DOCSLIB.ORG

Toronto Has No History!’

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Toronto Has No History!’ ‘TORONTO HAS NO HISTORY!’ INDIGENEITY, SETTLER COLONIALISM AND HISTORICAL MEMORY IN CANADA’S LARGEST CITY By Victoria Jane Freeman A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto ©Copyright by Victoria Jane Freeman 2010 ABSTRACT ‘TORONTO HAS NO HISTORY!’ ABSTRACT ‘TORONTO HAS NO HISTORY!’ INDIGENEITY, SETTLER COLONIALISM AND HISTORICAL MEMORY IN CANADA’S LARGEST CITY Doctor of Philosophy 2010 Victoria Jane Freeman Graduate Department of History University of Toronto The Indigenous past is largely absent from settler representations of the history of the city of Toronto, Canada. Nineteenth and twentieth century historical chroniclers often downplayed the historic presence of the Mississaugas and their Indigenous predecessors by drawing on doctrines of terra nullius , ignoring the significance of the Toronto Purchase, and changing the city’s foundational story from the establishment of York in 1793 to the incorporation of the City of Toronto in 1834. These chroniclers usually assumed that “real Indians” and urban life were inimical. Often their representations implied that local Indigenous peoples had no significant history and thus the region had little or no history before the arrival of Europeans. Alternatively, narratives of ethical settler indigenization positioned the Indigenous past as the uncivilized starting point in a monological European theory of historical development. i i iii In many civic discourses, the city stood in for the nation as a symbol of its future, and national history stood in for the region’s local history. The national replaced ‘the Indigenous’ in an ideological process that peaked between the 1880s and the 1930s. Concurrently, the loyalist Six Nations were often represented as the only Indigenous people with ties to Torontonians, while the specific historical identity of the Mississaugas was erased. The role of both the government and local settlers in crowding the Mississaugas out of their lands on the Credit River was rationalized as a natural process, while Indigenous land claims, historical interpretations, and mnemonic forms were rarely accorded legitimacy by non- Indigenous city residents. After World War II, with new influxes of both Indigenous peoples and multicultural immigrants into the city, colonial narratives of Toronto history were increasingly challenged and replaced by multiple stories or narrative fragments. Indigenous residents created their own representations of Toronto as an Indigenous place with an Indigenous history; emphasizing continuous occupation and spiritual connections between place and ancestors. Today, contention among Indigenous groups over the fairness of the Mississauga land claim, epistemic differences between western and Indigenous conceptions of history, and ongoing settler disavowal of the impact of colonialism have precluded any simple or consensual narrative of Toronto’s past. iv For Martha v Acknowledgements I wish to thank first and foremost my supervisor, Cecilia Morgan, who took me on at a difficult moment in my academic career and patiently stood by me through thick and thin, always offering calm, useful, and constructive advice. I would also like to thank the other members of my dissertation committee, Ruth Sandwell and Ted Chamberlin, as well as Allan Greer, Sean Hawkins, Ritu Birla, Eric Jennings, and Sylvia Van Kirk (my original supervisor until her retirement in 2004), for their significant contributions to my intellectual development. I would especially like to thank my interviewees, who entrusted me with their words and experiences and taught me so much. This dissertation might not have seen the light of day had it not been for the tremendous support and encouragement I received from Simon Ortiz, Lee Maracle, and Lillian McGregor. To them, I owe a special debt of gratitude: they were there for me at crucial moments, believed in me, and taught me so much about Indigenous perspectives and my own connection to them. I also could not have done this without the support of Athina Goldberg or the encouragement and sense of humour of my immediate household: my husband Mark Fawcett, my children Claire and Ariel, and Jacob Currie. My parents, June and George Freeman, my sister Kate, and brother Eric were also there for me in significant ways. My sister Martha died during my first year of PhD studies, and I wish to remember her here. I want to thank Keren Rice, Jean-Paul Restoule, Donald B. Smith, Monica Bodirsky, Roger Simon, Alison Norman, Jennifer Bonnell, Chris Parsons, Melissa Williams, Rauna Kuokkanen, Eileen Antone, Carolyn King, Jani Lauzon, Julie Nagam, Heather Howard, Coll Thrush, Paige Raibmon, Jarvis