Rappresentazioni E Modelli Identitari Nell'afghanistan Dei Musahiban

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Rappresentazioni E Modelli Identitari Nell'afghanistan Dei Musahiban Corso di Laurea in Lingue e civiltà dell'Asia e dell'Africa mediterranea [LM20-14] Tesi di Laurea (a.a. 2015/2016) Ariana: rappresentazioni e modelli identitari nell’Afghanistan dei Musahiban Relatore Ch. Prof. Simone Cristoforetti Correlatore Ch. Prof. Stefano Pellò Laureando Silvio Oppo Matricola 833590 Indice generale Introduzione i Abbreviazioni viii Indice delle figure ix Indice delle tavole x 1. Inquadramento storico 1 2. Politiche culturali e processi di nazionalizzazione linguistica in Afghanistan 31 i. Il caso del pashto e l’assimilazione del dari. 31 ii. Approfondimenti sullo sviluppo del glottonimo dari: la tassonomia del persiano d’Afghanistan 40 3. Profili biografici 55 4. Aryana, un paradigma nazionale 77 i. La Germania e il modello ariano: un’influenza marginale? 77 ii. Processi assimilativi di un passato ideale, ovvero l’autoreferenzialità della costruzione nazionale 84 iii. La riscoperta delle fonti: l’autorevolezza dell’antico nelle parole dei moderni 96 5. Processi evolutivi: l’identità di un popolo in rapporto al territorio 113 i. Alla ricerca dell’Afghanistan: il paradosso di un toponimo che disintegra 113 ii. Speculazioni sull’etnogenesi: l’arianismo e l’origine semitica rigettata 123 6. Conclusioni 143 Appendice 149 Tavole 153 Bibliografia 161 Sitografia 176 Introduzione “Fortezza dell’Islam, eterno cuore dell’Asia libero suolo degli ariani suolo natio di coraggiosi eroi” Inno Nazionale afghano (1992-2006) La moltitudine di fenomeni e l’apparato teorico di supporto che hanno contribuito alla formazione dei moderni Stati nazionali è stata oggetto di numerose a approfondite analisi, soprattutto se consideriamo l’Europa, l’America Settentrionale e quelli che, per convenzione, sono chiamati i “paesi sviluppati”. Non crediamo però che si possa sostenere altrettanto per ciò che riguarda una consistente area del nostro pianeta che, vuoi per il minore impatto sull’economia mondiale, per la sua inaccessibilità geo-fisica, per l’arretratezza tecnologica o per altre ragioni, non ha goduto delle attenzioni accademiche riservate ai più “fortunati” esempi che abbiamo nominato. È questo il caso dell’Afghanistan, teatro dell’analisi che proponiamo qui di seguito. A fronte di una vasta bibliografia settoriale, legata in particolar modo alla storia e alle conseguenze del conflitto con l’Unione Sovietica e agli sconvolgimenti seguiti all’invasione americana in Afghanistan del 2001, il lettore attento noterà il ridotto numero di pubblicazioni che indagano la formazione di un’ideologia nazionale afghana, ovvero degli studi che ripercorrano le politiche istituzionali, linguistiche e intellettuali che promossero, nel corso del secolo XX, la creazione di una nuova identità del popolo afghano rispetto ad una entità politica fragile quale era – ed è tuttora - l’Afghanistan. i L’obbiettivo che qui ci proponiamo è quello di analizzare l’attività di alcuni importanti istituti di ricerca afghani, che contribuirono allo sviluppo di una “coscienza” nazionale attraverso la pubblicazione di riviste, monografie e articoli di vario genere. Al contempo abbiamo cercato di tracciare i profili dei protagonisti che vi operarono e il loro controverso rapporto con la monarchia e con la linea politica del governo. Il filo conduttore di tutta l’analisi è rappresentato da una pervasiva identificazione dell’Afghanistan - e quindi dei suoi abitanti - con l’antica regione dell’Ariana, di cui si ha notizia in alcune fonti greche e latine. Tale identificazione, nell’ottica dei nostri autori, conferirebbe agli afghani un primato nell’ambita appartenenza alla “razza ariana”, un tentativo di autoriconoscimento idealistico pienamente inserito nel contesto storico della metà del Novecento. Tra le organizzazioni intellettuali di maggior peso che portarono avanti questo genere di discorsi si segnalano in particolare le seguenti: Anjuman-i Adabī-yi Kbul (abbr. AAK), Anjuman-i Trīḫ -i Afḡnistn (abbr. ATA), Anjuman-i D’irat al-Ma’rif