Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Class Ea For

STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT CLASS EA FOR BELL BOULEVARD WIDENING PROJECT PART OF LOTS 37 AND 38, CONCESSION 2 GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF SIDNEY NOW CITY OF BELLEVILLE COUNTY OF HASTINGS

STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT, CLASS EA FOR BELL BOULEVARD WIDENING PROJECT PART OF LOTS 37 AND 38, CONCESSION 2, GEOGRAPHIC TOWNSHIP OF SIDNEY NOW CITY OF BELLEVILLE, COUNTY OF HASTINGS

Prepared for: Ray Ford Deputy Director / Manager of Engineering Engineering & Development Services City of Belleville 169 Front Street Belleville, Ontario K8N 2Y8 Phone: (613) 967-3200, ext. 3231 Email: [email protected]

Re: Class Environmental Assessment

Prepared by: Stephanie Cleland, M.A., P1201 Staff Archaeologist Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. 4534 Bolingbroke Road, R.R. #3 Maberly, Ontario K0H 2B0 Phone: (613) 267-7028 Email: [email protected]

PRAS Project No.: PR18-59

Licensee: Peter Sattelberger, M.A., Licence P111 Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

P.I.F. No.: P111-0074-2018

Date: February 4th, 2019 Original Report Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Mr. Ray Ford, Deputy Director/Manager of Engineering with the Engineering and Development Services Department at the City of Belleville, provided assistance with coordinating information and logistics for this project.

PROJECT PERSONNEL

Project Manager Jeff Earl, M.Soc.Sc. (P031)

Licence Holder Peter Sattelberger, M.A. (P111)

Historical Research Stephanie Cleland, M.A. (P1201)

Property Inspection Peter Sattelberger

GIS/Drafting Stephanie Cleland

Report Writing Stephanie Cleland

Report Review Jeff Earl

ii Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. (Past Recovery) was retained by the City of Belleville to undertake a Stage 1 archaeological assessment as part of a future Class EA to arrive at a preferred alternative for the widening of Bell Boulevard from Sidney Street westerly to approximately 500 metres west of Hanna Court. The study area, as defined by the City, was located in parts of Lots 37 and 38, Concession 2, in the geographic Township of Sidney now in the City of Belleville, County of Hastings (see Maps 1 to 3).

The purpose of the Stage 1 investigation was to evaluate the archaeological potential of the study area and present recommendations for the mitigation of any significant known or potential archaeological resources. To this end, historical, environmental and archaeological research was conducted in order to make a determination of archaeological potential. A site visit was undertaken on November 27th, 2018.

The results of the background research revealed that although several features indicative of archaeological potential are located within or in close proximity to the study area, disturbances resulting from recent construction and landscaping activities have removed the potential for significant archaeological resources to be found within the subject lands. Accordingly, it is recommended that:

1) No further archaeological assessment of the study area, as presently defined (see Map 3), is required prior to the initiation of construction activities associated with the proposed widening of Bell Boulevard.

2) In the event that future planning results in the identification of additional areas of impact beyond the limits of the present study area, further archaeological assessment may be required. It should be noted that impacts requiring consideration include all aspects of the proposed development causing soil disturbances or other alterations, and that even temporary property needs (i.e. access roads, staging/lay down areas, associated works etc.) should be screened.

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3) Any future archaeological assessment should be undertaken by a licensed consultant archaeologist, in compliance with Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011).

The reader is also referred to Section 6.0 below to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act as it may relate to this project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

Acknowledgments ii Project Personnel ii Executive Summary iii List of Maps vii List of Images viii List of Tables viii

1.0 Introduction 1

2.0 Project Context 2 2.1 Development Context 2 2.2 Property Description 2 2.3 Access Permission 2

3.0 Historical Context 3 3.1 Regional Pre-Contact Cultural Overview 3 3.3 Property History 8

4.0 Archaeological Context 10 4.1 Previous Archaeological Research 10 4.2 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites 10 4.3 Cultural Heritage Resources 12 4.4 Heritage Plaques and Monuments 12 4.5 Cemeteries 13 4.6 Mineral Resource Areas 13 4.7 Local Environment 14

5.0 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment 16 5.1 Optional Property Inspection 16 5.2 Evaluation of Archaeological Potential 17 5.3 Analysis and Conclusions 18 5.4 Stage 1 Recommendations 19

6.0 Advice on Compliance with Legislation 21

7.0 Limitations and Closure 22

8.0 References 23

9.0 Maps 28

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

Page No.

10.0 Images 44

APPENDIX 1: Photographic Catalogue 50 APPENDIX 2: Glossary of Archaeological Terms 52

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LIST OF MAPS

Map No. Page No.

1 Segment of a recent topographic map showing the location of the study area. 28 2 Development plan 29 3 Ortho-rectified aerial photograph, 2018, showing the limits of the study area 30 4 Segment of the 1787 patent plan for Sidney Township showing the location of Lots 37 and 38, Concession 2 31 5 Segment of the 1862 plan of Thurlow Township showing the location of Lots 37 and 38, Concession 2 32 6 Segment of the 1878 Belden plan showing the location of Lots 37 and 38, Concession 2 33 7 Segment of a 1929 aerial photograph showing the approximate location of the study area 34 8 Segment of a 1933 topographic map showing the approximate location of the study area 35 9 Segment of a 1956 aerial photograph showing the approximate location of the study area 36 10 Segment of a 1977 aerial photograph showing the location of the study area 37 11 Segment of a 1994 aerial photograph showing the location of the study area 38 12 Segment of surficial geology mapping covering the study area 39 13 Segment of soils mapping covering the study area 40 14 Wetland mapping showing the study area in relation to unevaluated wetlands and the alignment of Potter Creek 41 15 Ortho-rectified aerial photograph, 2018, showing the locations and orientations of field photographs referenced in this report 42 16 Ortho-rectified aerial photograph, 2018, showing archaeological potential within the study area 43

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LIST OF IMAGES

Image No. Page No.

1 View of the eastern end of the study corridor showing the intersection of Bell Boulevard and Sidney Street, facing southwest 44 2 View of the south side of Bell Boulevard, across from the Belleville Bakery property at the eastern end of the study corridor, facing west 44 3 View of the north side of Bell Boulevard at the Belleville Bakery property at the eastern end of the study area, facing west 45 4 View of Bell Boulevard at the eastern end of the study area at the Belleville Bakery property from the north side of the road, facing east 45 5 View of Bell Boulevard from east of Hanna Court, facing west 46 6 View of Bell Boulevard from east of Hanna Court, facing east 46 7 View of Bell Boulevard from west of Hanna Court, facing east 47 8 View of the lands on the south side of Bell Boulevard adjacent to the Habitat for Humanity ReStore property showing areas of disturbance associated with road and infrastructure construction, utility lines and landscaping, facing west 47 9 View of the study corridor from the entrance to the TownePlace Suites Hotel on the north side of Bell Boulevard showing areas of disturbance associated with road and infrastructure construction and landscaping, facing northeast 48 10 View of the undeveloped lands at the western end of the study corridor on the north side of Bell Boulevard, to the west of the TownePlace Suites Hotel property, showing areas of disturbance associated with road and infrastructure construction, facing east 48 11 View of the undeveloped lands at the western end of the study corridor located to the west of the TownePlace Suites Hotel property showing areas of disturbance associated with road and infrastructure construction, facing east 49 12 View of the lands under construction at the western end of the study corridor on the south side of Bell Boulevard from the entrance to the TownePlace Suites Hotel, facing southeast 49

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page No.

1 Inventory of the Stage 1 documentary record 17

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. (Past Recovery) was retained by the City of Belleville to undertake a Stage 1 archaeological assessment in association with a future Class EA to arrive at a preferred alternative for the widening of Bell Boulevard from Sidney Street westerly to approximately 500 metres west of Hanna Court. The subject property, as defined by the City, was located in parts of Lots 37 and 38, Concession 2, in the geographic Township of Sidney now in the City of Belleville, County of Hastings (Maps 1 to 3).

The objectives of the Stage 1 archaeological assessment were as follows:

• To provide information about the geography, history and current land condition of the study area; • To describe any previous archaeological fieldwork and evaluate the archaeological potential of the study area; and, • To recommend appropriate strategies for Stage 2 archaeological assessment in the event further assessment is warranted.

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2.0 PROJECT CONTEXT

This section of the report provides the context for the archaeological work undertaken, including a description of the study area, the related legislation or directives triggering the assessment, any additional development-related information, and the confirmation of permission to access the study area for the purposes of the assessment.

2.1 Development Context

The City of Belleville will be undertaking a Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (Class EA) to arrive at a preferred alternative for the widening of a c. 1,100 metre section of Bell Boulevard from Sidney Street westerly to approximately 500 metres west of Hanna Court (west of the existing Shoreline Casino development). The proposal is for a localized widening of Bell Boulevard from two lanes to five lanes, which will include four traffic lanes with additional left turn lanes at intersections and busy entrances (see Maps 1 to 3). The study area for this assessment, as defined by staff with the City of Belleville, comprises the existing Bell Boulevard right-of-way, as well as a three-metre buffer but only for the section between Sidney Street and the former City limits. This study is being carried out in advance of commencing the formal Class EA. As Class EA projects follow a streamlined EA process, the project is pre-approved (i.e. Minister approval is not required) and ‘approval authority’ rests with the project proponent.

