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Knowing Landscape: Living, Discussing, and Imagining the Toronto Carrying Place

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Knowing Landscape: Living, Discussing, and Imagining the Toronto Carrying Place KNOWING LANDSCAPE: LIVING, DISCUSSING, AND IMAGINING THE TORONTO CARRYING PLACE ANNIE VEILLEUX A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Graduate Programme in Interdisciplinary Studies York University, Toronto, Ontario December 2011 © Annie Veilleux, 2011 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-88656-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-88656-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada iv ABSTRACT This study explores how people throughout history have come to know and ascribe meaning to landscape and place. It focuses on the case study of the Toronto Carrying Place, a unique cultural landscape that while of great antiquity, continues to resonate with people today. This thesis draws together a wide array of theoretical perspectives, research methods, and data to create an original and innovative exploration of the Toronto Carrying Place, a series of land and water routes that connected Lake Ontario to Georgian Bay. I suggest that cultural landscapes, past and present, can be known in three ways, whether by local peoples or outsiders: people make sense of landscape by living it, by discussing it, and by imagining it. An exploration of cultural landscapes through different ways of knowing allows for a nuanced narrative, one that encompasses the various historically specific, individually experienced, and culturally constructed ways people connect and ascribe meaning to place. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is a great pleasure to extend my thanks to all those who have supported me throughout my studies. I have benefitted enormously from the supervision of an excellent committee. Thanks to Kathryn Denning, Carolyn Podruchny, and Jamie Scott for your guidance, your advice, and your encouragement. Your unwavering confidence in me throughout the writing process helped me get through it. Thanks to Jamie Scott, Fiona Fernandez, Marlene Kadar, Ouma Jaipaul-Gill, and all those behind the scenes of the Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Studies. What an amazing program! Thanks to all my friends and colleagues at Archaeological Services Inc. for their moral and intellectual support. This thesis has benefitted greatly from the conversations I have had with many of you over the years concerning cultural landscapes, the Toronto Carrying Place, travel, and place. I am reluctant to list names for fear of missing someone. You know who you are! I would, however, like to specifically thank Peter Carruthers, colleague, mentor, and friend. Thank you for sharing with me your wealth of personal knowledge and for showing me that every landscape has a story to tell. A special thanks to Ron Williamson for supporting and encouraging my decision to go back to school (again). Finally, thanks to Rebecca Sciarra, Lindsay Popert, and Mary-Cate Garden for their encouragement, their flexibility, and for generally putting up with me over this past year. I truly love working with you every day. Many individuals graciously gave their time to the improvement of this thesis at various stages in the writing process. I thank Peter Carruthers, Rachel Anne Farquharson, Peter Fraser, Rebecca Sciarra, and Ron Williamson. Thanks to Mary-Cate Garden for reviewing and commenting on the entire manuscript. Thanks to Peter and Valerie Fraser for your love and support, and for always having the kettle on. Un gros merci a ma famille, Gaetan et Carmelle Veilleux, Eric et Lissa Veilleux, et Andree et Phil Isaac, pour votre amour et votre encouragement. Merci Cloe, Anabel, et Laura - vos petites faces souriantes m'ont encourage a plusieurs reprises durant cette derniere annee. A special belly rub to Luchini who kept my feet warm and reminded me to take breaks during those long days of writing. Most importantly, thanks to my husband Peter for making me laugh every single day. Je t'aime. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi CHAPTER ONE: KNOWING LANDSCAPE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 'Le Passage de Taronto': Walking into the Heart of the Land 2 Historical Summary of the North Shore of Lake Ontario 5 INVESTIGATING CULTURAL LANDSCAPES 14 Landscape Studies as a Scholarly Pursuit 14 Cultural Landscapes in Heritage Conservation and Management 20 METHODOLOGY: MAKING SENSE OF THE TORONTO CARRYING PLACE ..23 CHAPTER TWO: LIVING THE TORONTO CARRYING PLACE 28 LIVING LANDSCAPES 28 The Embodiment of Trails and Travelling 33 METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES 35 LIVING THE TORONTO CARRYING PLACE 38 "High Places and Low Places" 39 Ancestral Landscape 42 New Landscape 48 Landscape of Fear 53 Landscape of Encounters 61 SUMMARY 71 CHAPTER THREE: DISCUSSING THE TORONTO CARRYING PLACE 73 DISCUSSING LANDSCAPE 73 METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES 74 DISCUSSING THE TORONTO CARRYING PLACE 76 Talking 76 Naming place 84 Writing 93 Mapping 103 SUMMARY 112 CHAPTER FOUR: IMAGINING THE TORONTO CARRYING PLACE 116 IMAGINING LANDSCAPE 116 METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES 124 IMAGINING THE TORONTO CARRYING PLACE 125 Becoming a Lieu de Memoire 125 Early Historians and Artists of the Toronto Carrying Place 128 National, Provincial, and Local Commemorations 137 vii Late Twentieth-Century Research on the Toronto Carrying Place 142 The Brule Debate 148 Interpretive Trails and the Toronto Carrying Place 152 Living the Toronto Carrying Place once more? 156 SUMMARY 158 CHAPTER FIVE: ENVOI 161 SOURCES 165 1 CHAPTER ONE: KNOWING LANDSCAPE INTRODUCTION How do people come to know and ascribe meaning to landscape and place? This study explores these processes by bringing together theoretical and methodological concepts, tools, and data that cross disciplinary boundaries. As a case study, this thesis focuses on a particular landscape feature that, while of great antiquity, still continues to resonate with people today: the Toronto Carrying Place. This cultural landscape comprises a series of trails that connected Lake Ontario to the Upper Great Lakes by way of Lake Simcoe. The goal of this study is not to provide a complete history of the various peoples who have crossed the Toronto Carrying Place, nor is it to determine the exact route of the individual trails. Rather, this study aims to answer a seemingly basic question: what has the Toronto Carrying Place meant to the myriad of people who have walked its paths, either physically or in their imagination, from its earliest inception until today? The goal is to illuminate this cultural landscape that, while ever-changing and evolving in collective imaginations, manages to connect us through time and space. Following a brief introduction to the Toronto Carrying Place and a historical summary of the north shore that provides a historical and cultural context for the rest of the thesis, this chapter contains a short historiography of the study of cultural landscapes in academic and heritage conservation and management settings, highlighting the extensive range of theoretical and methodological approaches. Drawing on this diversity, I then propose an interdisciplinary approach to the study of cultural landscapes to better understand how people, past and present, come to know and make sense of a particular 2 cultural landscape such as the Toronto Carrying Place. I argue that to fully understand a cultural landscape, in the past as in the present, one should explore how it has been lived, discussed, and imagined over time. 'Le Passage de Taronto': Walking into the Heart of the Land1 The topography between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay has invited the development of major transportation routes for millennia. A network of major rivers and tributaries flows both north and south from the Oak Ridges Moraine, the drainage divide between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay. Along with the surrounding landforms, this network has always influenced both methods and direction of travel. For example, while canoe travel in south-central Ontario was limited to the lakes and the lower reaches of the major streams and rivers, the waterways provided a permanent system of landmarks to orient people travelling on foot along the dry highlands of the river valleys. A number of these land and water routes connected Lake Ontario to the upper Great Lakes by converging on Lake Simcoe. Perhaps the best documented of these routes was that which followed the Humber River valley. The Humber trail followed the East Branch of the Humber River northward over the drainage divide to the West Branch of the Holland River.
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