ryn (ADMA) e Pašto Tolena (PT). Alcune di queste furono attive per pochi anni, finendo in seguito con l’accorparsi ad altre istituzioni, è il caso ad esempio della AAK, che dagli Anni Qaranta si unì alla ATA, formando un fronte comune più ampio. Le riviste di cui ci occuperemo sono in particolare due, entrambe pubblicate dalla ATA: Aryana, in persiano e pashto, e Afghanistan, in inglese e francese. In corso d’opera, utilizzeremo il corsivo per Aryana quando si intenderà il titolo della rivista, mentre sarà scritto in tondo Ariana quando si parlerà della regione storica. Stessa cosa dicesi per la rivista Afghanistan. Per quanto riguarda il pashto, questa forma andrà ad indicare la lingua, mentre la forma pashtun, per comodità, farà riferimento all’etnonimo. Allo scopo di evidenziare alcuni dei processi di formazione di un’identità nazionale afghana, e nell’analizzare le produzioni di questa corrente di pensiero, si dedicherà ampio spazio alle presunte ricostruzioni storiche divulgate dai fautori delle summenzionate istituzioni, tutti accomunati da un forte sentimento nazionalista. Inoltre saranno oggetto di analisi il complesso e simbolico ruolo svolto dalle politiche linguistiche e la formazione di un’idea di etnogenesi che, sviluppatasi a partire da una presunta origine semitica, finirà con l’abbracciare, ii alla metà del Novecento, una peculiare forma di arianismo concepita a seguito di una rilettura del passato “afghano”. Su questa scorta, proporremo alcune chiavi di lettura che ci permetteranno di valutare l’eventuale influenza esercitata dall’ideologia nazista sull’arianismo afghano, e in generale si indagheranno le basi teoriche da cui gli intellettuali afghani presero spunto per le loro speculazioni. L’approccio che proponiamo è dunque multi-disciplinare, rivolgendosi ad ambiti che spaziano dalla filologia alla storia degli studi, dall’analisi politica all’ antropologia e alla geografia storica. Così facendo, abbiamo cercato di fornire, con tutti i limiti del caso, un quadro generale che fosse il più esaustivo possibile, favorendo una visione d’insieme esposta in capitoli e paragrafi tematici, nel tentativo, tuttavia, di tracciare un percorso continuo e unitario. L’arco temporale considerato comprende il periodo che va all’incirca dagli anni Trenta sino alla fine degli anni Settanta, vale a dire tra la nascita della Anjuman-i Adabi-yi Kabul e il golpe comunista. Il cinquantennio così individuato copre dunque gli ultimi due anni di Nadir Shah (1931-1933), l’intero regno di Zahir Shah (1933-1972/3) e il quinquennio di governo repubblicano inaugurato dal cugino del monarca deposto, Daoud Khan (1972-1978), conclusosi con il colpo di stato comunista orchestrato da Taraki. Per identificare questo periodo storico abbiamo fatto ricorso al termine collettivo di Musahiban, in riferimento alla parentesi dinastica che ha governato durante il cinquantennio preso in esame. Questo termine deriva dall’arabo (e poi dal persiano) musahib, con l’accezione in questo caso di “cortigiano”. La genealogia dei Musahiban ha origine dal capostipite Sultan Muhammad “Talai” (1795-1861), fratello maggiore dell’Emiro Dost Mohammad Khan (r. 1826-1839 e 1845-1869). Il nipote di Sultan Mohammad, Yussuf Khan, fondò il clan degli Yahya-khel (dal nome di suo padre) e, insieme a suo fratello Asif, divenne consigliere dell’Emiro Habibullah. Da quel momento i due fratelli divennero noti come Musahiban-i Khass (Consiglieri Personali) (Saikal 2004, p. 48). L’appellativo onorifico fu ereditato dai figli di Yussuf Khan, il primogenito dei quali fu Nadir Khan, il primo sovrano della dinastia dei Musahiban, che si concluse dopo la breve parentesi repubblicana di Dawud Khan (anch’egli membro della famiglia dei Musahiban). iii Il testo che presentiamo è organizzato in sei capitoli, alcuni dei quali suddivisi in paragrafi. Il primo capitolo, intitolato Inquadramento storico, ha come obbiettivo quello di inquadrare storicamente i fenomeni indagati, a partire dall’età dell’emirato di Abdurrahman Khan. Abbiamo scelto di cominciare il capitolo da questo preciso periodo storico poiché, a nostro avviso, rappresenta per certi aspetti un