2.2 Property Description

The subject property extends along a c. 1,100 metre section of Bell Boulevard and ranges in width from approximately 25.5 to 36.5 metres. The study area, so defined, covers c. 3.47 hectares (8.56 acres) and includes portions of Lots 37 and 38, Concession 2, in the geographic Township of Sidney, now in the City of Belleville (see Maps 1 to 3). At the time of the present assessment, the study corridor consisted of the existing road right-of- way, including the asphalt paved roadway, curbs, associated ditching and landscaping and including several buried utility lines, as well as small sections of adjacent, privately- owned or leased and landscaped commercial lots and entrance laneways.

2.3 Access Permission

Given the narrow width of the study corridor beyond the existing limits of the Bell Boulevard right-of-way, no permissions for access were sought. Accordingly, the visual inspection and photography of the whole of the study area was made from within the public right-of-way.

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3.0 HISTORICAL CONTEXT

This section of the report includes an overview of human settlement in the region with the intention of providing a context for the evaluation of known and potential archaeological sites, as well as a review of property-specific detailed archival research presenting a record of land use history.

3.1 Regional Pre-Contact Cultural Overview

While our understanding of the pre-Contact sequence of human activity in the area is limited, it is possible to provide a general outline of the pre-Contact occupation in the region based on archaeological, historical, and environmental research conducted across eastern Ontario.

The earliest human occupation of southern Ontario began approximately 11,000 years ago with the arrival of small groups of hunter-gatherers referred to by archaeologists as Palaeo-Indians (Ellis and Deller 1990:39). These groups gradually moved northward as the glaciers and glacial lakes retreated. While very little is known about their lifestyle, it is likely that Palaeo-Indian groups travelled widely relying on the seasonal migration of caribou as well as small animals and wild plants for subsistence in a sub-arctic environment. They produced a variety of distinctive stone tools including fluted projectile points, scrapers, burins and gravers. Most archaeological evidence for the Palaeo-Indian period has been found in south-western and south-central Ontario at sites located on the former shorelines of glacial Lake Algonquin. First Nations settlement of much of eastern Ontario was late in comparison to other parts of the province as a result of the high water levels associated with the early stages of glacial Lake Iroquois and the St. Lawrence Marine Embayment of the post-glacial Champlain Sea (Hough 1958:204). In eastern Ontario, the ridges and old shorelines of Lake Iroquois, the Champlain Sea and emergent St. Lawrence River channels would be the most likely areas to find evidence of Palaeo-Indian occupation.

During the succeeding Archaic period (c. 10000 to c. 3000 B.P.), the environment of southern Ontario approached modern conditions and more land became available for occupation as water levels in the glacial lakes dropped (Ellis et al. 1990:69). Populations continued to follow a mobile hunter-gatherer subsistence strategy, although there appears to have been a greater reliance on fishing and gathered food (e.g. plants and nuts) and more diversity between regional groups. The tool kit also became increasingly diversified, reflecting an adaptation to environmental conditions similar to those of today. This includes the presence of adzes, gouges and other ground stone tools believed to have been used for heavy woodworking activities such as the construction of dug-out canoes, grinding stones for processing nuts and seeds, specialized fishing gear including net sinkers, and a general reduction in the size of projectile points. The middle and late portions of the Archaic period saw the development of trading networks spanning the Great Lakes, and by 6,000 years ago copper was being mined in the Upper Great Lakes

3 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. and traded into southern Ontario. There is increasing evidence of ceremonialism and elaborate burial practices and a wide variety of non-utilitarian items such as gorgets, pipes and ‘birdstones’ were being manufactured. By the end of this period populations had increased substantially over the preceding Palaeo-Indian occupation.

More extensive First Nations settlement of eastern Ontario began during this period, sometime between 7500 and 6500 B.P. (Clermont 1999; Kennedy 1970:61; Ellis et al. 1990:93). Artifacts from Archaic sites in eastern Ontario suggest a close relationship to the Laurentian Archaic stage peoples who occupied the Canadian biotic province transition zone between the deciduous forests to the south and the boreal forests to the north. The Laurentian Archaic artifact complex contains large, broad bladed, chipped stone and ground slate projectile points, and heavy ground stone tools. This stage is also known for the extensive use of cold-hammered copper tools including “bevelled spear points, bracelets, pendants, axes, fishhooks, and knives” (Kennedy 1970:59).

The introduction of ceramics to Ontario marked the beginning of the Woodland period (c. 3000 B.P. to c. 350 B.P.). Local populations continued to participate in extensive trade networks that, at their zenith c. 1700 B.P., spanned much of North America and included the movement of conch shell, fossilized shark teeth, mica, copper and silver. Social structure appears to have become increasingly complex, with some status differentiation evident in burials. It was in the Middle Woodland period (c. 2300 B.P. to c. 1200 B.P.) that increasingly distinctive trends or ‘traditions’ evolved in different parts of Ontario for the first time. The Middle Woodland tradition found in eastern and south-central Ontario has become known as ‘Point Peninsula’ (Spence et al. 1990:157). Investigations of sites with occupations dating to this time period have allowed archaeologists to develop a better picture of the seasonal round followed in order to exploit a variety of resources within a home territory. Through the late fall and winter, small groups would occupy an inland ‘family’ hunting area. In the spring, these dispersed families would congregate at specific lakeshore sites to fish, hunt in the surrounding forest and socialize. This gathering would last through to the late summer when large quantities of food would be stored up for the approaching winter.

Towards the end of the Woodland period (c. 1200 B.P.) domesticated plants were introduced in areas to the south of the Canadian Shield. Initially only a minor addition to the diet, the cultivation of corn, beans, squash, sunflowers and tobacco gained economic importance for late some Woodland peoples. Along with this shift in subsistence, settlements located adjacent to corn fields began to take on greater permanency as sites with easily tillable farmland became more important. Eventually, semi-permanent and permanent villages were built, many of which were surrounded by palisades, evidence of growing hostilities between neighbouring groups. Late Woodland peoples in much of eastern Ontario, however, continued to follow a largely mobile hunter-gatherer lifestyle with small-scale horticulture occurring only where soil conditions were favourable within the general shield environment.

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Three distinct tribal groups are known to have occupied eastern Ontario in the final decades prior to the arrival of Europeans. While there appears to have been a hiatus in the occupation of the St. Lawrence Valley through the early stages of the Late Woodland period, by the end of this period a considerable population belonging to what archaeologists refer to as the St. Lawrence Iroquois had become established in the region. Settlement clusters have been identified near the Spencerville/Prescott area and lying just north of Lake St. Francis (sometimes identified as the ‘Cornwall cluster;’ see Adams 2003:43), with a large number of sites reported for Jefferson County in New York State and further east into Quebec. The material culture and settlement patterns of the fourteenth and fifteenth century St. Lawrence Iroquoian sites are directly related to the Iroquoian-speaking groups that Jacques Cartier and his crew encountered in 1535 at Stadacona (Quebec City) and Hochelaga (Montreal Island) (Jamieson 1990:386). Following Cartier’s initial voyages, subsequent journeys by Europeans found only abandoned settlements along the St. Lawrence River. High mortality from the European diseases introduced by Cartier and continued conflict with their neighbours probably accounts for the disappearance of the St. Lawrence Iroquois. At this time, there was a significant increase of St. Lawrence Iroquoian ceramic vessel types on Huron sites, and segments of the St. Lawrence Iroquois population may have relocated to the north and west either as captives or refugees (Wright 1966:70-71; Sutton 1990:54).

Agricultural villages, dating to c. 550 B.P., of an Iroquoian people referred to as “proto- Huron” have been found in southern Hastings and Frontenac Counties (Pendergast 1972). By c. 450 B.P., however, the easternmost settlements of the Huron were located between Balsam Lake and Lake Simcoe. Finally, various Anishinaabe groups continued to occupy the Ottawa River watershed and much of eastern Ontario (Day and Trigger 1978:793).

3.2 Regional Post-Contact Cultural Overview

The first Europeans to visit the area arrived in the early seventeenth century, and were predominantly French, including explorers, fur traders and missionaries. Samuel de Champlain and others while exploring eastern Ontario and the Ottawa River watershed between c. 1610 and 1613, documented encounters with groups of people speaking different dialects of the Algonquin language, including the Matouweskarini along the Madawaska River, the Kichespirini at Morrison Island, the Otaguottouemin along the Ottawa River northwest of Morrison Island, the Onontchataronon in the Gananoque River basin, and the Weskarini in the Petite Nation River basin. These loosely aligned Anishinaabe bands subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering, and undertook limited horticulture (Pendergast 1999; Trigger 1987). At the time of Champlain’s travels, the Algonquin were already acting as middlemen in the fur trade and exacting tolls from those using the Ottawa River waterway which served as a significant trade route connecting the Upper Great Lakes via Lake Nipissing and Georgian Bay to the west and the St. Maurice and Saguenay via Lake Timiskaming and the Rivières des Outaouais to

5 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. the east. These northern routes avoided the St. Lawrence River and Lower Great Lakes route and its potential conflict with the Iroquois League of Five Nations or Haudenosaunee (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca; Holmes, Joan & Associates Inc. 1993:2-3). The St. Lawrence trade route appears to have been largely controlled by the Five Nations Iroquois until c. 1609-10 when it was re-opened to other First Nation groups with French assistance. Access to this route and the extent of settlement in the region fluctuated with the state of hostilities (Holmes, Joan & Associates Inc. 1993:3). By the time Champlain arrived in the Quinte region while exploring the Trent watershed in 1615, for example, he found most of the area had been abandoned by Indigenous populations (Gervais 2004:182).

