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Buddha Stone Images in Sub-Regional Office, Peshawar: Classification and Stylistic Analysis

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Buddha Stone Images in Sub-Regional Office, Peshawar: Classification and Stylistic Analysis BUDDHA STONE IMAGES IN SUB-REGIONAL OFFICE, PESHAWAR: CLASSIFICATION AND STYLISTIC ANALYSIS By Tahir Saeed TAXILA INSTITUTE OF ASIAN CIVILIZATIONS QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN 2017 Author’s Declaration I, Tahir Saeed hereby state that my PhD thesis titles “Buddha Stone Images in Sub-Regional Office, Peshawar: Classification and Stylistic Analysis” is my own work and not been submitted previously by me for taking any degree from Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad or anywhere else in the country/world. At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my Graduate the university has the right to withdraw my PhD degree. Name of student: Tahir Saeed Dated: 13-08-2018. i Plagiarism Undertaking I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis titled “Buddha Stone Images in Sub- Regional Office, Peshawar: Classification and Stylistic Analysis” is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any person. Small contribution / help wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by me. I understand the Zero tolerance policy of the HEC and Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad towards plagiarism. Therefore, I as an author of the above titled thesis declare that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and my material used as reference is properly referred/ cited. I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis even after award of PhD degree, the University reserves the right to with draw/revoke my PhD degree and that HEC and the University has the right to publish may name of the HEC/University Website on which names of students are placed who submitted plagiarized thesis. Author’s signature: _______________ Author’s Name: Tahir Saeed ii iii DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis in its present form is the result of my individual research and it has not been submitted concurrently to any other university for any other degree. Tahir Saeed iv TAXILA INSTITUTE OF ASIAN CIVILIZATIONS QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN I hereby recommend that the Dissertation prepared under my supervision by Mr. Tahir Saeed, entitled “Buddha Stone Images in Sub-Regional Office, Peshawar: Classification and Stylistic Analysis” be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Asian Studies. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf Khan Supervisor v DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my family as without their patience and forbearance, I may not have been able to accomplish this task. vi CONTENTS List of illustrations ix -Maps ix -Figures ix -Tables x -Plates xi Acronym xiii Abstract xiv Acknowledgements xv CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER-2: ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF GANDHĀRAN STUDIES WITH REFERNCE TO GANDHĀRA ART 13 2.1 Geography and History of Gandhāra 1 3 2.2 Colonial period archaeology and art history 20 2.3 Post independence period and contribution in Gandhāra Art 21 2.4 Emerging theories and understanding about the significance of Gandhāra art in the art history 25 CHAPTER-3: CLASSIFICATION AND STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF BUDDHA IMAGES…………………………………………… 34 3.1 Classification of Buddha images 34 3.2 Stylistic analysis of Buddha images 41 vii CHAPTER-4: COMPARATIVE STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF BUDDHA IMAGES………………………………………………………… 64 4.1 Comparative study of Buddha images 64 4.2 Chronology of Buddha images 83 4.3 Provenance of Buddha images 90 4.4 Statistical analysis 94 CHAPTER-5: CONCLUSION ……..……..……..……..……..……..…………. 107 Bibliography 116 Glossary…………………………………………………………………………..... 135 Appendixes 138 A) Tables (1-7) 138 B) Descriptive Catalogue with Plates ………………………………………… 162 i) Descriptive Catalogue of known provenance ………………………… 162 ii) Descriptive Catalogue of un-known provenance………………………… 179 viii List of Illustrations: Maps: Page 1. Map of Gandhāra region 16 2. Location of important archaeological sites in Gandhāra region 26 3. Geological sketch map of the Swat Valley…………………………………. 36 4. Generalized geological map of major alkaline complexes in north Pakistan... 37 Figures: 1. The basic hair style in Gandhāra Buddha images. 45 2. Hair style kapardin. 46 3. Conventional hair style found in Swāt. 46 4. Hair style found in Swāt. 46 5. (a) Snail-curls hair style 47 5.(b) A close view of Buddha head showing snail-shell hair. 47 6. (a) Wavy hair style. 48 6. (b) (i) Buddha head, detail of PL. 23 48 6.( b) (ii) Buddha head, detail of PL. 2. 