momento di cambiamento rispetto al passato. Politicamente, è a quest’epoca che vengono tracciati i moderni confini dell’Afghanistan, allorché la tensione internazionale del cosiddetto Great Game raggiunse l’acme, ed è il momento in cui per la prima volta un sovrano afghano dovette fare i conti, oltre che con un nuovo concetto di importazione come quello di Stato-nazione, anche con alcuni elementi della moderna tecnica, tra cui vanno ricordati – per l’enorme impatto sia sul piano pratico sia su quello ideale - il telegrafo e la ferrovia. Per comodità e brevità della trattazione, in questo primo capitolo abbiamo scelto un modello diacronico che segue la successione dinastica, ponendo in primo piano i sovrani e le loro politiche. Il secondo capitolo, dal titolo Politiche culturali e processi di nazionalizzazione linguistica in Afghanistan, analizza alcuni aspetti delle politiche linguistiche istituzionali e i processi di formazione di istituti di ricerca supportati dal governo. La nascita di questi organi costituì un tassello fondamentale per l’ideazione e la realizzazione di politiche di costruzione identitaria, e fu tramite questi istituti che certune volontà politiche precise ebbero la possibilità di essere attuate su vasta scala. Ad esempio, il decreto del 1936 che imponeva il pashto come lingua ufficiale del paese fu accompagnato da una massiccia campagna mediatica sull’importanza della lingua stessa e numerose testate cominciarono a promuovere
Recommended publications
  • Afghanistan: State and Society, Great Power Politics, and the Way Ahead Findings from an International Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2007
    THE ARTS This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public CHILD POLICY service of the RAND Corporation. CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NATIONAL SECURITY The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research POPULATION AND AGING organization providing objective analysis and effective PUBLIC SAFETY solutions that address the challenges facing the public SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and private sectors around the world. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Support RAND Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation conference proceedings series. RAND conference proceedings present a collection of papers delivered at a conference. The papers herein have been commented on by the conference attendees and both the in- troduction and collection itself have been reviewed and approved by RAND Science and Technology.
    [Show full text]
  • The Heritage of India Series
    THE HERITAGE OF INDIA SERIES T The Right Reverend V. S. AZARIAH, t [ of Dornakal. E-J-J j Bishop I J. N. FARQUHAR, M.A., D.Litt. (Oxon.). Already published. The Heart of Buddhism. K. J. SAUNDERS, M.A. Asoka. J. M. MACPHAIL, M.A., M.D. Indian Painting. PRINCIPAL PERCY BROWN, Calcutta. Kanarese Literature, 2nd ed. E. P. RICE, B.A. The Samkhya System. A. BERRIEDALE KEITH, D.C.L., D.Litt. Psalms of Maratha Saints. NICOL MACNICOL, M.A., D.Litt. A History of Hindi Literature. F. E. KEAY, M.A., D.Litt. The Karma-MImamsa. A. BERRIEDALE KEITH, D.C.L., D.Litt. Hymns of the Tamil Saivite Saints. F. KINGSBURY, B.A., and G. E. PHILLIPS, M.A. Rabindranath Tagore. E. J. THOMPSON, B.A., M.C. Hymns from the Rigveda. A. A. MACDONELL, M.A., Ph.D., Hon. LL.D. Gotama Buddha. K. J. SAUNDERS, M.A. Subjects proposed and volumes under Preparation. SANSKRIT AND PALI LITERATURE. Anthology of Mahayana Literature. Selections from the Upanishads. Scenes from the Ramayana. Selections from the Mahabharata. THE PHILOSOPHIES. An Introduction to Hindu Philosophy. J. N FARQUHAR and PRINCIPAL JOHN MCKENZIE, Bombay. The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Sankara's Vedanta. A. K. SHARMA, M.A., Patiala. Ramanuja's Vedanta. The Buddhist System. FINE ART AND MUSIC. Indian Architecture. R. L. EWING, B.A., Madras. Indian Sculpture. Insein, Burma. BIOGRAPHIES OF EMINENT INDIANS. Calcutta. V. SLACK, M.A., Tulsi Das. VERNACULAR LITERATURE. and K. T. PAUL, The Kurral. H. A. POPLBY, B.A., Madras, T> A Calcutta M. of the Alvars.
