad Kakar Pakistan of Pakistan, Islamabad

Former DG, Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of 13. Mr. Saeed ur Rehman Pakistan Pakistan.

Chairperson, Department of Archaeology, Shah Abdul Latif University, 14. Prof. Nilofer Shaikh Pakistan Khairpur, Sindh.

Chairperson, Department of General History and Archaeology, University 15. Prof. Nargis Rashid Pakistan of Karachi, Karachi

16. Dr. Taj Ali Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar Pakistan

17. Dr. Farzand Masih Chairman, Department of Archaeology, Punjab University, Lahore Pakistan

18. Prof. Farid Khan Former Chairman, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar Pakistan

19. Prof. Dr. Abdur Rehman Former Chairman, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar Pakistan

20. Prof. Fidaullah Sehrai Former Chairman, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar Pakistan

21. Dr. Ihsan Ali Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar Pakistan

Heidelberg Academy for the Humanities and Sciences, Karlstrasse 4, D- 22. Prof. Dr. Harald Hauptmann Pakistan 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

23. Mrs. Harald Hauptmann Heidelberg Academy for the Humanities and Sciences, Karlstrasse 4, D- Pakistan

72 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium

69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Shah Abdul Latif 24. Prof. Mastoor Fatima Pakistan University, Khairpur, Sindh.

25. Ms. Tahira Tanveer Deputy Director, National Archives, Islamabad. Pakistan

Assistant Research Officer, SSAQ Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, 26. Mr. Shakirullah Pakistan University of Peshawar

27. Mr. Ibrahim Shah Lecturer, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar Pakistan

28. Mr. Asim Amin KPO, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar Pakistan

29. Mr. Zakirullah Jan Lecturer, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar Pakistan

30. Mr. Asad Ali Photo Superintendent, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar Pakistan

Assistant Curator, SSAQ Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, 31. Mr. Gul Rahim Pakistan University of Peshawar

Assistant Curator, SSAQ Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, 32. Mr. Nidaullah Sehrai Pakistan University of Peshawar

Surveyor-cum-Draftsman, Department of Archaeology, University of 33. Mr. Muhammad Naeem Pakistan Peshawar

Mr. Tauqeer Ahmed Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Punjab University, 34. Pakistan Waraich Lahore

35. Dr. Anjum Rahmani Former Director, Lahore Museum, Lahore. Pakistan

36. Ms. Tasleem Alam Abro Department of Archaeology, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh. Pakistan

37. Ms. Susanne Cicha Department of South Asian History, vonboldt University, Berlin. Pakistan

Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Shah Abdul Latif 38. Mr. Altaf Hussain Mangi Pakistan University, Khairpur, Sindh.

39. Dr. Qasid Hussain Mallah Department of Archaeology, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh. Pakistan

Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Shah Abdul Latif 40. Mr. G. M. Veesar Pakistan University, Khairpur, Sindh.

Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, Allama Iqbal Open 41. Mr. Badshah Sardar Pakistan University, Islamabad.

Archaeological Chemist, Department of Archaeology and Museums, Govt. 42. Mr. Safdar Khan Pakistan of Pakistan, Mohenjodaro

Deputy Director, Sub-Regional Office, Department of Archaeology and 43. Mr. Bahadar Khan Pakistan Museums, Govt. of Pakistan, Peshawar.

44. Mr. M. Ilyas Bhatti Curator, Taxila Museum, Taxila. Pakistan

45. Mr. Habibullah Khattak Department of Archaeology & Museums, Govt. of Pakistan, Islamabad Pakistan

46. Mr. Suleman Shah Assistant Director, NFCH, Islamabad Pakistan

47. Ms. Susanne Cicha Department South Asian History, Hamboldt University, Berlin. Germany

48. Dr. M. Ashraf Department of Archaeology & Museums, Govt. of Pakistan, Islamabad Pakistan

49. Dr. M. Arif Department of Archaeology & Museums, Govt. of Pakistan, Islamabad Pakistan

73 Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XVII - 2006 Symposium

United Trade Mark & Patent Services, West End Building, 61-The Mall, 50. Mr. M. Farrukh Irfan Khan Pakistan Lahore

51. Mrs. Farrukh Irfan Khan Do Pakistan

Mr. Muhammad Farooq 52. 12-C, Block-K, Main Boulevard, Gulberg II, Lahore Pakistan Naseem

Maj. Gen. (R) Sayeed-ul- 53. House No. 55, St/No. 27, Valley Road, West Ridge, Rawalpindi Pakistan Hassan Zaidi

54. Mrs. S. H. Zaidi House No. 55, St/No. 27, Valley Road, West Ridge, Rawalpindi Pakistan

55. Ms. Kyosoon Park (Esther) 73-W, Defence Housing Authority, Lahore South Korea

56. Mr. Zulfiqar Rahim 73-W, Defence Housing Authority, Lahore Pakistan

57. Mr. Nayyar A. Ilyas House No. 18-C, Model Town Lahore Pakistan

58. Mrs. Nayyar A. Ilyas House No. 18-C, Model Town Lahore Pakistan

59. Mr. M. Iqbal Chawla Chawala Soap Factory, St/No. 1, Block-1, Sargodha Pakistan

60. Professor Saeed Akhtar House No. 41-D, Valencia Housing Society, Lahore Pakistan

Maj. Gen. (R) Sikandar 61. House No. 706, St/No. 3, Chaklala Scheme-3, Rawalpindi. Pakistan Hayat

Managing Director, The Pakistan Credit Rating Agency (Pvt) Ltd. Awami 62. Mr. Javed Masud Pakistan Complex, FB-1, Usman Block, New Garden Town, Lahore

Chairman, Punjab Industrial Estates, 1st Floor, Saudi Pak House, 14- 63. Mr. Mohsin M. Syed Pakistan Egerton Road, Lahore

64. Ms. Mussarrat Nahid Imam Curator, National Art Gallery, # 77, St/No. 48, F-7/4, Islamabad Pakistan

65. Mr. Raja Tridiv Roy House No. 277, Chakma House, Gomal Road, E-7, Islamabad Sri Lanka

66. Mr. Khalid Saeed Haroon 23 St. 11, Sector F 6/3, Islamabad Pakistan

67. Mrs. Qamar Abbas Gandhara Art and Culture Association, Lahore. Pakistan

74 • f -= - -. .-

Managerial staff of the Rock City Hotel welcome the deligates

Participants of the Symposium RECERriiION, REGIST!RA'IiION AND ~LCOME mo iEHE DELIGATES

• •. 1 INAUGURATION AND REGULAR SESSIONS OF THE SYMPOSIUM

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, dhara and Other Parts of Pakistan pt. 2005 at Rock City Hotel. Swat REGULARSESSION OF THE SYMPOSIUM

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CURSION TO,�f\MJ�i\.AND VISIT TO ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES- -- ' J�·,\,.,. • .. , • • \