Brownlie, Rick Wallace, Jordan Stanger-Ross, Dorothy Christian, Susan Dion, Ron Williamson, Carl Benn, Michel Gros-Louis, Bill Woodworth, vi David Redwolf, Sue Hill, Isaac Day, Keith Jamieson, David Sanford, Phil Coté, and Frank Cunningham. I am indebted to Alex McKay and Maya Chacaby for their patience in Anishinaabemowin language instruction and the cultural teachings that go with it. I would also like to thank my fellow graduate students in SAGE (Supporting Aboriginal Graduate Enhancement) and the Toronto Area Women’s Canadian History Group, and the members of the Toronto Native Community History Project for their interest and encouragement. I also greatly appreciated the assistance of the archivists and librarians of the United Church Archives, Library and Archives Canada, the City of Toronto Archives, the Ontario Archives, the Canadian National Exhibition Archives, the Fischer Rare Book Library and other University of Toronto libraries, and the Woodland Cultural Centre. Special thanks to Caeli Mazara and Jacob Currie for tape transcription, and Caeli again for tremendous assistance with copy editing of the footnotes and bibliography, and formatting of the final manuscript. I would also like to express my gratitude for the financial assistance I received from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, the Ontario Graduate Scholarship, the Centre for Ethics, University of Toronto and the Department of History, University of Toronto, as well as from the funders of the Margaret S. McCullough Scholarship for Canadian Historical Research, the Barbara Frum Memorial Award for Canadian Studies, and the Women’s History Association of Toronto Award. Lastly, I thank the Mississauga-Anishinaabek who agreed through treaty to share the land I live on. May we all work together to ensure its health and regeneration for all future beings. vii Contents List of Figures …………………………………………………………………….….….…. iv Preface …………………………………………………………………………..…….…… ix 1. Introduction: Indigeniety, Settler Colonialism and Historical Memory in Toronto ……... 1 2. The Toronto Purchase ………………………………………………………...………… 38 3. A New People ……………………………………………………………………...…… 95 4. Commemorations ……………………………………………………..……………….. 130 5. 1885: Triumphal Narratives and Indigenous Responses …………………………..….. 176 6. Changing the Subject …………………………………………………………..……… 217 7. Family Ghosts and Hybrid Histories …………………………………………………… 250 8. The Activism of Indigenous Ancestors ………………………………………………… 290 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………...... 320 Postscript ………………………………………………………………………………..... 330 Appendix …………………………………………………………………………………. 342 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………………... 343 viii List of Figures Page Figure 1 Eagle Feather from the Naming Ceremony of Kahkewaquonaby ...…....…. xx Figure 2 Covenant Chain Wampum Belt …………………...………………………. 53 Figure 3 Twenty-Four Nation Wampum Belt ...………………………..…………… 54 Figure 4 Dodem Marks on 1805 Confirmation of the Toronto Purchase ...………… 73 Figure 5 1834 Toronto Coat of Arms ……………………………………………..… 84 Figure 6 Toronto Semi-Centennial Celebration Program, 1884 ………….……..… 138 Figure 7 “The Indian Wigwam”……………………………………………….…… 147 Figure 8 “The Occupation of the British”………………………………………….. 151 Figure 9 “Little York”……………………………………………………………… 153 Figure 10 “The Incorporation of Toronto”……………………………………....….. 153 Figure 11 Cover of Memorial Volume, 1884 Toronto Semi-Centennial ……...….… 165 Figure 12 New Toronto Coat of Arms ………...……………………………………. 245 Figure 13 Cover of brochure on Toronto Purchase Specific Claim……….………… 246 Figure 14 Emory Village Wall Mural ……………………………………….……… 330 Figure 15 Kahkewaquonaby (Peter Edmund Jones) at the Smithsonian …………… 337 Figure 16 A Golden Eagle ……………………………………………...…………… 339 ix Preface To begin a history dissertation by discussing a dream may be highly unorthodox, but in order to convey a sense of the theoretical framework which informs this work, it is the logical place to begin. About twenty years ago, while working to promote the work of Aboriginal writers, I dreamt a huge eagle landed on my left arm, then flew off, leaving behind two feathers which drifted to the ground. In the dream, I picked up a long brown flight feather and a downy white underfeather and resolved to give them to an Aboriginal friend who was going through a hard time. At the time, I knew no teachings about eagles, feathers, or the significance of dreams; all I knew was that they were part of Native spirituality and culture. I knew little Indigenous history and only a few Indigenous people. What I did know was that in the feminist and literary circles in which I was then active, there was outrage, confusion, and agonized debate over a 1990 op-ed article published in the Globe and Mail entitled “Stop Stealing Native Stories,” by Lenore Keeshig Tobias, an Anishinaabe