Following the early Contact period, significant changes occurred in the pattern of settlement for Indigenous populations in the region. The endemic warfare of the age and severe smallpox epidemics in 1623-24 and again between 1634 and 1640 brought about drastic population decline among all Indigenous peoples (Hessel 1993:63-65). The French, allied with the Huron-Wendat, the Petun, and their Anishinaabeg1 trading partners, refused entreaties by the Iroquois to trade with them directly. Seeking to expand their territory and disrupt the French fur trade, the Iroquois launched raids into the region and members of the League of Five Nations from what would become New York State established a series of winter hunting bases and trading settlements near the mouths of the major rivers flowing into the north shore of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River.2 The first recorded Haudenosaunee settlements were two Cayuga villages established at the north-eastern end of Lake Ontario (Konrad 1981). Between 1640 and 1650 the success of the Iroquois Confederacy in warfare led to the dispersal of the Anishinaabeg and Huron-Wendat groups who had been occupying much of southern Ontario. Survivors of the various groups often coalesced in settlements to the north and west of the Ottawa Valley,3 and at the French posts of Montreal, Quebec City, Sillery, and Trois Rivières (Holmes, Joan & Associates Inc. 1993:3; Trigger 1976:610, 637-638).

In spite of traditional enmity since the arrival of Champlain, following French raids into Mohawk territory in 1666-1667, the Cayuga (the Iroquois Nation occupying the settlement at Kente, now Carrying Place near the narrows separating the western end of Prince Edward County from the Hastings County mainland) approached the French to ask for missionaries, and a Sulpician mission was established at Kente in 1668 (Turner 1992:7-8; Squire 1958). The mission was short-lived, being abandoned by 1680, but it had both extended French influence into the area and become the first settlement on the north

1 The Anishinaabeg include the Algonquin, Nipissing, Ojibwe, Odawa, Potowatomi, Oji-Cree and Mississauga, groups belonging to the Algonquian language family. 2 These settlements included: Quinaouatoua near present day Hamilton, Teiaiagon on the Humber River, Ganatswekwyagon on the Rouge River, Ganaraske on the Ganaraska River, Kentsio on Rice Lake, Kente on the Bay of Quinte, and Ganneious, near the present site of Napanee. 3 Some Nipissing, for example, re-located to the Lake Nipigon region (Holmes, Joan & Associates Inc. 1993:3).

6 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. shore of Lake Ontario to have both Indigenous and European members. As a result of increased tensions between the Haudenosaunee and the French, the establishment of Fort Frontenac (present day Kingston) to the east in 1673 with a rival Recollet mission, and declining population from disease and warfare, the Cayuga settlements were abandoned in 1680 (Edwards 1984:17). What remained of the north shore villages were destroyed by the French military under Denonville in 1687, after which the Mississauga, or Michi Saagiig Anishinaabe, began to move into the region abandoned by the Iroquois, having a presence and influence in the area through much of the eighteenth century (Edwards 1984:10,17; Turner 1992:8-9).

In 1758 Fort Frontenac and hence eastern Lake Ontario was surrendered to a British force during the Seven Years’ War. At first, the end of the French regime brought little change to eastern Ontario. Between 1763 and 1776 some British traders traveled to the area, but the British presence remained sporadic until 1783 when Fort Frontenac was officially re- occupied. The need for land on which to settle refugees of the American Revolution led the British government into hasty negotiations with Indigenous groups to acquire lands, initially along the north shore of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River and then further inland, resulting in a series of ‘purchases’ and treaties beginning with the Crawford Purchases of 1783 (Lockwood 1996:24).4

Settlement along the north bank of the St. Lawrence River and the eastern end of Lake Ontario began in earnest about this time. Land from the Cataraqui River west to the Bay of Quinte was laid out in townships to be settled by some of the more than ten thousand United Empire Loyalists from Vermont, Connecticut, and New York who had gathered throughout Lower Canada awaiting supplies and transport to what was to become Upper Canada. In 1787 and 1788 the British also ‘purchased’ the lands westward from the Bay of Quinte to Etobicoke Creek. In the face of Euro-Canadian settlement and the establishment of the Tyendinaga Mohawk Reserve, the remaining Mississauga generally moved northward, although some gathered at Grape Island in the Bay of Quinte and on Nicholson’s Island west of Prince Edward County for a short period, until the Alnwick (Rice Lake) Reserve was created at Alderville in 1837 (Surtees 1986).

The first and second concessions of Thurlow and Sidney townships were initially surveyed for settlement in 1787 by Louis Kotte. Kotte’s survey plan shows Lot 4 in the first and second concessions of Thurlow as lands “Reserved for the Indian Burying Ground,” with a separate notation for “Indian Burrying Places” (sic) referring to an area of high ground on neighbouring portions of Lot 5 in the first concession. It is unclear whether small squares drawn on the same portion of Lot 5 refer to the locations of burials or “Indian Huts” shown near the mouth of the Salmon River. Also of interest is the name

4 The Crawford Purchases, although not well documented, seem also to have included a provision allowing the Mississauga to retain some lands within the area covered by the treaty, including a 428-acre tract at the mouth of the Moira River, where a camp was maintained, in what would come to be known as the City of Belleville.

7 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. written over the mouth of the Moira River, which appears as “Sagonasoko River” (sic), which several other sources refer to as the Sagonaska River.

In the 1790s the first settlers began to take up land within the present limits of Belleville, and some early settlers were allowed to set up homes and businesses within the boundaries of the Mississauga lands, paying rents to the Mississauga for the privilege. The community that formed around the mouth of the Moira (known at the time as ‘Singleton’s River’, which had been named after an early settler, Captain John Singleton) initially went by the name of ‘Meyers’ Creek’ (named after another early settler, Captain John W. Meyers; H. Belden & Co. 1878:ii). By 1816 the Mississauga had signed a treaty which ceded these lands to the colonists and a village plan was laid out by surveyor Samuel Wilmot. The name of the community was changed to ‘Bellville’ the same year.

The community at the mouth of the Moira grew rapidly over the ensuing years, with the population increasing from 150 inhabitants in 1816 to 1,700 in 1836. By 1852 the population had reached about 3,550 and the settlement included a number of industrial establishments, among them four sawmills, three gristmills, four breweries, and two distilleries (Smith 1851). Belleville was incorporated as a town in 1850, and with further growth, became a city in 1878, by which time it was a thriving industrial centre (Boyce 2008).

3.3 Property History

A brief history of the development of the lots included in the present study area can be assembled from a review of available historical mapping and aerial photography of the area. Hastings County and Belleville in particular are well documented, with several nineteenth century maps providing a general overview of the historical development of the area and associated land uses.

A patent plan for Sidney Township, based on a 1787 survey by Kotte, has the name of a patentees written over Lots 37 and 38 in Concession 2, which for Lot 37 was James Coffin (who received the patent for all 200 acres in 1817) and for Lot 38 was Catherine Crawford Grant (who received the patent for all 200 acres in 1802; Map 4; Hastings County Land Registry Office). Unfortunately the handwriting on this plan and on other available versions of the map is faint and difficult to decipher – several early changes in ownership appear to have been recorded. Several mid-nineteenth century maps of the area show the evolution of the growing city. An 1862 plan, which appears to have been reproduced from a Directory of Hastings County, shows the names of local land owners/occupants (Map 5). The east half of Lot 38 in the second concession of Sidney is labelled with the name ‘Rev. J. A. Mulock,’ and although the quality of the available version of this map is poor, no associated structures are evident. The names ‘C. Walkins’ and ‘W. Robinson’ are associated with east and west halves of Lot 37.

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The 1878 map of Sidney Township created by H. Belden & Co. for the Illustrated Historical Atlas of the Counties of Hastings and Prince Edward shows a thin sliver of land fronting on Sidney Street, with the name ‘Samuel Kyle’, likely the same severed parcel previously associated with ‘Rev. J. A. Mulock’ (Map 6). A structure, likely a private residence, is shown in the southern portion of the lot. The remainder of Lot 38 and the eastern half of Lot 37 were attributed to ‘Charles Wilkins,’ likely the same individual referred to on the 1862 plan. The western half of Lot 37 was shown under the ownership of ‘William Donnely.’ The homes of both Donnelly and Wilkins were each located at the southern end of the lot. No structures are shown in the vicinity of the study area.