48 7. Description of an eye 50 8. Bronze statue of a young man 50 9. Different types of lotus flower decoration 51 10. Gold coin of Kanishka 64 11. Buddha head with un-known provenance 65 12. Buddha head described by W. Zwalf 66 13. Buddha head, fig. 267 described by Harald Ingholt 66 14. Head of the Buddha from Taxila described by John Marshall 67 15. Head of the Buddha image reported from Sehr-i-Behlol. 67 16. Buddha head described by M. Ashraf Khan 68 17. Buddha head from Butkara-I, Swat 68 18. Buddha head with un-known provenance 69 19. Head of a Buddha image described by M. Ashraf Khan 69 20. Head of a Bodhisattva (Maitreya) image 70 21. Buddha head from Gandhara………………………………………………. 71 22. Buddha in abhayamudrā with unknown provenance……………………….. 71 23. Buddha in dhyānamudrā from Aziz Dheri………………………………….. 72 24. Buddha in dhyānamudrā with unknown provenance………………………… 73 25. Buddha in dhyānamudrā from Takht-i-Bahi…………………………………. 73 26. Buddha in dhyānamudrā with unknown provenance………………………… 74 27. Buddha in dhyānamudrā with unknown provenance………………………… 74 28. Buddha in dhyānamudrā from Takht-i-Bahi…………………………………. 75 29. Buddha in dhyānamudrā with unknown provenance………………………… 75 30. Buddha in dharmacakramudrā from Peshawar……………………………… 76 ix 31. Buddha in dharmacakramudrā from Naushahra……………………………... 77 32. Buddha in dharmacakramudrā with unknown provenance…………………... 77 33. Buddha in dharmacakramudrā from Sehre-i-Behlol…………………………. 78 34. Buddha in dharmacakramudrā from unknown provenance………………...... 78 35. Buddha in dharmacakramudrā from Sehre-i-Behlol………………………..... 79 36. Buddha in dharmacakramudrā alleged from Peshawar……………………… 79 37. Buddha in dharmacakramudrā with unknown provenance…………………. 80 38. Buddha in dharmacakramudrā from Gai collection………………………..... 80 39. Buddha in dharmacakramudrā with unknown provenance………………….. 81 40. Buddha in dharmacakramudrā from Sehre-i-Behlol………………………… 81 41. Buddha in dharmacakramudrā from Dharmarajika stupa, Taxila…………… 82 42. Buddha in dharmacakramudrā Gai Collection, Peshawar…………………… 82 Tables: 1 (a-c) a) List of Buddha images with un-known provenance 138 b) List of Buddha images with known provenance 142 c) Buddha images with known and un-known provenance 143 2. (i-ii) Classification of Buddha images 144 3. (i-iii) Material of Buddha images 146 4 Classification on the basis of dimensional size 148 5(a-d) a) Iconographical and stylistic analysis of Buddha heads 149 b) Iconographical and stylistic analysis of Buddha in abhayamudrā 150 c) Iconographical and stylistic analysis of Buddha in dhyānamudrā 151 d) Iconographical and stylistic analysis of Buddha in dharmacakramudrā 152 6(a-b) a) Comparative chronology of Buddha image with other Gandhāran images. 153 b) Chronology of Buddha images with Plates………………………………. 157 7. Provenance of Buddha images. 158 x PLATES: A) Known provenance of Buddha Images: PL. No. Buddha Image Page PL.No. Buddha Image Page PL.1 Buddha head 162 PL. 10 Buddha head 171 PL.2 Buddha head 163 PL. 11 Buddha head 172 PL.3 Buddha head 164 PL. 12 Buddha in abhayamudrā 173 PL. 4 Buddha head 165 PL. 13 Buddha in abhayamudrā 174 PL. 5 Buddha head 166 PL. 14 Buddha in dhyānamudrā 175 PL. 6 Buddha head 167 PL. 15 Buddha in dhyānamudrā 176 PL. 7 Buddha head 168 PL. 16 Buddha in dhyānamudrā 177 PL. 8 Buddha head 169 PL. 17 Buddha in abhayamudrā 178 PL. 9 Buddha head 170 B) Un-known provenance of Buddha Images: PL. 18 Buddha head 179 PL. 45 Buddha in abhayamudrā 202 PL. 19 Buddha head 180 PL. 46 Buddha in dhyānamudrā 230 PL. 20 Buddha head 181 PL. 47 Bust image of Buddha 254 PL. 21 Buddha head 182 PL. 48 Bust image of Buddha 255 PL. 22 Buddha head 183 PL. 49 Buddha in dhyānamudrā 231 PL. 23 Buddha head 184 PL. 50 Buddha in dharmacakramudrā 246 PL. 24 Buddha head 185 PL. 51 Buddha in abhayamudrā 203 PL. 25 Buddha head 186 PL. 52 Buddha in abhayamudrā 204 PL. 26 Buddha head 187 PL. 53 Buddha in abhayamudrā 205 PL. 27 Buddha head 188 PL. 54 Buddha in abhayamudrā 206 PL. 28 Buddha head 189 PL. 55 Bust image of Buddha 256 PL. 29 Buddha head 190 PL. 56 Buddha in abhayamudrā 207 PL. 30 Buddha head 191 PL. 57 Buddha in dhyānamudrā 232 PL. 31 Buddha head 192 PL. 58 Buddha in dhyānamudrā 233 PL. 32 Buddha head 193 PL. 59 Buddha in dhyānamudrā 234 PL. 33 Buddha head 194 PL. 60 Buddha in abhayamudrā 208 PL. 34 Buddha head 195 PL. 61 Buddha in abhayamudrā 209 PL. 35 Buddha head 196 PL. 62 Buddha in dhyānamudrā 235 PL. 36 Buddha head 197 PL. 63 Buddha in dhyānamudrā 236 PL. 37 Buddha head 198 PL. 64 Buddha in abhayamudrā 210 PL. 38 Buddha head 199 PL. 65 Buddha in dharmacakramudrā 247 PL. 39 Buddha head 200 PL. 66 Buddha in abhayamudrā 211 PL. 40 Buddha in dhyānamudrā 229 PL. 67 Bust image of Buddha 257 PL. 41 Buddha in abhayamudrā 201 PL. 68 Buddha in abhayamudrā 212 PL. 42 Buddha in dharmacakramudrā 244 PL. 69 Buddha in dhyānamudrā 237 PL. 43 Buddha in dharmacakramudrā 245 PL. 70 Buddha in abhayamudrā 213 PL. 44 Bust image of Buddha 253 PL. 71 Buddha in abhayamudrā 214 xi PL.No. Buddha Image Page PL.No. Buddha Images (Fake) Page PL. 72 Buddha in abhayamudrā 215 PL.103 Buddha head 264 PL. 73 Buddha in abhayamudrā 216 PL.104 Buddha head 264 PL.
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