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Brief Memoir of the Old French Fort at Toronto
    3 9004 01514902 BRIEF MEMOIR OLD FRMCH FOET AT TORONTO. BY THE REV. DR. SCADDING. 77 ; BRIEF MEMOIR OLD FRENCH FORT AT TORONTO BY THE REV. DR. SCADDING [The foundation stone of an Obelisk to mark the site of the old French fort or trading post at Toronto, was laid on the last day of the Semi-Centennial week, 1884, by the Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, assisted by the Mayor of Toronto, A. Boswell, Esq., and J. B. McMurrich, Esq., Chairman of the Semi-Centennial Committee. The following paper, prepared at the request of the Committee, was read on the occasion.] The domain of the Five Nations of the Iroquois, which extended along the whole of the south side of Lake Ontario, was, for a time, regarded, in theory at least, as neutral ground, by the French of New France and the English of New England. But both French and English soon shewed a desire to obtain a foothold there ; first for the purposes of trade, and, secondly, with a view, it cannot be doubted, of ultimate possession by treaty or otherwise. By permission from the neighbouring Aborigines, La Salle, in 1679 ? erected a small stockade at the mouth of the Niagara River, to be simply a receptacle for the peltries brought down from the far West, from Michilimackinac and Detroit, by way of Lake Erie ; which stockade, by 1725 had become the strong, solid fortress which, with some enlargements, we see to-day in good order on the eastern side of the entrance to the world-famous river just named.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ojibwa: 1640-1840
    THE OJIBWA: 1640-1840 TWO CENTURIES OF CHANGE FROM SAULT STE. MARIE TO COLDWATER/NARROWS by JAMES RALPH HANDY A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts P.JM'0m' Of. TRF\N£ }T:·mf.RRLAO -~ in Histor;y UN1V"RS1TY O " · Waterloo, Ontario, 1978 {§) James Ralph Handy, 1978 I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. I authorize the University of Waterloo to lend this thesis to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further authorize the University of Waterloo to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the pur­ pose of scholarly research. 0/· (ii) The University of Waterloo requires the signature of all persons using or photo­ copying this thesis. Please sign below, and give address and date. (iii) TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1) Title Page (i) 2) Author's Declaration (11) 3) Borrower's Page (iii) Table of Contents (iv) Introduction 1 The Ojibwa Before the Fur Trade 8 - Saulteur 10 - growth of cultural affiliation 12 - the individual 15 Hurons 20 - fur trade 23 - Iroquois competition 25 - dispersal 26 The Fur Trade Survives: Ojibwa Expansion 29 - western villages JO - totems 33 - Midiwewin 34 - dispersal to villages 36 Ojibwa Expansion Into the Southern Great Lakes Region 40 - Iroquois decline 41 - fur trade 42 - alcohol (iv) TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) Ojibwa Expansion (Cont'd) - dependence 46 10) The British Trade in Southern
    [Show full text]
  • Native American Origins of Modern Lacrosse Jeffrey Carey Clemson University, [email protected]
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 8-2012 New Directions of Play: Native American Origins of Modern Lacrosse Jeffrey Carey Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Carey, Jeffrey, "New Directions of Play: Native American Origins of Modern Lacrosse" (2012). All Theses. 1508. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/1508 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NEW DIRECTIONS OF PLAY: NATIVE AMERICAN ORIGINS OF MODERN LACROSSE A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Master of Arts History by Jeff Carey August 2012 Accepted by: Dr. Paul Anderson, Committee Chair Dr. James Jeffries Dr. Alan Grubb ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is to provide a history of lacrosse from the seventeenth century, when the game was played exclusively by Native Americans, to the early decades of the twentieth century, when the game began to flourish in non-Native settings in Canada and the United States. While the game was first developed by Native Americans well before contact with Europeans, lacrosse became standardized by a group of Canadians led by George Beers in 1867, and has continued to develop into the twenty- first century. The thesis aims to illuminate the historical linkages between the ball game that existed among Native Americans at the time of contact with Europeans and the ball game that was eventually adopted and shaped into modern lacrosse by European Americans.