    [Show full text]
  • Afghan Women at the Crossroads: Agents of Peace—Or Its Victims?
    AFGHAN WOMEN AT THE CROSSROADS: AGENTS OF PEACE—OR ITS VICTIMS? ORZALA ASHRAF NEMAT A CENTURY FOUNDATION REPORT The Century Foundation Headquarters: 41 East 70th Street, New York, New York 10021 D 212.535.4441 D.C.: 1333 H Street, N.W., 10th floor, Washington, D.C. 20005 D 202.387.0400 THE CENTURY FOUNDATION PROJECT ON AFGHANISTAN IN ITS REGIONAL AND MULTILATERAL DIMENSIONS This paper is one of a series commissioned by The Century Foundation as part of its project on Afghanistan in its regional and multilateral dimensions. This initiative is examining ways in which the international community may take greater collective responsibility for effectively assisting Afghanistan’s transition from a war-ridden failed state to a fragile but reasonably peaceful one. The program adds an internationalist and multilateral lens to the policy debate on Afghanistan both in the United States and globally, engaging the representatives of governments, international nongovernmental organizations, and the United Nations in the exploration of policy options toward Afghanistan and the other states in the region. At the center of the project is a task force of American and international figures who have had significant governmental, nongovernmental, or UN experience in the region, co-chaired by Lakhdar Brahimi and Thomas Pickering, respectively former UN special representative for Afghanistan and former U.S. undersecretary of state for political affairs. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors. Nothing written here is to be construed as necessarily reflecting the views of The Century Foundation or as an attempt to aid or hinder the passage of any bill before Congress.
    [Show full text]
  • Afghanistan: Political Exiles in Search of a State
    Journal of Political Science Volume 18 Number 1 Article 11 November 1990 Afghanistan: Political Exiles In Search Of A State Barnett R. Rubin Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/jops Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Rubin, Barnett R. (1990) "Afghanistan: Political Exiles In Search Of A State," Journal of Political Science: Vol. 18 : No. 1 , Article 11. Available at: https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/jops/vol18/iss1/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Politics at CCU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Political Science by an authorized editor of CCU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ,t\fghanistan: Political Exiles in Search of a State Barnett R. Ru bin United States Institute of Peace When Afghan exiles in Pakistan convened a shura (coun­ cil) in Islamabad to choose an interim government on February 10. 1989. they were only the most recent of exiles who have aspired and often managed to Mrule" Afghanistan. The seven parties of the Islamic Union ofM ujahidin of Afghanistan who had convened the shura claimed that. because of their links to the mujahidin fighting inside Afghanistan. the cabinet they named was an Minterim government" rather than a Mgovernment-in ­ exile. ~ but they soon confronted the typical problems of the latter: how to obtain foreign recognition, how to depose the sitting government they did not recognize, and how to replace the existing opposition mechanisms inside and outside the country. Exiles in Afghan History The importance of exiles in the history of Afghanistan derives largely from the difficulty of state formation in its sparsely settled and largely barren territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Nation Building Process in Afghanistan Ziaulhaq Rashidi1, Dr
    Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Abbreviated Key Title: Saudi J Humanities Soc Sci ISSN 2415-6256 (Print) | ISSN 2415-6248 (Online) Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Journal homepage: http://scholarsmepub.com/sjhss/ Original Research Article Nation Building Process in Afghanistan Ziaulhaq Rashidi1, Dr. Gülay Uğur Göksel2 1M.A Student of Political Science and International Relations Program 2Assistant Professor, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey *Corresponding author: Ziaulhaq Rashidi | Received: 04.04.2019 | Accepted: 13.04.2019 | Published: 30.04.2019 DOI:10.21276/sjhss.2019.4.4.9 Abstract In recent times, a number of countries faced major cracks and divisions (religious, ethnical and geographical) with less than a decade war/instability but with regards to over four decades of wars and instabilities, the united and indivisible Afghanistan face researchers and social scientists with valid questions that what is the reason behind this unity and where to seek the roots of Afghan national unity, despite some minor problems and ethnic cracks cannot be ignored?. Most of the available studies on nation building process or Afghan nationalism have covered the nation building efforts from early 20th century and very limited works are available (mostly local narratives) had touched upon the nation building efforts prior to the 20th. This study goes beyond and examine major struggles aimed nation building along with the modernization of state in Afghanistan starting from late 19th century. Reforms predominantly the language (Afghani/Pashtu) and role of shared medium of communication will be deliberated. In addition, we will talk how the formation of strong centralized government empowered the state to initiate social harmony though the demographic and geographic oriented (north-south) resettlement programs in 1880s and how does it contributed to the nation building process.