An aerial photograph dating to 1929 reveals that the study area remained on the rural fringes of Belleville into the twentieth century (Map 7). This photograph shows the alignment of Sidney Street to the east, and a road to the north, situated on the same alignment but pre-dating Highway 401.5 The study area is shown as a mixture of wood lots and agricultural fields at this time, with no structures in the vicinity. The first edition topographic map for this area, dating to 1933, shows that no development had occurred (Map 8). A second aerial photograph dating to 1956 shows that construction for Highway 401 and the interchanges to access the City of Belleville had commenced, but that the roadway had not yet been completed (Map 9). The study area still contained no structures and remained undeveloped. By 1977, however, development in the city had crept northward. An aerial photograph dating to this time shows that Bell Boulevard had been constructed, but only extending as far as Hanna Court at the western end of the study area (Map 10). Much of the south side of the road had been developed, while only a few buildings had been erected on the north side. By the time of an aerial photograph dating to 1994, both sides of Bell Boulevard as constructed to that date had been developed, appearing much as they do today (Map 11). The alignment for the extension of Bell Boulevard had been cleared to the west of the study area, but the roadway construction had not yet started.

Over the intervening years between 1994 and the present there have been a few significant changes to the study area, including the construction of the extension to Bell Boulevard west of Hanna Court. With this new road access, the land in this area had become open for development, allowing the construction of a number of business including the Habitat for Humanity ReStore building (located at #365 Bell Boulevard), the Loyalist Veterinary Hospital (located at #360 Bell Boulevard), the Marriott Towne Place Suites (located at #400 Bell Boulevard) and most recently the Shorelines Casino (located at 380 Bell Boulevard; see Map 3).

5 A small segment of this early road still exists as Belleview Drive, located to the north of the study area.

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4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT

This section describes the environmental and archaeological context of the study area which, combined with the historical context outlined above, provides the necessary information to assess the archaeological potential of the property.

4.1 Previous Archaeological Research

For the purpose of determining whether any previous archaeological fieldwork has been conducted within or in the immediate vicinity of the present study area, a search of the titles of reports in the Public Register of Archaeological Reports maintained by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (MTCS) was undertaken. In order to augment these results, a search of the Past Recovery corporate library was also conducted.6 Known studies in the vicinity include:

• A Stage 1 archaeological assessment was undertaken in association with a Class EA for Sidney Street Corridor Improvements between Bell Boulevard and Tracy Street in 2014 (Golder Associates 2015). The assessment determined that the whole of the study area had been disturbed by previous road construction and maintenance and no further assessment was recommended. • A Stage 1 archaeological assessment was undertaken in association with preliminary design study to improve an 8 km long segment of Highway 62, from Highway 401 northerly to Hastings County Road 14 (W.P. 731-93-00; C.R. Murphy 2001). A Stage 2 archaeological assessment was subsequently undertaken in 2006 (C. R. Murphy 2009), though no archaeological resources were noted in proximity to the present study area.

To the knowledge of Past Recovery staff, no archaeological fieldwork has previously been conducted within the limits of the present study area.

4.2 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites

The primary source for information regarding known archaeological sites in Ontario is the Archaeological Sites Database maintained by MTCS. The database includes all archaeological sites that have been reported to the Province through the submission of Site Record Forms by licensed archaeologists. The background research conducted during

6 In compiling the results, it should be noted that archaeological fieldwork conducted for research purposes should be distinguished from systematic property surveys conducted during archaeological assessments associated with land use development planning (generally after the introduction of the Ontario Heritage Act in 1974 and the Environmental Assessment Act in 1975), in that only those studies undertaken to current industry standards can be considered to have adequately assessed properties for the presence of archaeological sites with cultural heritage value or interest. In addition, it should be noted that the vast majority of the research work undertaken in the area has been focussed on the identification of pre-Contact First Nations sites, while current MTCS requirements minimally require the evaluation of the material remains of occupations and or land uses pre-dating 1900.

10 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. the preparation of this report included a search for any registered sites occurring in a one kilometre radius of the present study area. The results revealed that only a single site has been registered within the search area.

Records for this one site, known as the Humane Society Site (BaGi-19) were scarce. It was listed as a Late Archaic site located on Lot 32 and 31, Concession 1 in Sidney Township, more specifically on Avonlough Road, but no other information could be obtained.

It should be noted that the absence of registered pre-Contact archaeological sites in this location should not be taken as evidence of an absence of pre-nineteenth century human occupation. The relative paucity of known sites, rather, is almost certainly a result of the limited amount of systematic archaeological research that has been undertaken in the region. Moreover, Ontario has a long history of amateur archaeologists and private collectors having discovered and collected artifacts from sites that have never been adequately reported to MTCS, and which, as a result, may not appear in the Archaeological Sites Database. For this reason, the background research conducted as part of this assessment included a search of the Past Recovery corporate library, with the goal of identifying published information on archaeological sites or findspots discovered in the vicinity of the present study area. A prime source for this type of information is the initial series of Annual Archaeological Reports (AARO), which were published as appendices to the report of the Minister of Education in the Ontario Sessional Papers. In these reports, dating to the period between 1887 and 1928, staff of the provincial museum (which went through a series of re-namings, eventually becoming the Royal Ontario Museum) published articles by several of Ontario’s most prominent collectors, amateur archaeologists, and museum staff, providing a record of some of the earliest archaeological fieldwork to have taken place in the province, as well as documentation of the private collections of artifacts being donated to the museum.

The search of the Past Recovery corporate library revealed that a considerable amount of pre-Contact Indigenous cultural material has previously been discovered in and around Belleville, which, in addition to the occupations known from the Contact period, suggests that this area may have been intermittently occupied for centuries. Of relevance to the present study are:

• A small stone axe found in Belleville, donated by R. J. Bell (Museum Catalogue Number: 17,882; Boyle 1898:21); • A pipe (Mississauga) found in Belleville, donated by R. J. Bell (Museum Catalogue Number: 18,181; Boyle 1898:25); • A leaf-shaped implement found in Belleville (Museum Catalogue Number: 18,303; Boyle 1898:28); • A double notched spearhead, found in Belleville, donated by R. J. Bell (Museum Catalogue Number: 18,316; Boyle 1898:28); • A knotched broad base spearhead, found in Belleville, donated by R. J. Bell (Museum Catalogue Number: 18,338; Boyle 1898:28);

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• An arrowhead, found in Belleville, donated by R. J. Bell (Museum Catalogue Number: 18,367; Boyle 1898:28); • A large slate fish jigger, found in Belleville, donated by R. J. Bell (Museum Catalogue Number: 18,383; Boyle 1898:28); • A small slate fish jigger, found in Belleville, donated by R. J. Bell (Museum Catalogue Number: 18,384; Boyle 1898:28); • An iron tomahawk, found in Belleville (Museum Catalogue Number: 40,399; Orr 1922:129); • A pewter pipe, found in the Bay of Quinte near Belleville, donated by Dr. T. W. Beeman (Museum Catalogue Number: 62; Boyle 1897:2); • A stone gouge, found near Belleville (Museum Catalogue Number: 9,861; Boyle 1897:52); and, • A stone gouge, found near Belleville (Museum Catalogue Number: Case K, Number 13; Boyle 1889:65).

4.3 Cultural Heritage Resources

The recognition or designation of cultural heritage resources (here referring only to built heritage features and cultural heritage landscapes) may provide valuable insight into aspects of local heritage, whether identified at the local, provincial, national, or international level. Some of these cultural heritage resources may be associated with significant archaeological features or deposits. Accordingly, a list of cultural heritage resources that have previously been identified within or immediately adjacent to the current study area was compiled. The following sources were consulted:

• Canada’s Historic Places website (http://www.historicplaces.ca /en/pages/register-repertoire.aspx); • Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office online Directory of Heritage Designations (http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/progs/beefp-fhbro/index.aspx); • Ontario Heritage Act Register, an online database maintained by the Ontario Heritage Trust (http://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/en/index.php/oha/basic- search); • Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s List of Heritage Conservation Districts (http://www.mtc.gov.on.ca/en/heritage/heritage_conserving_list.shtml); and, • Municipal Heritage Register, containing a list of heritage properties that have not been designated but that have been identified as having cultural heritage value, if accessible.

There are no designated heritage structures within or near the study area.

4.4 Heritage Plaques and Monuments

The recognition of a place, person, or event through the erection of a plaque or monument may also provide valuable insight into aspects of local history, given that these markers

12 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. typically indicate some level of heritage recognition. In order to generate a list of heritage plaques and/or markers in the vicinity of the study area, the following sources were consulted:

• A plaque database maintained by the Ontario Heritage Trust (http://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/en/index.php/online-plaque-guide); and, • An extensive listing of Ontario’s Heritage Plaques maintained by Alan Brown (http://www.ontarioplaques.com/).

No heritage plaques or monuments were located within or adjacent to the study area.