    [Show full text]
  • Chart Action News
    Thursday, October 27, 2016 NEWS CHART ACTION Florida Georgia Line Extends Dig Your Roots Tour New On The Chart —Debuting This Week Into 2017 Artist/song/label—chart pos. ! Little Big Town/Better Man/Capitol Nashville— 50 ! Justin Moore/Somebody Else Will/Valory Music Co.— 63 ! Jake McVey/Back Seat— 78 ! Peyton Davis/Nowhere America/Carole Davis Music— 80 ! ! ! Greatest Spin Increase ! Artist/song/label—Spin Increase ! Little Big Town/Better Man/Capitol Nashville— 560 ! Garth Brooks/Baby, Let’s Lay Down And Dance/Pearl Records— 384 ! Blake Shelton/A Guy With A Girl/Warner Bros— 358 ! Kelsea Ballerini/Yeah Boy/Black River Ent— 341 ! !Brad Paisley/Today/Arista Nashville— 308 ! Most Added FGL’s Tyler Hubbard and Brian Kelley will launch a 28-date run of Artist/song/label—No. of Adds shows in January 2017. This past summer, they welcomed Cole Little Big Town/Better Man/Capitol Nashville—42 Swindell, Kane Brown, and The Cadillac Three as openers. Their Kelsea Ballerini/Yeah Boy/Black River Ent—20 winter trek will feature Dustin Lynch and Chris Lane. A full list of cities Justin Moore/Somebody Else Will/Valory Music Co—18 for the Dig Your Roots Tour’s winter trek can be found by clicking here. ! Garth Brooks/Baby, Let’s Lay Down And Dance/Pearl Records—16 Eric Church Teams With Walmart For Live Album Jason Pritchett/Hung Over You/BDMG— 13 While Eric Church is in the Brad Paisley/Today/Arista Nashville— 12 planning stages for his 2017 James Dupree/Stoned To Death/Purfectt Pitch LLC— 9 Holdin’ My Own Tour, the singer- Keith Walker/Me Too— 9 songwriter will give fans some ! early live music, via his upcoming On Deck—Soon To Be Charting album, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Simcoe Legacy: the Life and Times of Yonge Street
    The Simcoe Legacy: The Life and Times of Yonge Street The Ontario Historical Society The Simcoe Legacy: The Life and Times of Yonge Street A collection of the papers from the seminar which explored the legacy of John Graves Simcoe, Upper Canada's first Lieutenant Governor, and his search for a route to Canada's interior that led to the building of the longest street in the world. The Ontario Historical Society 1996 © The Ontario Historical Society 1996 Acl~nowledgement_s The Simcoe Legacy: The Life and Times of Yonge Street is a publication of The Ontario Historical Society in celebration of the 200th anniversary of Yonge Street. The Ontario Historical Society gratefully acknowledges the support of the John Graves Simcoe Association, which amalgamated with the Society in 1992, and the Ministry of Citizenship, Culture and Recreation. Editing: Wyn Millar Typesetting and Production: Meribeth Clow The Ontario Historical Society 34 Parkview A venue Willowdale, Ontario M2N3Y2 ( 416) 226-9011 Fax (416) 226-2740 © 1996 ISBN# 0-919352-25-1 © The Ontario Historical Society 1996 Table of Contents Foreword Wyn Millar.......................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction Linda Kelly .......................................................................................................................................... 2 The Mississauga and the Building of Yonge Street, 1794-1796 Donald B. Smith.................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 5 Has Been Updated to Reflect the Specific Additions/Revisions Outlined in the Errata to the Environmental Project Report, Dated November, 2017
    DISCLAIMER AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY This Revised Final Environmental Project Report – Volume 5 has been updated to reflect the specific additions/revisions outlined in the Errata to the Environmental Project Report, dated November, 2017. As such, it supersedes the previous Final version dated October, 2017. The report dated October, 2017 (“Report”), which includes its text, tables, figures and appendices) has been prepared by Gannett Fleming Canada ULC (“Gannett Fleming”) and Morrison Hershfield Limited (“Morrison Hershfield”) (“Consultants”) for the exclusive use of Metrolinx. Consultants disclaim any liability or responsibility to any person or party other than Metrolinx for loss, damage, expense, fines, costs or penalties arising from or in connection with the Report or its use or reliance on any information, opinion, advice, conclusion or recommendation contained in it. To the extent permitted by law, Consultants also excludes all implied or statutory warranties and conditions. In preparing the Report, the Consultants have relied in good faith on information provided by third party agencies, individuals and companies as noted in the Report. The Consultants have assumed that this information is factual and accurate and has not independently verified such information except as required by the standard of care. The Consultants accept no responsibility or liability for errors or omissions that are the result of any deficiencies in such information. The opinions, advice, conclusions and recommendations in the Report are valid as of the date of the Report and are based on the data and information collected by the Consultants during their investigations as set out in the Report. The opinions, advice, conclusions and recommendations in the Report are based on the conditions encountered by the Consultants at the site(s) at the time of their investigations, supplemented by historical information and data obtained as described in the Report.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Advertising Expenditure