    [Show full text]
  • King Amanullah Khan Pages 183-215, from Manuscript of “Conspiracies and Atrocities in Afghanistan,1700-2014”
    Engineer Fazel Ahmed AfghanMSc Canada: September 3rd 2016 King Amanullah Khan Pages 183-215, from manuscript of “Conspiracies and Atrocities in Afghanistan,1700-2014” By Engineer Fazel Ahmed AfghanMSc King Amanullah Khan 1919-1929 After the assassination of Amir Habibullah Khan. “Nasrullah, a whole but younger brother of Amir, declared himself king. As Abdul Rahman has pointed out, the succession in Afghanistan went by the choice of people, but if acceptable, to the eldest so. On the other hand, by Moslem law inheri- tance passes to the uncles. There would be plenty of precedent for Nas- rulla’s action had it appealed to the people. Inayatullah, the oldest son of the murdered Amir, was also at Jalalbad, and he acquiesced in his uncle’s action. The troops in Jalalabad were much incensed at Amir’s murder, and arrested the commander-in-Chief, sirdar Nader Khan. Amanullah, the third son of Habibullah was offictiating as Gover- nor of Kabul, and securing the support of the troops, declared himself Amir, and sum- moned his uncle and elder brother from Jalalabad to come to Kabul. This they did, and paid him homage as Amir. The circumstance of his father’s murder have never been quite cleared up, though an Afghan colonel was executed for his share therein. The comman- der-in-Chief was removed from his appointment and sent to Khost, his place being taken by Sirdar Salih Muhammad. This change with an increase of pay, and what has been described as the somewhat perfunctory steps taken to discover and punish the murderers of the late Amir, ap- pear to have placated the army”.( 258-6) Amanullah Khan was born in 1892 his mother was Queen Sarwar Sultana one of the active member of War party, when Amanullah assumed the power the voice of freedom in Asia and Africa was going louder and louder, in Afghanistan the War Party and the Na- tion was eagerly waiting for a leader to hear their voice and declare the freedom of the country and return of the occupied areas by British as well the constitutional monarchy instead absolute monarchy.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Game to 9/11
    Air Force Engaging the World Great Game to 9/11 A Concise History of Afghanistan’s International Relations Michael R. Rouland COVER Aerial view of a village in Farah Province, Afghanistan. Photo (2009) by MSst. Tracy L. DeMarco, USAF. Department of Defense. Great Game to 9/11 A Concise History of Afghanistan’s International Relations Michael R. Rouland Washington, D.C. 2014 ENGAGING THE WORLD The ENGAGING THE WORLD series focuses on U.S. involvement around the globe, primarily in the post-Cold War period. It includes peacekeeping and humanitarian missions as well as Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom—all missions in which the U.S. Air Force has been integrally involved. It will also document developments within the Air Force and the Department of Defense. GREAT GAME TO 9/11 GREAT GAME TO 9/11 was initially begun as an introduction for a larger work on U.S./coalition involvement in Afghanistan. It provides essential information for an understanding of how this isolated country has, over centuries, become a battleground for world powers. Although an overview, this study draws on primary- source material to present a detailed examination of U.S.-Afghan relations prior to Operation Enduring Freedom. Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Air Force, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. government. Cleared for public release. Contents INTRODUCTION The Razor’s Edge 1 ONE Origins of the Afghan State, the Great Game, and Afghan Nationalism 5 TWO Stasis and Modernization 15 THREE Early Relations with the United States 27 FOUR Afghanistan’s Soviet Shift and the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Looping Journey of Buddhism: from India to India
    Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-9, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in The Looping Journey of Buddhism: From India To India Jyoti Gajbhiye Former Lecturer in Yashwant Rao Chawhan Open University. Abstract: This research paper aims to show how were situated along the Indus valley in Punjab and Buddhism rose and fell in India, with India Sindh. retaining its unique position as the country of birth Around 2000 BC, the Aarya travelers and invaders for Buddhism. The paper refers to the notion that came to India. The native people who were the native people of India were primarily Buddhist. Dravidian, were systematically subdued and It also examines how Buddhism was affected by defeated. various socio-religious factors. It follows how They made their own culture called “vedik Buddhism had spread all over the world and again Sanskriti”. Their beliefs lay in elements such Yajna came back to India with the efforts of many social (sacred fire) and other such rituals. During workers, monks, scholars, travelers, kings and Buddha’s time there were two cultures “Shraman religious figures combined. It examines the Sanskriti” and “vedik Sanskriti”. Shraman Sanskrit contribution of monuments, how various texts and was developed by “Sindhu Sanskriti” which their translations acted as catalysts; and the believes In hard work, equality and peace. contribution of European Indologists towards Archaeological surveys and excavations produced spreading Buddhism in Western countries. The many pieces of evidence that prove that the original major question the paper tackles is how and why natives of India are Buddhist. Referring to an Buddhism ebbed away from India, and also what article from Gail Omvedt’s book “Buddhism in we can learn from the way it came back.