4.5 Cemeteries

The presence of historical cemeteries in proximity to a parcel undergoing archaeological assessment can pose archaeological concerns in two respects. First, cemeteries may be associated with related structures or activities that may have become part of the archaeological record, and thus may be considered features indicating archaeological potential. Second, the boundaries of historical cemeteries may have been altered over time, as all or portions may have fallen out of use and been forgotten, leaving potential for the presence of unmarked graves. For these reasons, a search of available sources of information regarding historical cemeteries was conducted. For this study, the following sources were consulted:

• A complete listing of all registered cemeteries in the province of Ontario maintained by the Consumer Protection Branch of the Ministry of Consumer Services; • Field of Stones website (http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/ ~clifford/); • Ontario Cemetery Locator website maintained by the Ontario Genealogical Society (http://ogs.andornot.com/CemLocat.aspx); • Ontario Headstones Photo Project website (http://canadianheadstones.com/on/ cemeteries.php); and, • Available historical mapping and aerial photography.

No known cemeteries were located within or adjacent to the study area.

4.6 Mineral Resource Areas

The presence of scarce mineral resources on or near to a property may indicate potential for archaeological resources associated with both pre-Contact and post-Contact exploration and exploitation. For this reason, the background research conducted for the assessment includes a search of available sources of information on the locations of outcrops of rare and highly valued minerals, such as quartz, chert, ochre, copper, and soapstone, as well as minerals sought out by post-Contact prospectors and miners for

13 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. more industrial-scale exploitation (i.e. gold, copper, iron, mica, etc.). Useful tools in this search are provided by databases maintained by the Ontario Geological Survey and the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, including:

• The Abandoned Mines Information System (AMIS), which contains a list of all known abandoned and inactive mine sites and associated features in the Province; • Mining Claims, which contains a list of all active claims, alienations, and dispositions; • The Mineral Deposits Inventory, which contains a list of known mineral occurrences of economic value in the Province; and, • The Bedrock Geology Data Set, which shows the distribution of bedrock units and illustrates geologic rock types, major faults, iron formations, kimberlite intrusions, and dike swarms.

No evidence of the presence of scarce mineral resources on or near to the subject property was found.

4.7 Local Environment

The assessment of present and past environmental conditions in the region containing the study area is a necessary component in determining the potential for past occupation as well as providing a context for the analysis of archaeological resources discovered during an assessment. Factors such as local water sources, soil types, vegetation associations and topography all contribute to the suitability of the land for human exploitation and/or settlement. For the purposes of this assessment, information from local physiographic, geological and soils research has been compiled to create a picture of the environmental context for both past and present land uses.

The physiography and distribution of surficial material in this area are largely the result of glacial activity that took place in the Late Wisconsinan. This period, which lasted from approximately 23,000 to 10,000 years before present, was marked by the repeated advance and retreat of the massive Laurentide Ice Sheet. As the ice advanced, debris from the underlying sediments and bedrock accumulated within and beneath the ice. The debris, a mixture of stones, sand, silt, and clay, was deposited over large areas as till plains, drumlins, and moraines. During deglaciation, as the Late Wisconsinan ice margin receded to the north, large volumes of meltwater flowed into the Lake Ontario basin, forming glacial Lake Iroquois around 12,300 years ago (Barnett 1992 in Rowell 2010). Over time the waters of glacial Lake Iroquois expanded northeastward, in an event that is known as the Trent Embayment. Fine-grained silt and clay were deposited over the area now known as the Iroquois Plain, which extends from Trenton to the western end of Lake Ontario. At least five glacial lake levels are known from the southern portion of Hastings County, as recorded by numerous small ancient beach ridges, including glacial Lake Iroquois, Frontenac, Sidney, Belleville, and Trenton (Mirynech 1962 in Rowell 2010). As the ice continued to recede northward, local pondings occurred within the York and

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Little Mississippi river valleys. The uncovering of the St. Lawrence River valley, which occurred between 11,700 and 11,400 years ago, caused water levels to drop in the Lake Ontario basin and allowed seawater to inundate the isostatically depressed Ottawa and upper St. Lawrence River valley areas, forming the Champlain Sea (Gadd 1988).

The study area is situated within the Napanee Plain physiographic region identified by Chapman and Putnam (1984:113), which is characterized by a flat to undulating plain of limestone from which the last glaciation stripped most of the overburden. While the soil is relatively thin over much of this region, some deeper glacial tills occur in stream valleys. Surficial geological mapping, completed at a 1:50,000 scale, shows the subject property straddling a deposit of glacial till (silty to sandy and moderately stoney) at the western end of the study area and a zone of Paleozoic bedrock exposed or thinly covered with less than one metre of drift at the eastern end (Map 12).

Soil survey mapping, prepared at a scale of 1:50,000, similarly suggests that soil conditions were split between two types. While most of the study area falls within a zone of Lindsay clay of the stony phase, a dark grey Gleysolic with poor drainage, an area at the eastern end of the study area is labelled as a Solmesville clay loam, a gleyed Grey- Brown Podzolic formed over stone-free clay, with imperfect drainage characteristics (Gillespie, Wicklund, and Richards 1962; Map 13).

The study area is located within the Huron-Ontario division of the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Forest Region (Rowe 1972:93). This region is characterized by a mix of coniferous and deciduous tree species, including sugar maple, beech, basswood, white and red ashes, yellow birch, red maple, and red, white and bur oaks. Eastern hemlock, eastern white pine, and balsam fir occur within the tolerant hardwood types, as well as scattered largetooth aspen, butternut, bitternut hickory, hop-hornbeam, black cherry, sycamore, and black oak. River-bottom and swamp sites contain blue-beech, silver maple, slippery and rock elms, eastern white cedar, and black ash.

The study area is also located within the Upper St. Lawrence – Moira River watershed. Potter Creek snakes northward from the Bay of Quinte, into the very eastern end of the study area (Map 14). Approximately 200 metres west of Hanna Court, Bell Boulevard bisects an unevaluated wetland associated with the same Potter Creek, and crosses two other arms of the creek. The Moira River, a significant historical transportation corridor pre-dating Contact, is located just under two kilometres to the east of the study area.

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5.0 STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

This section of the report includes an evaluation of the archaeological potential within the study area, in which the results of the background research described above are synthesized to determine the likelihood of the property to contain significant archaeological resources.

5.1 Optional Property Inspection

In order to gain first-hand knowledge of the geography, topography, and current conditions of the study area to inform an evaluation of archaeological potential, a property inspection was undertaken on November 27th, 2018. The inspection was conducted according to the archaeological fieldwork standards outlined in the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). Though there was extensive rain throughout the site visit, the weather conditions allowed excellent visibility of land features and permitted the identification and documentation of features influencing the evaluation of archaeological potential.

The property inspection consisted of a visual assessment of the entire length and width of the study area. In order to accurately determine the limits of the subject property, Past Recovery staff used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software to produce detailed property mapping. Study area mapping provided by the City of Belleville was overlain on high resolution 2013 orthographic imagery so that the limits of the subject property could be shown in relation to existing property boundaries and built features, providing reference landmarks that could be seen in the field (see Map 2).

Field conditions and features influencing the evaluation of archaeological potential were documented with digital photographs. The complete photographic catalogue is included in this report as Appendix 1, and the locations and orientations of all photographs referenced in this report are shown on Map 15. As per the Terms and Conditions for Archaeological Licences in Ontario, curation of all field notes, photographs, and maps generated during the Stage 1 archaeological assessment is being provided by Past Recovery pending the identification of a suitable repository. An inventory of the records produced during the assessment is provided below in Table 1.

At the time of the property inspection, the study area was comprised of the existing Bell Boulevard right-of-way (including the intersections with Hanna Court and Davy Court), consisting of the asphalt paved roadway, concrete curbs at the eastern end of the study area in the vicinity of the intersection with Sidney Street, and associated ditching and landscaping, as well as small sections of adjacent, privately-owned or leased and commercial lots with landscaped, grassed margins and paved or gravel access laneways. Conditions largely mirrored the 2018 high resolution ortho-imagery used as the base

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Table 1. Inventory of the Stage 1 Documentary Record.

Type of Document Description Number of Records Location

Photographs Digital photographs 43 digital photographs On PRAS computer documenting the subject network – file PR18-59 property and conditions at the time of the property inspection Field Maps Printed high-resolution 1 page PRAS office - file PR18-59 ortho-imagery of the subject property Field notes Notes on the property 1 page PRAS office - file PR18-59 inspection layer for project mapping (see Map 15; Images 1 through 12).7 Areas adjacent to both the three metre buffer from the existing Bell Boulevard right-of-way used to define the outer limits of the study area between Sidney Street and the former City limits, as well as to the Bell Boulevard right-of way at the western end of the study area, contained a mixture of landscaped or paved commercial lots or regenerating former farm fields.

Disturbances identified within the study area included obvious areas of deep and intensive soil removal from road and laneway construction, areas of cutting and filling to reach required grades for maintaining a level road surface, as well as the drainage ditches located on either side of Bell Boulevard throughout much of the study area. Several buried utility lines were noted along the south side of the Bell Boulevard right-of-way, including storm sewers and water lines. Disturbances beyond the limits of the existing right-of-way included areas of cutting or filling used to create landscaped greenspaces on adjacent properties, as well as levelling for asphalt parking lots. Combined, these disturbances appear to have removed the potential for significant archaeological resources to remain in situ within the study area.

