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Fate of Diluted Bitumen Spilled in the Coastal Waters of British Columbia

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Fate of Diluted Bitumen Spilled in the Coastal Waters of British Columbia NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC Fate of diluted bitumen spilled in the coastal waters of British Columbia, Canada Johannessen, Sophia C.; Greer, Charles W.; Hannah, Charles G.; King, Thomas L.; Lee, Kenneth; Pawlowicz, Rich; Wright, Cynthia A. This publication could be one of several versions: author’s original, accepted manuscript or the publisher’s version. / La version de cette publication peut être l’une des suivantes : la version prépublication de l’auteur, la version acceptée du manuscrit ou la version de l’éditeur. For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous. Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110691 Marine Pollution Bulletin, 150, pp. 1-13, 2019-11-16 NRC Publications Archive Record / Notice des Archives des publications du CNRC : https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=4f50cdab-b72a-4572-a8b9-7a5ba536f2ae https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=4f50cdab-b72a-4572-a8b9-7a5ba536f2ae Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE. L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB. Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at [email protected]. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information. Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à [email protected]. Marine Pollution Bulletin 150 (2020) 110691 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Pollution Bulletin journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbul Fate of diluted bitumen spilled in the coastal waters of British Columbia, Canada T ⁎ Sophia C. Johannessena, , Charles W. Greerb, Charles G. Hannaha, Thomas L. Kingc, Kenneth Leed, Rich Pawlowicze, Cynthia A. Wrighta a Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences 9860 W. Saanich Rd., P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada b National Research Council Canada, Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, 6100 Royalmount Ave., Montreal, Quebec, H4P 2R2, Canada c Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Centre for Offshore Oil, Gas and Energy Research, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B2Y 4A2, Canada d Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ecosystem Science, 200 Kent Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0E6, Canada e University of British Columbia, Dept. of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, 2020-2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: There is public concern about the behaviour of spilled diluted bitumen (dilbit) in marine and estuarine waters. Diluted bitumen We provide a preliminary assessment of the results of laboratory experiments and models, in the context of Dilbit environmental conditions in the coastal waters of British Columbia. Most dilbit spilled within this region would Oil likely float at the surface and be transported to shore by winds and currents. Fresh dilbit is too light to sink in Particles coastal waters. Highly weathered dilbit could sink where salinity is less than 14, typically only near river mouths Strait of Georgia and in the top 1–3 m of fjords after heavy rainfall. Subsurface plumes of weathered dilbit could re-emerge at the North coastal british columbia surface. Sinking oil-particle aggregates are unlikely to form in coastal waters. However, dilbit could be entrained below the surface by wave mixing during storms and to depths of 150 m by coherent mixing in the Haro Strait tidal convergence zone. 1. Introduction There is intense public concern over the possible biological effects of a spill, particularly because it is not clear how dilbit would behave if it Diluted bitumen (“dilbit”) is transported through the Strait of were spilled in B.C.’s coastal waters. Dilbit is composed of heavy bi- Georgia from the Westridge Marine Terminal in Burrard Inlet (near tumen mixed with a lighter oil to reduce its viscosity, allowing it to flow Vancouver, Fig. 1) to the open ocean. In addition to this site, other through pipelines. As dilbit weathers, the lighter component evaporates pipelines have been proposed to bring dilbit to the tideline in Kitimat or is broken down, and the density of the remaining oil increases and Prince Rupert, on the central and northern coast of B.C. Proposed (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2016; and existing tanker routes that service these pipeline termini (Fig. 1) King et al., 2017a,b). pass through the southern Strait of Georgia and Juan de Fuca Strait Dilbit spilled into fresh water has been observed to sink. In July (which form the northern part of the Salish Sea), Douglas Channel 2010, a pipeline crossing the Kalamazoo River in Michigan State rup- (from Kitimat) and Prince Rupert Harbour and Chatham Sound (from tured, spilling dilbit into the river during a period of high river flow. near Prince Rupert). Oil-particle aggregates (OPA) formed, and some (10%) of the dilbit The amount of dilbit transported will increase significantly with the sank to the bottom sediments, complicating the remediation effort (Lee approval of pipeline expansion projects. About 5 tankers a month cur- et al., 2015). rently transport dilbit from the Westridge Marine Terminal. With the Although waters near urban areas like the B.C. lower mainland have recent regulatory approval of Canada's Trans Mountain pipeline ex- elevated background levels of hydrocarbons in the water column and pansion project, this number will increase to 34 tankers per month sediments (Yunker et al, 2015), significant oil spills are rare. To date (NEB, 2016; https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/tasker-trans-mountain- there has only been one small spill of dilbit in coastal B.C. In 2007, trudeau-cabinet-decision-1.5180269). 224 m3 of dilbit was spilled in Burrard Inlet, off Vancouver. The oil ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S.C. Johannessen), [email protected] (C.W. Greer), [email protected] (C.G. Hannah), [email protected] (T.L. King), [email protected] (K. Lee), [email protected] (R. Pawlowicz), [email protected] (C.A. Wright). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110691 Received 17 July 2019; Received in revised form 16 October 2019; Accepted 24 October 2019 Available online 16 November 2019 0025-326X/ Crown Copyright © 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). S.C. Johannessen, et al. Marine Pollution Bulletin 150 (2020) 110691 Fig. 1. Map of study area. Red arrows represent current and proposed shipping routes from Kitimat and Vancouver (Westridge Marine Terminal). Routes modified from NEB (2016) and Govt of Canada (2012). FOC, HEC, SOGN and SOGS indicate mooring locations. (For inter- FOC pretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.) Haida Gardner Canal Gwaii HEC SoGN SoGS floated, and 210 m3 of the oil (94%) was recovered (Govt of Canada, In support of environmental risk assessments, this paper provides a 2013). Intertidal sediments were oiled, but because the oil did not sink, preliminary assessment of the likely fate of dilbit spilled in BC coastal the subtidal sediments were not affected. However, the environmental waters. We review results of experiments and models of the properties and logistical conditions for Burrard Inlet - calm sea-state conditions and behaviour of dilbit and place these in the context of new and with no waves and low particle concentrations at the time of the spill, previously-published ocean observations in this region. In particular, together with close proximity to an emergency response centre– are not we address the questions of where and under what conditions spilled representative of those throughout the whole coast. It would be much dilbit would sink, and where it would likely go. Since research on the more difficult to contain and recover spilled dilbit effectively in the behaviour of dilbit is relatively new, we also provide a brief list of data waters of British Columbia's central and north coast, which are remote gaps. from large population and oil spill response centres, and more suscep- tible to large storm events that would hamper clean-up operations. 2. Methods Response time and the availability of suitable equipment for its re- covery are the primary factors controlling the success of all spill re- We reviewed recent experimental data and model results about the sponse operations (Lee et al., 2015). properties and behaviour of dilbit, as well as published oceanographic fi Fresh dilbit can harm marine animals, including sh embryos and data on water circulation, surface currents, suspended particle con- juvenile sockeye salmon, in a manner similar to that of other petroleum centrations, sinking particle rates, and in situ oxygen concentrations. To hydrocarbons including crude oils (Alderman et al., 2017). Marine these results, we have added new data on suspended particle con- mammals are also vulnerable, particularly killer whales, sea otters, sea centrations, surface seawater salinity and temperature in several areas lions and baleen whales (Jarvela Rosenberger et al., 2017).
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