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The Social and Symbolic Role of Early Pottery in the Near East

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The Social and Symbolic Role of Early Pottery in the Near East THE SOCIAL AND SYMBOLIC ROLE OF EARLY POTTERY IN THE NEAR EAST A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY BURCU YILDIRIM IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY JULY 2019 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. D. Burcu Erciyas Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Çiğdem Atakuman Supervisor Examining Committee Members (first name belongs to the chairperson of the jury and the second name belongs to supervisor) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Marie H. Gates (Bilkent Uni., ARK) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Çiğdem Atakuman (METU, SA) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Neyir K. Bostancı (Hacettepe Uni., ARK) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ufuk Serin (METU, SA) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yiğit H. Erbil (Hacettepe Uni., ARK) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Burcu Yıldırım Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE SOCIAL AND SYMBOLIC ROLE OF EARLY POTTERY IN THE NEAR EAST Yıldırım, Burcu Ms., Department of Settlement Archaeology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Çiğdem Atakuman July 2019, 166 pages The aim of this thesis is to investigate the social and symbolic role of the earliest pottery in the Near East which flourished during the Neolithic Period. This dissertation provides a comparative analysis of the earliest ceramics and the relationship of pottery form and technology to the plaster and figurine technologies. As early as the 9th millennium BC, the skilled use of ceramic technology and control of fire was evident in the production of lime plaster, as well as anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines in the region. Therefore, the question of "why the production of pottery had to wait for another two-thousand years", is an intriguing one. The results of the study demonstrate that the emergence of pottery is a "symbolic technology" that is deeply embedded in the earlier Neolithic belief and ritual. Pottery restates a relationship between "the human body" and "the house", as an alternative to the pre-existing Early Neolithic relationship that was formed between "the dead", "the house" and "the communal buildings". As such, pottery must have been an important agent in the negotiation of new social relations in the new economic context of agriculture. Whereas its form evoked familiar ancestral concepts, its portability and use facilitated new types of relations. In this context, the reason why pottery was such a late introduction in the Near East may not be due to a lack of iv knowledge, instead, the reason is more likely to be cultural one, which requires a further contextual evaluation of the shifts in social structure and belief. Keywords: Near East, Pottery Analyses, Social processes, Symbolic Use, Display Imagery v ÖZ YAKINDOĞU’DA ERKEN ÇANAK ÇÖMLEĞİN SOSYAL VE SEMBOLİK ROLÜ Yıldırım, Burcu Yüksek Lisans, Yerleşim Arkeolojisi Anabilim Dalı Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Çiğdem Atakuman Temmuz 2019, 166 sayfa Bu tez çalışmasının amacı, Yakındoğu'da görülen Erken Neolitik çanak çömleğinin sosyal ve sembolik rolünü incelemektir. Bu tez çalışmasında, Yakındoğu’da bulunan ilk çanak çömlekleri karşılaştırmalı olarak inceleyerek, bölgede çanak çömlek kullanımının gelişim aşamalarını değerlendirilmektedir. Daha da önemlisi, çanak çömlek formlarının ve teknolojisinin, alçılama ve heykelcik teknolojileri ile ilişkisi incelenmektedir. MÖ 9. binyılın başlarında, pişmiş toprak teknolojisinin ve ateşin nitelikli kullanımı Yakındoğu’da bulunan insan ve hayvan şekilli heykelciklerde gözlemlenebilir. Aynı zamanda, kireç sıva üretiminde de benzer teknikler kullanılmıştır. Bu nedenle "neden seramik üretiminin iki bin yıl daha beklemek zorunda kaldığı" sorusu merak uyandırıcıdır. Tez çalışmasının sonuçları çanak çömleğin Erken Neolitik’te görülen inanç ve ritüele derinlemesine gömülmüş bir "sembolik teknoloji" olduğunu göstermektedir. Diğer bir deyişle, çanak çömlek, "insan bedeni" ve "ev" arasındaki ilişkiyi, Erken Neolitik’te görülen "ölü", "ev" ve "ortak yapılar" arasında oluşan ilişkiye alternatif olarak yeniden şekillendirmektedir. Bu nedenle, çanak çömlek, tarımın yeni ekonomik bağlamında kurulan yeni sosyal ilişkilerin müzakeresinde önemli bir aracı olmalıdır. Bu bağlamda, çanak çömleğin Yakındoğu’ya bu kadar geç bir giriş yapmasının nedeni, malzeme bilgisi eksikliği vi veya ihtiyaç eksikliğinden kaynaklanamayabilir. Bunun nedeni, büyük ihtimalle kültürel içeriklidir ve dolayısıyla sosyal yapı ve inançtaki değişimlerin bağlamsal değerlendirmesini gerektirmektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Yakındoğu, Seramik Analizi, Sosyal Süreçler, Sembolik Kullanım, Sergileme vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Çiğdem Atakuman, my beloved thesis advisor. She introduced a new horizon in my life by leading me to think of concepts beyond their dictionary meanings. More importantly, she valued every aspect of my nature and contributed to my personal and intellectual growth in the scientific and human sense. It was a gift to interact with such a gifted and attentive archaeologist. Working at ARIT was another great opportunity in my life. I worked there for the past seven years. I am indebted to ARIT Ankara director Dr. Elif Denel for her positive, innovative and gracious attitude. Also, the luxury of easily accessing the valuable publications that I could find in few libraries made my life easier. I would like to thank Özlem Eser for her friendship and the privileges she has granted me for using the library. Thanks are also due to my workmates Pelin Gürol Öngören and Çiğdem Önal Emiroğlu who transformed my work days into a beautiful experience. Last but not least, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Akira Tsuneki for having kindly shared the interim reports and published articles of Tell el-Kerkh with me. Once again, I would like to thank my family members; Nazan, Mehmet, Fırat, Pera, and Günay who are the most important part of my inspirational and beautiful life; my dear cat friend Mimi; my friends Aslı, Tuğba, İlke, Gonca, Emrah; my dear Bohemian crew, and my Çadır Höyük family members Prof. Dr. Sharon Steadman and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gregory McMahon for enriching my life. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM.............................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ iv ÖZ ........................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ xiv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY .............................................. 8 2.1 Stone Vessels as the Precursor of the Earliest Pottery ............................... 11 2.2 Architectural Containers as the Precursor of Early Potter ......................... 14 2.3 Lime Plaster as the Precursor of Early Pottery .......................................... 14 2.4 Clay Figurines as the Precursor of Pottery ................................................ 17 3. THE EARLIEST POTTERY OF THE NEAR EAST .......................................... 24 3.1 Syria, Balikh Valley ................................................................................. 25 3.1.1. Tell Assouad ................................................................................. 25 3.1.2. Tell Damishliyya ........................................................................... 26 3.1.3. Tell Sabi Abyad ............................................................................ 27 3.2.Syro-Cilicia and the Lebanese Coast ....................................................... 39 3.2.1 The Amuq Valley .......................................................................... 39 3.2.2 Mersin-Yumuktepe......................................................................... 45 3.2.3 Hama ............................................................................................. 50 ix 3.2.4 Ras Shamra .................................................................................... 52 3.2.5 Byblos ........................................................................................... 53 3.3. The Rouj Basin ....................................................................................... 53 3.3.1.Tell el-Kerkh ................................................................................ 55 3.3.2. Tell Ain el-Kerkh .......................................................................
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