5.2 Evaluation of Archaeological Potential

The evaluation of the potential of a particular parcel of land to contain significant archaeological resources is based on the identification of local features that have demonstrated associations with known archaeological sites. For instance, archaeological sites associated with pre-Contact settlements and land uses are typically found in close physical association with environmental features such as sources of potable water, transportation routes (navigable waterways and trails), accessible shorelines, areas of elevated topography (e.g. knolls, ridges, eskers, escarpments, and drumlins), areas of

7 One major change since the time of the 2018 high resolution ortho-imagery was the construction of the Shorelines Casino located at #380 Bell Boulevard.

17 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. sandy and well-drained soils, distinctive land formations (e.g. waterfalls, rock outcrops, caverns, mounds, and promontories and their bases), as well as resource-rich areas (e.g. migratory routes, spawning areas, scarce raw materials, etc.). Similarly, post-Contact archaeological sites are often found in association with many of these same environmental features, though they are also commonly connected with known areas of early Euro-Canadian settlement, early historical transportation routes (e.g. roads, trails, railways, etc.), and areas of early Euro-Canadian industry (e.g. the fur trade, logging, and mining). For this reason, assessments of the potential of a particular parcel of land to contain post-Contact archaeological sites rely heavily on historical and archival research, including reviews of available land registry records, census returns and assessment rolls, historical maps, and aerial photographs. The locations of previously discovered archaeological sites can also be used to shed light on the chances that a particular location contains an archaeological record of past human activities.

Archaeological assessment standards established in the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011) specify which factors, at a minimum, must be considered when evaluating archaeological potential. Licensed consultant archaeologists are required to incorporate these factors into potential determinations and account for all features on the property that can indicate the potential for significant archaeological sites. If this evaluation indicates that any part of a subject property exhibits potential for archaeological resources, the completion of a Stage 2 archaeological assessment is commonly required prior to the issuance of approvals for activities that would involve soil disturbances or other alterations.

The Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011) also establish minimum distances from features of archaeological potential that must be identified as exhibiting potential for sites. For instance, this includes all lands within 300 metres of primary and secondary water sources, past water sources (i.e. glacial lake shorelines), registered archaeological sites, areas of early Euro-Canadian settlement, or locations identified as potentially containing significant archaeological resources by local histories or informants. It also includes all lands within 100 metres of early historic transportation routes (e.g. roads, trails, and portage routes). Further, any portion of a property containing elevated topography, pockets of well-drained sandy soils, distinctive land formations, resource-rich/harvesting areas, and/or previously identified cultural heritage resources (e.g. built heritage properties and/or cultural heritage landscapes that may be associated with significant archaeological resources) must also be identified as exhibiting archaeological potential.

5.3 Analysis and Conclusions

The background research undertaken for this assessment indicates that the subject property exhibits potential for the presence of significant archaeological resources associated with pre-Contact or early post-Contact settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:

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• Portions of the study area are located within 300 metres of water sources, namely Potter Creek (various arms of this creek cross the study area three times) and its associated wetlands located at the western end of the study area; and, • The study area is located in the vicinity of the historic core of the community of Belleville, which historical records indicate was seasonally occupied by local Indigenous peoples in the early post-Contact period, and poorly-documented finds made in the nineteenth century suggest the area surrounding the mouth of the Moira River has a long history of Indigenous occupation.

The study area also exhibits characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with Euro-Canadian settlement and/or land uses. Specifically:

• Portions of the study corridor lie within 100 metres of Sidney Street, an early historical transportation route illustrated on historical mapping since the latter half of the nineteenth century.

A review of available mapping and aerial photographs, as well as the results of the Stage 1 property inspection, however, indicate that the study area has been the subject of recent, intensive and deep soil alterations, of a type that would have destroyed the integrity of any archaeological resources that might have been present. Specific areas include:

• Lands impacted by the construction of the Bell Boulevard roadway, curbs, ditching, and associated road infrastructure, including cutting and filling used to achieve the required grade for the existing road surface; • Areas impacted by the installation of buried utility lines, including water and sewer lines; • Lands impacted by the construction of asphalt driveways providing access from the adjacent businesses to the portion of Bell Boulevard contained within the present study area; and, • Areas of cutting or filling associated with the landscaped greenspaces and parking lots fronting on the Bell Boulevard right-of-way.

The results of the archaeological potential evaluation have been illustrated on Map 16.

5.4 Stage 1 Recommendations

The results of the background research discussed above reveal that although several features indicative of archaeological potential are located within or in close proximity to the study area, disturbances resulting from recent construction and landscaping activities have removed the potential for significant archaeological resources to be found within the subject lands. Accordingly, it is recommended that:

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3) Any future archaeological assessment should be undertaken by a licensed consultant archaeologist, in compliance with Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011).

The reader is also referred to Section 6.0 below to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act as it may relate to this project.

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6.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION

In order to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act, the reader is advised of the following:

1) This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, a letter will be issued by the Ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development.

2) It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act.

3) Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act.

4) The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O. 1990 c. C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 (when proclaimed in force) require that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services.

5) Archaeological sites recommended for further archaeological fieldwork or protection remain subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act and may not be altered, or have artifacts removed from them, except by a person holding an archaeological licence.

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7.0 LIMITATIONS AND CLOSURE

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. has prepared this report in a manner consistent with that level of care and skill ordinarily exercised by members of the archaeological profession currently practicing under similar conditions in the jurisdiction in which the services are provided, subject to the time limits and physical constraints applicable to this report. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made.

This report has been prepared for the specific site, design objective, developments and purpose prescribed in the client proposal and subsequent agreed upon changes to the contract. The factual data, interpretations and recommendations pertain to a specific project as described in this report and are not applicable to any other project or site location.

Unless otherwise stated, the suggestions, recommendations and opinions given in this report are intended only for the guidance of the client in the design of the specific project.

Special risks occur whenever archaeological investigations are applied to identify subsurface conditions and even a comprehensive investigation, sample and testing program may fail to detect all or certain archaeological resources. The sampling strategies in this study comply with those identified in the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (2011).

The documentation related to this archaeological assessment will be curated by Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. until such a time that arrangements for their ultimate transfer to an approved and suitable repository can be made to the satisfaction of the project owner(s), the Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport and any other legitimate interest group.

We trust that this report meets your current needs. If you have any questions of if we may be of further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact the undersigned.

Jeff Earl Principal Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

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8.0 REFERENCES

Barber, Russel 1976 An Archaeological Survey of the Moira Valley, Southeastern Ontario, 1975. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Boyce, Gerald E. 2008 Belleville: A Popular History. Ed. Jane Gibson. Toronto: Natural Heritage Books. 1967 Historic Hastings. Belleville: Hastings County Council.

Boyle, David 1898 Accessions to the Museum. In Archaeological Report 1898 Being Part of Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education Ontario, pp. 5–42. Toronto: Warwick Bro’s & Rutter. 1897 Catalogue of Specimens in the Ontario Archaeological Museum, Toronto. Toronto: Warwick Bro’s & Rutter. 1889 Catalogue of Specimens in the Provincial Archaeological Museum. In Annual Report of the Canadian Institute, Session 1888-1889, Being Part of Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education, Ontario, pp. 47–101. Toronto: Warwick & Sons.

C. R. Murphy Archaeological Consulting 2009 Stage II Archaeological and Built Heritage/Cultural Landscape Assessment of Highway 62, from Highway 401, Northerly to Foxboro-Stirling Road, City of Belleville, and City of Quinte West, Hastings County, Ontario (W.P. 731-93- 00/W.P. 732-93-00). Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2005 Cultural Heritage Resource Assessment of the Highway 62/Moira Road/Ridge Road Intersection Improvements, Municipality of Centre Hastings, Hastings County, Ontario (W.P. 4O28-05-01). Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam 1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. Third edition. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 2. Toronto: Ministry of Natural Resources.

Clermont, N. 1999 The Archaic Occupation of the Ottawa Valley. In J.-L. Pilon (Ed.), Ottawa Valley Prehistory (pp.45-53). Imprimerie Gauvin, Hull Quebec.

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Day, Gordon M., and Bruce Graham Trigger 1978 Algonquin. In Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast, edited by Bruce G. Trigger, pp. 792–797. Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.

Daechsel, Hugh J. 1985 Moira Archaeological Survey - 1984: Report for Archaeological Licence 84-05. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Edwards, Frank B. 1984 The Smiling Wilderness: An Illustrated History of Lennox and Addington County. Camden East: Camden House Publishing Limited.

Ellis, Christopher J., and Brian D. Deller 1990 Paleo-Indians. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by Chris Ellis and Neal Ferris, pp. 37–63. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, Publication Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society.

Ellis, Christopher J., Ian T. Kenyon, and Michael W. Spence 1990 The Archaic. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by Christopher J. Ellis and Neal Ferris, pp. 65–124. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, Publication Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society.

Gadd, Nelson R. 1988 Lithofacies Relationships in a Freshwater-Marine Transition of the Champlain Sea. In The Late Quaternary Development of the Champlain Sea Basin, edited by Nelson R. Gadd, pp. 83–90. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 35. Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada.