    [Show full text]
  • Education Survey of 17 Provinces of Afghanistan July - December 1994
    EDUCATION SURVEY OF 17 PROVINCES OF AFGHANISTAN JULY - DECEMBER 1994 . Prepared For: Swedrsh Committee for Afghanistan Education Technical Support Unit (SCA/ETSU) Prepafed BY: ., Agency Coordinating Body~tor Afghan Reliel' . Survey Unit .. (ACBAR/SU) ·. April 1996 Education Survey 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . .. 11 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ......................·. iii SURVEY RESULTS AT A GLANCE .................................... v 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................... Survey Objectives .................................... Survey Methodology . 2 2. EDUCATION DIRECTORATES .................................. 3 Staff and their Qualification ...............~. 3 Working Sites and Related Schools ......................... 4 Financial Situation and Funding Sources ...................... 4 GOs and NGOs Activity Fields at the EDs' Working Sites . 8 3. SCHOOLS . 10 Type and Level of Schools . 1 0 Funding Sources and Type of Support . 1 0 Schools Supported by SCA . 10 School Buildings . 1 5 Drinking Water Sources:.. 18 School Necessities :' .. ·... -: ...... : . 18 4. STUDENTS . 21 Number of Male Students ....................... ·......... 21 Number of Female Students .... ';.•:.- . ............ -:->.: . 24 5. TEACHERS .....................................•. : . 26 Education Fields and Qualification ......................... 26 Age and Teaching Experience . 26 6. OPINIONS OF LOCAL PEOPLE CONCERNING EDUCATION ............. 30 7. APPENDICES Appendix A Survey Questionnaire Appendix B Cumulative Information
    [Show full text]
  • My Memoirs Shah Wali Khan
    University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Digitized Books Archives & Special Collections 1970 My Memoirs Shah Wali Khan Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/ascdigitizedbooks Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Khan, Shah Wali, "My Memoirs" (1970). Digitized Books. 18. http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/ascdigitizedbooks/18 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Archives & Special Collections at DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Digitized Books by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MY MEMOIRS ( \ ~ \ BY HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS SARDAR SHAH WALi VICTOR OF KABUL KABUL COLUMN OF JNDEPENDENCE Afghan Coll. 1970 DS 371 sss A313 His Royal Highness Marshal Sardar Shah Wali Khan Victor of Kabul MY MEMOIRS BY HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS MARSHAL SARDAR SHAH WALi VICTOR OF KABUL KABUL 1970 PRINTED IN PAKISTAN BY THE PUNJAB EDUCATIONAL PRESS, , LAHORE CONTENTS PART I THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE Pages A Short Biography of His Royal Highness Sardar Shah Wali Khan, Victor of Kabul i-iii 1. My Aim 1 2. Towards the South 7 3. The Grand Assembly 13 4. Preliminary Steps 17 5. Fall of Thal 23 6. Beginning of Peace Negotiations 27 7. The Armistice and its Effects 29 ~ 8. Back to Kabul 33 PART II DELIVERANCE OF THE COUNTRY 9. Deliverance of the Country 35 C\'1 10. Beginning of Unrest in the Country 39 er 11. Homewards 43 12. Arrival of Sardar Shah Mahmud Ghazi 53 Cµ 13. Sipah Salar's Activities 59 s:: ::s 14.