    ZB7.2 STAFF REPORT To: Board of Management From: Jennifer Tracey, Senior Director Marketing, Communications & Partnerships Subject: 2016 ADVERTISING EXPENDITURE Date: 2016-02-25 Summary: This report outlines the proposed media plan and expenditures related to the 2016 advertising campaign as provided for in the 2016 Operating Budget. The paid advertising will complement the public relations and event strategy to ensure we are reaching our target audiences in the Greater Toronto Area and beyond, and that we are communicating the right messages. Recommendations: It is recommended that the Board approve the following: 1. Expenditures to reimburse Public Inc. for any outsourced production costs related to advertising programs as required for the Toronto Zoo brand, not to exceed $229.0 thousand, plus HST; and, 2. Expenditures with ZenithOptimedia Canada Inc. for media purchases related to the 2015 advertising campaign, not to exceed $956.0 thousand, plus HST. Financial Impact: There are no financial implications related to approval of these recommendations as the related advertising expenditures are included in the Operating Budget for 2016. Background: The Toronto Zoo set out the following objectives which link directly to the goals in the recent Strategic Plan, to drive the Marketing, Communications & Partnerships planning for 2016: 1. Meet or exceed 1.325 million visitors with a positive net revenue; 2. Highlight the Zoo as a ‘must-see’, fun and engaging experience filled with discovery and learning for all ages with a particular focus on the successful conservation and breeding programs including the first giant panda cubs born in Canada; 2015 Advertising Expenditure 2015-02-04 Page 2 of 9 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Exhibition Place Master Plan – Phase 1 Proposals Report
    Acknowledgments The site of Exhibition Place has had a long tradition as a gathering place. Given its location on the water, these lands would have attracted Indigenous populations before recorded history. We acknowledge that the land occupied by Exhibition Place is the traditional territory of many nations including the Mississaugas of the Credit, the Anishnabeg, the Chippewa, the Haudenosaunee and the Wendat peoples and is now home to many diverse First Nations, Inuit and Metis peoples. We also acknowledge that Toronto is covered by Treaty 13 with the Mississaugas of the Credit, and the Williams Treaties signed with multiple Mississaugas and Chippewa bands. Figure 1. Moccasin Identifier engraving at Toronto Trillium Park The study team would like to thank City Planning Division Study Team Exhibition Place Lynda Macdonald, Director Don Boyle, Chief Executive Officer Nasim Adab Gilles Bouchard Tamara Anson-Cartwright Catherine de Nobriga Juliana Azem Ribeiro de Almeida Mark Goss Bryan Bowen Hardat Persaud David Brutto Tony Porter Brent Fairbairn Laura Purdy Christian Giles Debbie Sanderson Kevin Lee Kelvin Seow Liz McFarland Svetlana Lavrentieva Board of Governors Melanie Melnyk Tenants, Clients and Operators Dan Nicholson James Parakh David Stonehouse Brad Sunderland Nigel Tahair Alison Torrie-Lapaire 4 - PHASE 1 PROPOSALS REPORT FOR EXHIBITION PLACE Local Advisory Committee Technical Advisory Committee Bathurst Quay Neighbourhood Association Michelle Berquist - Transportation Planning The Bentway Swinzle Chauhan – Transportation Services
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Official Historians and the Writing of the World Wars Tim Cook
    Canadian Official Historians and the Writing of the World Wars Tim Cook BA Hons (Trent), War Studies (RMC) This thesis is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Sciences UNSW@ADFA 2005 Acknowledgements Sir Winston Churchill described the act of writing a book as to surviving a long and debilitating illness. As with all illnesses, the afflicted are forced to rely heavily on many to see them through their suffering. Thanks must go to my joint supervisors, Dr. Jeffrey Grey and Dr. Steve Harris. Dr. Grey agreed to supervise the thesis having only met me briefly at a conference. With the unenviable task of working with a student more than 10,000 kilometres away, he was harassed by far too many lengthy emails emanating from Canada. He allowed me to carve out the thesis topic and research with little constraints, but eventually reined me in and helped tighten and cut down the thesis to an acceptable length. Closer to home, Dr. Harris has offered significant support over several years, leading back to my first book, to which he provided careful editorial and historical advice. He has supported a host of other historians over the last two decades, and is the finest public historian working in Canada. His expertise at balancing the trials of writing official history and managing ongoing crises at the Directorate of History and Heritage are a model for other historians in public institutions, and he took this dissertation on as one more burden. I am a far better historian for having known him.