Gervais, Gaétan 2004 Champlain and Ontario (1603-35). In Champlain: The Birth of French America, edited by Raymonde Litalien and Denis Vaugeois, pp. 180–190. Montreal: McGill- Queen’s University Press.

Gillespie, J. E., R. E. Wicklund, and N. R. Richards 1962 Soil Survey of Hastings County. Report No. 27 of the Ontario Soil Survey. Guelph: Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture and the Ontario Agricultural College.

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Golder Associates Ltd. 2015 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment, Municipal Class Environmental Assessment Study for Sidney Street Corridor Improvements (Bell Boulevard to Tracey Street), City of Belleville, Ontario. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

H. Belden & Co. 1878 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the Counties of Hastings and Prince Edward, Ont. Toronto: H. Belden & Co.

Hessel, Peter 1993 The Algonkin Nation - The Algonkins of the Ottawa Valley: an Historical Outline. Arnprior: Kichesippi Books.

Holmes, Joan & Associates, Inc. 1993 Algonquins of Golden Lake Claim. Eight volumes. Unpublished report prepared for the Ontario Native Affairs Secretariat.

Hough, J. L. 1958 Geology of the Great Lakes. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Jamieson, James Bruce 1990 The Archaeology of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians. The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, No. 5. Ed. Christopher J. Ellis and Neal Ferris. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 385-404.

Junker-Andersen, Chris 2006 Archaeology: Digging Up Our Past. In Heritage Atlas of Hastings County, edited by Orland French, pp. 34–35. Belleville: The County of Hastings.

Kennedy, C. 1970 The Upper Ottawa Valley. Renfrew County Council: Pembroke.

Konrad, V. 1981 An Iroquois Frontier: The North Shore of Lake Ontario During the Late Seventeenth Century. Journal of Historical Geography 7(2):129-144.

Lockwood, G.L. 1996 The Rear of Leeds & Lansdowne: the Making of Community on the Gananoque River Frontier, 1796-1996. Corporation of the Township of Rear of Leeds and Lansdowne: Lyndhurst.

25 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Ministry of Tourism and Culture (now Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport; MTCS) 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consulting Archaeologists. Toronto: Ministry of Tourism and Culture.

Orr, Rowland B. 1922 New Material. In Thirty-Third Annual Archaeological Report 1921-22, Being Part of Appendix to the Report of the Minister of Education, Ontario, edited by Rowland B. Orr, pp. 123–134. Toronto: Clarkson W. James.

Pendergast, James F. 1999 “The Ottawa River Algonquin Bands in a St. Lawrence Iroquoian Context”. In Canadian Journal of Archaeology. Vol. 23:63-136. 1972 The Lite Site: An Early Southern Division Huron Site near Belleville, Ontario. Ontario Archaeology 17: 24–61.

Plumpton, Mary G. 1967 The Rambling River: History of Thurlow Township. Thurlow Township Council, Belleville.

Rowe, J.S. 1972 Forest Regions of Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Forestry Service and the Department of Fisheries and the Environment.

Rowell, D. J. 2010 Aggregate Resources Inventory of the County of Hastings, Southern Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey Aggregate Resources Inventory Paper 186. Sudbury: Ontario Ministry of Northern Development, Mines and Forestry.

Smith, W. H. 1851 Canada: Past, Present and Future, Being a Historical, Geographical, Geological and Statistical Account of Canada West. Vol. I & II. Toronto: Thomas Maclear.

Spence, Michael W., Robert H. Pihl, and Carl R. Murphy 1990 Cultural Complexes of the Early and Middle Woodland Periods. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by Christopher J. Ellis and Neal Ferris, pp. 125–169. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, Publication Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society.

Squire, B. P. 1958 The Squire Site, Consecon. Ontario Archaeology 4: 4–17.

26 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Surtees, Robert J. 1986 Treaty Research Report: The Williams Treaties. Report on file, Treaties and Historical Research Centre, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (now Indigenous Affairs and Northern Development Canada).

Sutton, R. 1990 Hidden Amidst the Hills: Middle and Late Iroquoian Occupations in the Middle Trent Valley. Occasional Papers in Northeastern Archaeology No. 3. Dundas: Copetown Press.

Trigger, Bruce. G. 1987 The Children of Aataensic: A History of the Huron People to 1660. 2 Volumes. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Turner, Larry 1992 A History of Presqu’ile. Report prepared by Commonwealth Historic Resource Management Limited for the Ministry of Natural Resources. Edited and reprinted by the Friends of Presqu’ile Park, Brighton.

PRIMARY DOCUMENTS:

Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF):

Crown Land Surveys (CLS) 1787 Survey of Sidney Township SR 86762

National Air Photo Library (NAPL):

1929 Roll #A2018 Photo#037 1956 Roll #A15596 Photo#088 1977 Roll #A24647 Photo#012 1994 Roll #A28135 Photo#003

National Topographic System (NTS):

1933 First edition one-inch-to-one-mile 31 31C03 Belleville

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9.0 MAPS

Map 1. Segment of a recent topographic map showing the location of the study area.

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Map 2. Development plan. (City of Belleville)

29 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 3. Ortho-rectified aerial photograph, 2018, showing the limits of the study area.

30 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 4. Segment of the 1787 patent plan for Sidney Township showing the location of Lots 37 and 38, Concession 2.

31 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 5. Segment of the 1862 plan of Thurlow Township showing the location of Lots 37 and 38, Concession 2.

32 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 6. Segment of the 1878 Belden plan showing the location of Lots 37 and 38, Concession 2.

33 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 7. Segment of a 1929 aerial photograph showing the approximate location of the study area.

34 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 8. Segment of a 1933 topographic map showing the approximate location of the study area.

35 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 9. Segment of a 1956 aerial photograph showing the approximate location of the study area.

36 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bell Boulevard Widening Project Class EA Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Map 10. Segment of a 1977 aerial photograph showing the location of the study area.

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Map 11. Segment of a 1994 aerial photograph showing the location of the study area.

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Map 12. Segment of surficial geology mapping covering the study area.

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Map 13. Segment of soils mapping covering the study area.

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Map 14. Wetland mapping showing the study area in relation to unevaluated wetlands and the alignment of Potter Creek.

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Map 15. Ortho-rectified aerial photograph, 2018, showing the locations and orientations of field photographs referenced in this report.

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Map 16. Ortho-rectified aerial photograph, 2018, showing archaeological potential within the study area.

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10.0 IMAGES

Image 1. View of the eastern end of the study corridor showing the intersection of Bell Boulevard and Sidney Street, facing southwest. (PR18-59D041)

Image 2. View of the south side of Bell Boulevard, across from the Belleville Bakery property at the eastern end of the study corridor, facing west. (PR18-59D040) Notice the gravel fill that has been added at this location.

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Image 3. View of the north side of Bell Boulevard at the Belleville Bakery property at the eastern end of the study area, facing west. (PR18-59D038)

Image 4. View of Bell Boulevard at the eastern end of the study area at the Belleville Bakery property from the north side of the road, facing east. (PR18-09D034)

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Image 5. View of Bell Boulevard from east of Hanna Court, facing west. (PR18-59D029)

Image 6. View of Bell Boulevard from east of Hanna Court, facing east. (PR18-59D030)

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Image 7. View of Bell Boulevard from west of Hanna Court, facing east. (PR18-59D026)

Image 8. View of the lands on the south side of Bell Boulevard adjacent to the Habitat for Humanity ReStore property showing areas of disturbance associated with road and infrastructure construction, utility lines and landscaping, facing west. (PR18-59D023)

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Image 9. View of the study corridor from the entrance to the TownePlace Suites Hotel on the north side of Bell Boulevard showing areas of disturbance associated with road and infrastructure construction and landscaping, facing northeast. (PR18-59D002)

Image 10. View of the undeveloped lands at the western end of the study corridor on the north side of Bell Boulevard, to the west of the TownePlace Suites Hotel property, showing areas of disturbance associated with road and infrastructure construction, facing east. (PR18-59D021)

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Image 11. View of the undeveloped lands at the western end of the study corridor located to the west of the TownePlace Suites Hotel property showing areas of disturbance associated with road and infrastructure construction, facing east. (PR18-59D019)

Image 12. View of the lands under construction at the western end of the study corridor on the south side of Bell Boulevard from the entrance to the TownePlace Suites Hotel, facing southeast. (PR18-59D012) It is possible to see the disturbances associated with the development activities on the south side of the road.