    [Show full text]
  • Afghanistan and Are the Sole Property of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
    An Educator Resource Packet November 9, 2008 Project coordinator: Stephanie Kao, Manager of School and Teacher Programs, Asian Art Museum Author: Kristina Youso, Ph.D., Independent Scholar and former Assistant Curator, Asian Art Museum Lesson plans and activities: Lessons 1–5: Agnes Brenneman, Curriculum Consultant and retired 6th Grade Teacher, Park Day School, Oakland, CA Lesson 6: Lucy Arai, Artist and Museum Education Consultant Editors: Tom Christensen, Director of Publications, Asian Art Museum Tisha Carper Long, Editorial Associate, Asian Art Museum Designer: Jason Jose, Senior Graphic Designer, Asian Art Museum With the assistance of: Forrest McGill, Ph.D., Chief Curator and Wattis Curator of South and Southeast Asian Art, Asian Art Museum Deborah Clearwaters, Director of Education and Public Programs, Asian Art Museum Acknowledgements The education department would like to extend our thanks the following individuals for their generous time and contributions to this packet: Dr. Kristina Youso, Independent Scholar and former Assistant Curator, Asian Art Museum; Dr. Forrest McGill, Chief Curator and Wattis Curator of South and Southeast Asian Art, Asian Art Museum; Mark Fenn, Associate Head of Conservation, Asian Art Museum; Agnes Brenneman, Curriculum Consultant and retired 6th Grade Teacher, Park Day School, Oakland, CA: and Lucy Arai, Artist and Museum Education Consultant. We also want to thank Dr. Kristina Youso, Independent Scholar and former Assistant Curator, Asian Art Museum; Caren Gutierrez, School Programs Coordinator, Asian Art Museum; Kenneth Ikemoto, School Programs Associate, Asian Art Museum; Saly Lee, Arts Program Coordinator, Asian Art Museum; Nadia Tarzi, Executive Director of the Association for the Protection of Afghan Archaeology; and the K-12 outreach team at the Archaeology Research Facility at UC Berkeley for their work creating the accompanying museum school tour and for their outreach efforts to bring programs about this special exhibition to Bay Area schools.
    [Show full text]
  • In Yohanan Friedmann (Ed.), Islam in Asia, Vol. 1 (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1984), P
    Notes INTRODUCTION: AFGHANISTAN’S ISLAM 1. Cited in C. Edmund Bosworth, “The Coming of Islam to Afghanistan,” in Yohanan Friedmann (ed.), Islam in Asia, vol. 1 (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1984), p. 13. 2. Erica C. D. Hunter, “The Church of the East in Central Asia,” Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 78 (1996), pp. 129–42. On Herat, see pp. 131–34. 3. On Afghanistan’s Jews, see the discussion and sources later in this chapter and notes 163 to 169. 4. Bosworth (1984; above, note 1), pp. 1–22; idem, “The Appearance and Establishment of Islam in Afghanistan,” in Étienne de la Vaissière (ed.), Islamisation de l’Asie Centrale: Processus locaux d’acculturation du VIIe au XIe siècle, Cahiers de Studia Iranica 39 (Paris: Association pour l’Avancement des Études Iraniennes, 2008); and Gianroberto Scarcia, “Sull’ultima ‘islamizzazione’ di Bāmiyān,” Annali dell’Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli, new series, 16 (1966), pp. 279–81. On the early Arabic sources on Balkh, see Paul Schwarz, “Bemerkungen zu den arabischen Nachrichten über Balkh,” in Jal Dastur Cursetji Pavry (ed.), Oriental Studies in Honour of Cursetji Erachji Pavry (London: Oxford Univer- sity Press, 1933). 5. Hugh Kennedy and Arezou Azad, “The Coming of Islam to Balkh,” in Marie Legen- dre, Alain Delattre, and Petra Sijpesteijn (eds.), Authority and Control in the Countryside: Late Antiquity and Early Islam (London: Darwin Press, forthcoming). 6. For example, Geoffrey Khan (ed.), Arabic Documents from Early Islamic Khurasan (London: Nour Foundation/Azimuth Editions, 2007). 7. Richard W. Bulliet, Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period: An Essay in Quan- titative History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979); Derryl Maclean, Re- ligion and Society in Arab Sind (Leiden: Brill, 1989); idem, “Ismailism, Conversion, and Syncretism in Arab Sind,” Bulletin of the Henry Martyn Institute of Islamic Studies 11 (1992), pp.
    [Show full text]