    [Show full text]
  • The Canadian Militia in the Interwar Years, 1919-39
    THE POLICY OF NEGLECT: THE CANADIAN MILITIA IN THE INTERWAR YEARS, 1919-39 ___________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board ___________________________________________________________ in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY __________________________________________________________ by Britton Wade MacDonald January, 2009 iii © Copyright 2008 by Britton W. MacDonald iv ABSTRACT The Policy of Neglect: The Canadian Militia in the Interwar Years, 1919-1939 Britton W. MacDonald Doctor of Philosophy Temple University, 2008 Dr. Gregory J. W. Urwin The Canadian Militia, since its beginning, has been underfunded and under-supported by the government, no matter which political party was in power. This trend continued throughout the interwar years of 1919 to 1939. During these years, the Militia’s members had to improvise a great deal of the time in their efforts to attain military effectiveness. This included much of their training, which they often funded with their own pay. They created their own training apparatuses, such as mock tanks, so that their preparations had a hint of realism. Officers designed interesting and unique exercises to challenge their personnel. All these actions helped create esprit de corps in the Militia, particularly the half composed of citizen soldiers, the Non- Permanent Active Militia. The regulars, the Permanent Active Militia (or Permanent Force), also relied on their own efforts to improve themselves as soldiers. They found intellectual nourishment in an excellent service journal, the Canadian Defence Quarterly, and British schools. The Militia learned to endure in these years because of all the trials its members faced. The interwar years are important for their impact on how the Canadian Army (as it was known after 1940) would fight the Second World War.
    [Show full text]
  • Pig Remains at the Ashbridge Estate, Toronto: the Importance of Swine in the Settlement of Upper Canada
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2002 Pig Remains at the Ashbridge Estate, Toronto: The Importance of Swine in the Settlement of Upper Canada Joanna Elizabeth Reading College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Reading, Joanna Elizabeth, "Pig Remains at the Ashbridge Estate, Toronto: The Importance of Swine in the Settlement of Upper Canada" (2002). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626352. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-vqmn-pm08 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PIG REMAINS AT THE ASHBRIDGE ESTATE, TORONTO: THE IMPORTANCE OF SWINE IN THE SETTLEMENT OF UPPER CANADA A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Joanna Reading 2002 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Author • Approved, July 2002 Norman F. Barka oanne V. Bowen TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF TABLES V LIST OF FIGURES vi ABSTRACT vii INTRODUCTION 2 CHAPTER I. PURPOSE OF STUDY 5 CHAPTER E.
    [Show full text]
  • Kolomoki Memoirs
    Kolomoki Memoirs By Williams H. Sears Edited with a Preface By Mark Williams and Karl T. Steinen University of Georgia and University of West Georgia University of Georgia Laboratory of Archaeology Series Report Number 70 2013 Preface Mark Williams and Karl T. Steinen This document was written by Bill Sears about 1988 at his home in Vero Beach, Florida. He had retired in 1982 after a career teaching anthropology and archaeology at from Florida Atlantic University. He was working on a book of his professional memoirs, intended to summarize the many archaeological sites he had worked on in Georgia and Florida from 1947 until his retirement. He wrote chapters on his 1948 excavation at the Wilbanks site (9CK5) in the Allatoona Reservoir (Sears 1958), on his 1953 excavation at the famous Etowah site (9BR1), and on his 1947-1951 excavations at the Kolomoki site (9ER1) published in four volumes (Sears 1951a, 1951b, 1953, 1956). These three sites constituted the bulk of his archaeological excavations in Georgia. Apparently he never wrote the intended chapters on his archaeological work in Florida, and the book was never completed. Following his death in December of 1996 (see Ruhl and Steinen 1997), his wife Elsie found the three chapters in a box and passed them on to one of us (Steinen). The chapters on Etowah and Wilbanks are being published separately. The document we present here is his unpublished chapter on the Kolomoki site. It provides a fascinating look at the state of archaeology in Georgia 65 years ago and is filled with pointed insights on many people.
    [Show full text]