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APPENDIX 1: Photographic Catalogue

Camera: Panasonic Lumix DMC-TS3

Catalogue No. Description Dir. PR18-59D001 View of the study corridor from the western end adjacent to the NE Shoreline Casino lands on the north side of Bell Boulevard PR18-59D002 View of the study corridor from the western end adjacent to the NE Shoreline Casino lands on the north side of Bell Boulevard PR18-59D003 View of the study corridor from the western end adjacent to the E Shoreline Casino lands on the north side of Bell Boulevard. Construction is visible on the south side of the road PR18-59D004 View of the construction on the south side of Bell Boulevard at the S western end of the study corridor PR18-59D005 View of the western end of the study corridor at the access road for W the Marriot Towne Place Suites on the north side of the road, and showing the undeveloped nature of the lands on the south side of the road PR18-59D006 View of the western end of the study corridor at the access road for W the Marriot Towne Place Suites on the north side of the road, and showing the undeveloped nature of the lands on the south side of the road PR18-59D007 View of the western end of the study corridor, along the north side of E Bell Boulevard at the Shorelines Casino property PR18-59D008 View of the western end of the study corridor, along the north side of E Bell Boulevard at the Shorelines Casino property PR18-59D009 View of the undeveloped land at the western end of the study S corridor, on the south side of Bell Boulevard across from the Shorelines Casino property PR18-59D010 View of the undeveloped land at the western end of the study S corridor, on the south side of Bell Boulevard across from the Shorelines Casino property PR18-59D011 View of the lands under construction at the western end of the study SE corridor, on the south side of Bell Boulevard, adjacent to the ReStore property PR18-59D012 View of the lands under construction at the western end of the study SE corridor, on the south side of Bell Boulevard, adjacent to the ReStore property PR18-59D013 View of the undeveloped lands at the western end of the study E corridor, to the west of the Shorelines Casino PR18-59D014 View of the undeveloped lands at the western end of the study E corridor, to the west of the Shorelines Casino PR18-59D015 View of the undeveloped lands at the western end of the study W corridor, to the west of the Shorelines Casino PR18-59D016 View of the undeveloped lands at the western end of the study W corridor, to the west of the Shorelines Casino PR18-59D017 View of the undeveloped lands at the western end of the study W corridor, to the west of the Shorelines Casino

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Catalogue No. Description Dir. PR18-59D018 View of the undeveloped lands at the western end of the study E corridor, to the west of the Shorelines Casino PR18-59D019 View of the undeveloped lands at the western end of the study E corridor, to the west of the Shorelines Casino PR18-59D020 View of the undeveloped lands at the western end of the study E corridor, on the north side of Bell Boulevard, to the west of the Shorelines Casino PR18-59D021 View of the undeveloped lands at the western end of the study E corridor, on the north side of Bell Boulevard, to the west of the Shorelines Casino PR18-59D022 View of the lands on the south side of Bell Boulevard, adjacent to the W ReStore property PR18-59D023 View of the lands on the south side of Bell Boulevard, adjacent to the W ReStore property PR18-59D024 View of the Bell Boulevard alignment from the ReStore property E PR18-59D025 View of the Bell Boulevard alignment from the ReStore property E PR18-59D026 View of the Bell Boulevard alignment from the ReStore property E PR18-59D027 View of the Bell Boulevard alignment from the ReStore property E PR18-59D028 View of Bell Boulevard from just east of Hanna Court W PR18-59D029 View of Bell Boulevard from just east of Hanna Court W PR18-59D030 View of Bell Boulevard from just east of Hanna Court E PR18-59D031 View of Bell Boulevard from just east of Hanna Court E PR18-59D032 View of Bell Boulevard from just east of Hanna Court E PR18-59D033 View of Bell Boulevard at the eastern end of the study area from the E north side of the road PR18-59D034 View of Bell Boulevard at the eastern end of the study area from the E north side of the road PR18-59D035 View of the vacant lot located immediately west of the Franklin Tours S property at the eastern end of the study area along the south side of Bell Boulevard PR18-59D036 View of the vacant lot located immediately west of the Franklin Tours S property at the eastern end of the study area along the south side of Bell Boulevard PR18-59D037 View of the north side of Bell Boulevard at the Belleville Bakery W property, at the eastern end of the study corridor PR18-59D038 View of the north side of Bell Boulevard at the Belleville Bakery W property, at the eastern end of the study corridor PR18-59D039 View of the south side of Bell Boulevard, across from the Belleville W Bakery property, at the eastern end of the study corridor PR18-59D040 View of the south side of Bell Boulevard, across from the Belleville W Bakery property, at the eastern end of the study corridor PR18-59D041 View of the eastern end of the study corridor showing the intersection SW of Bell Boulevard and Sidney Street PR18-59D042 View of the eastern end of the study corridor showing the intersection SW of Bell Boulevard and Sidney Street PR18-59D043 View of the eastern end of the study corridor showing the intersection SW of Bell Boulevard and Sidney Street

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APPENDIX 2: Glossary of Archaeological Terms

Archaeology: The study of human past by excavation of cultural material.

Archaeological Sites: The physical remains of any building, structure, cultural feature, object, human event or activity which, because of the passage of time, are on or below the surface of the land or water.

Archaic: A term used by archaeologists to designate a distinctive cultural period dating between c. 9,500 and c. 3,000 B.P. in eastern North America. The period is divided into Early (c. 9,500 to c 8,000 B.P.), Middle (c. 8,000 to c. 4,500 B.P.) and Late (c. 4,500 to c. 3,000 B.P.). It is characterized by hunting, gathering and fishing.

Artifact: An object manufactured, modified or used by humans.

B.P.: Before Present. Often used for archaeological dates instead of B.C. or A.D. Present is taken to be 1951, the date from which radiocarbon assays are calculated.

Backdirt: The soil excavated from an archaeological site. It is usually removed by shovel or trowel and then screened to ensure maximum recovery of artifacts.

Chert: A type of silica rich stone often used for making chipped stone tools. A number of chert sources are known from southern Ontario. These sources include outcrops and nodules.

Contact Period: The period of initial contact between Indigenous and European populations. In Ontario, this generally corresponds to the seventeenth and eighteen centuries depending on the specific area.

Cultural Resource / Heritage Resource: Any resource (archaeological, historical, architectural, artifactual, archival) that pertains to the development of our cultural past.

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Cultural Heritage Landscapes: Cultural heritage landscapes are groups of features made by people. The arrangement of features illustrates noteworthy relationships between people and their surrounding environment. They can provide information necessary to preserve, interpret or reinforce the understanding of important historical settings and changes to past patterns of land use. Cultural landscapes include neighbourhoods, townscapes and farmscapes.

Diagnostic: An artifact, decorative technique or feature that is distinctive of a particular culture or time period.

Disturbed: In an archaeological context, this term is used when the cultural deposit of a certain time period has been intruded upon by a later occupation.

Excavation: The uncovering or extraction of cultural remains by digging.

Feature: This term is used to designate modifications to the physical environment by human activity. Archaeological features include the remains of buildings or walls, storage pits, hearths, post moulds and artifact concentrations.

Flake: A thin piece of stone (usually chert, chalcedony, etc.) detached during the manufacture of a chipped stone tool. A flake can also be modified into another artifact form such as a scraper.

Fluted: A lanceolate shaped projectile point with a central channel extending from the base approximately one third of the way up the blade. One of the most diagnostic Palaeo- Indian artifacts.

Lithic: Stone. Lithic artifacts would include projectile points, scrapers, ground stone adzes, gun flints, etc.

Lot: The smallest provenience designation used to locate an artifact or feature.

Midden: An archaeological term for a garbage dump.

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Mitigation: To reduce the severity of development impact on an archaeological or other heritage resource through preservation or excavation. The process for minimizing the adverse impacts of an undertaking on identified cultural heritage resources within an affected area of a development project.

Multicomponent: An archaeological site which has seen repeated occupation over a period of time. Ideally, each occupation layer is separated by a sterile soil deposit that accumulated during a period when the site was not occupied. In other cases, later occupations will be directly on top of earlier ones or will even intrude upon them.

Operation: The primary division of an archaeological site serving as part of the provenience system. The operation usually represents a culturally or geographically significant unit within the site area.

Palaeo-Indian: The earliest human occupation of Ontario designated by archaeologists. The period dates between c. 10,500 and c. 9,500 B.P. and is characterized by small mobile groups of hunter- gatherers.

Profile: The profile is the soil stratigraphy that shows up in the cross-section of an archaeological excavation. Profiles are important in understanding the relationship between different occupations of a site.

Projectile Point: A point used to tip a projectile such as an arrow, spear or harpoon. Projectile points may be made of stone (either chipped or ground), bone, ivory, antler or metal.

Provenience: Place of origin. In archaeology this refers to the location where an artifact or feature was found. This may be a general location or a very specific horizontal and vertical point.

Salvage: To rescue an archaeological site or heritage resource from development impact through excavation or recording.

Stratigraphy: The sequence of layers in an archaeological site. The stratigraphy usually includes natural soil deposits and cultural deposits.

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Sub-operation: A division of an operation unit in the provenience system.

Survey: To examine the extent and nature of a potential site area. Survey may include surface examination of ploughed or eroded areas and sub-surface testing.

Test Pit: A small pit, usually excavated by hand, used to determine the stratigraphy and presence of cultural material. Test pits are often used to survey a property and are usually spaced on a grid system.

Woodland: The most recent major division in the pre-Contact cultural sequence of Ontario. The Woodland period dates from between c. 3,000 and c. 400 B.P. The period is characterized by the introduction of ceramics and the beginning of agriculture in southern Ontario. The period is generally divided into Early (c. 3,000 to 2,000 B.P.), Middle (c. 2,000 to 1,200 B.P.) and Late (c. 1,200 to 400 B.P.).