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Gandharan Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Life Story of Buddha) Editors:Editors:Editors: Ihsan Ali*

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Gandharan Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Life Story of Buddha) Editors:Editors:Editors: Ihsan Ali* Gandharan Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Life Story of Buddha) Editors:Editors:Editors: Ihsan Ali* Muhammad Naeem Qazi** Price: US $ 20/- Title:Title:Title: Gandharan Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Life Story of Buddha) Frontispiece: Buddha Visiting Kashyapa Correspondence Address: Hazara University, Mansehra, NWFP – Pakistan Website: hu.edu.pk E-mail: [email protected] * Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Currently Vice Chancellor, Hazara University, Mansehra, NWFP – Pakistan ** Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan CONTRIBUTORS 1. Prof. Dr. Ihsan Ali, Vice Chancellor Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan 2. Muhammad Naeem Qazi, Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan 3. Ihsanullah Jan, Lecturer, Department of Cultural Heritage & Tourism Management, Hazara University 4. Muhammad Ashfaq, University Museum, Hazara University 5. Syed Ayaz Ali Shah, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan 6. Abdul Hameed Chitrali, Lecturer, Department of Cultural Heritage & Tourism Management, Hazara University 7. Muhammad Imran Khan, Archaeologist, Charsadda, Pakistan 8. Muhammad Haroon, Archaeologist, Mardan, Pakistan III ABBREVIATIONS A.D.F.C. Archaeology Department, Frontier Circle A.S.I. Archaeological Survery of India A.S.I.A.R. Archaeological Survery of India, Annual Report D.G.A. Director General of Archaeology E.G.A.C. Exhibition of the German Art Council I.G.P. Inspector General Police IsMEO Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente P.M. Peshawar Museum IV CONTENTS Chapter 1 Gandhara, its History and Art ............................................................................ 1-25 IHSAN A LI & M. N AEEM Q AZI 1.1 The Term Gandhara ............................................................................................... 1 1.2 Geography of Gandhara ........................................................................................ 1 1.3 History .....................................................................................................................2 1.4 Gandhara Art .......................................................................................................... 11 1.5 Foreign Influence of Gandhara Art...................................................................... 14 1.6 Peshawar Museum Buddhist Collection from Gandharan Sites ........................ 16 Chapter 2 JATAKAS: Previous Birth Stories of Buddha ............................................... 27-48 M. NAEEM Q AZI , S YED A YAZ A LI S HAH & M. A SHFAQ 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 27 2.2 Sculptural Representation in the Peshawar Museum .......................................... 30 2.3 Depankara Jataka ................................................................................................... 31 2.4 Íyama Jataka .......................................................................................................... 36 2.5 Maitryakanyaka Jataka........................................................................................... 38 2.6 Amara Jataka .......................................................................................................... 43 2.7 Vißvantara Jataka.................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 3 Life Story of Buddha: Maya's Dream — Return to the Palace .............. 49-64 IHSAN A LI , I HSANULLAH J AN & M. A SHFAQ 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 49 3.2 Dream Scenes ......................................................................................................... 49 3.3 Interpretation of the Dream ................................................................................... 51 3.4 Birth of Siddhartha................................................................................................. 52 3.5 Birth of Kanthaka and Chandaka ........................................................................ 57 V 3.6 Bath Scene .............................................................................................................. 58 3.7 Seven Steps of Siddhartha..................................................................................... 61 3.8 Welcoming Scene: Return to Kapilavastu ........................................................... 62 Chapter 4 Life Story of Buddha: Horoscope — Athletic Contests............................. 65-75 IHSAN A LI, M. NAEEM Q AZI & A BDUL H AMEED C HITRALI 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 65 4.2 Horoscope Scenes .................................................................................................. 65 4.3 School Scene .......................................................................................................... 68 4.3.1 School Going Scene..................................................................................... 68 4.3.2. Siddhartha in School ................................................................................... 69 4.4 Athletic contests ..................................................................................................... 70 Chapter 5 Life Story of Buddha: Palace Life — First Meditation ............................. 77-92 IHSAN A LI, I HSANULLAH J AN & M. A SHFAQ 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 77 5.2 Bridal and Marriage Scenes .................................................................................. 78 5.3 Drinking and Merry-making Scenes .................................................................... 83 5.4 Palace and Street Scenes ....................................................................................... 89 5.5 Proceeding Towards Annual Fair ......................................................................... 90 5.6 First Meditation ....................................................................................................... 91 Chapter 6 Life Story of Buddha: The Renunciation—Crossing of River Niranjana ..... 93-102 M. NAEEM Q AZI & M. A SHFAQ 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 93 6.2 The Great Renunciation ......................................................................................... 93 6.3 The Great Departure .............................................................................................. 95 6.4 Farewell of Chandaka and Kanthaka ................................................................... 99 6.5 Bodhisattva Siddhartha Crossing a River ............................................................ 100 VI Chapter 7 Life Story of Buddha: Fasting Siddhartha — Mara's Attack ................... 103-119 M. NAEEM Q AZI & I HSAN U LLAH J AN 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 103 7.2 Fasting Siddhartha .................................................................................................. 104 7.3 Swastika Offers Grass ............................................................................................ 106 7.4 Hymns of Naga Kalika and his Wife Before Siddhartha .................................. 107 7.5 Approach to the Bodhi Tree ................................................................................. 110 7.6 Mara'a Attack.......................................................................................................... 110 Chapter 8 Life Story of Buddha: Trapusha and Balika's food offering — First Sermon at Sarnath ......................................................................................... 121-138 M. NAEEM Q AZI, M. ASHFAQ & M. I MRAN K HAN 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 121 8.2 Offering of Four Bowls ......................................................................................... 122 8.3 Siddhartha Receiving Offerings from Lady Sujatha, Trapusha Balika and Gods of the Four Quadrants ................................................................................. 126 8.4 Offering of Food .................................................................................................... 127 8.5 Gods Entreats Buddha to Preach.......................................................................... 127 8.6 Preparation for the First Sermon .......................................................................... 128 8.7 The First Sermon .................................................................................................... 130 Chapter 9 Life Story of Buddha: Miracles at Sravasti ................................................... 139-188 M. NAEEM Q AZI, IHSANULLAH J AN & M. A SHFAQ 9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 139 9.2 Twin Miracle, Emanation of Fire and Stream ..................................................... 144 9.3 Great Miracle .......................................................................................................... 145 9.3.1 Preaching Buddha with Standing
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