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A Defence Footprint to Support Canadian Armed Forces Contingency Operations in Canada’S North

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A Defence Footprint to Support Canadian Armed Forces Contingency Operations in Canada’S North DELIVERING EXCELLENCE AT HOME: A DEFENCE FOOTPRINT TO SUPPORT CANADIAN ARMED FORCES CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS IN CANADA’S NORTH LCol A.L. Goodman JCSP 39 PCEMI 39 Master of Defence Studies Maîtrise en études de la défense Disclaimer Avertissement Opinions expressed remain those of the author and Les opinons exprimées n’engagent que leurs auteurs do not represent Department of National Defence or et ne reflètent aucunement des politiques du Canadian Forces policy. This paper may not be used Ministère de la Défense nationale ou des Forces without written permission. canadiennes. Ce papier ne peut être reproduit sans autorisation écrite. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as © Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, représentée par represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2016. le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2016. CANADIAN FORCES COLLEGE – COLLÈGE DES FORCES CANADIENNES JCSP 39 – PCEMI 39 MASTER OF DEFENCE STUDIES – MAÎTRISE EN ÉTUDES DE LA DÉFENSE DELIVERING EXCELLENCE AT HOME: A DEFENCE FOOTPRINT TO SUPPORT CANADIAN ARMED FORCES CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS IN CANADA’S NORTH LCol A.L. Goodman “This paper was written by a student “La présente étude a été rédigée par un attending the Canadian Forces College stagiaire du Collège des Forces in fulfilment of one of the requirements canadiennes pour satisfaire à l'une des of the Course of Studies. The paper is a exigences du cours. L'étude est un scholastic document, and thus contains document qui se rapporte au cours et facts and opinions, which the author contient donc des faits et des opinions alone considered appropriate and que seul l'auteur considère appropriés et correct for the subject. It does not convenables au sujet. Elle ne reflète pas necessarily reflect the policy or the nécessairement la politique ou l'opinion opinion of any agency, including the d'un organisme quelconque, y compris le Government of Canada and the gouvernement du Canada et le ministère Canadian Department of National de la Défense nationale du Canada. Il est Defence. This paper may not be défendu de diffuser, de citer ou de released, quoted or copied, except with reproduire cette étude sans la permission the express permission of the Canadian expresse du ministère de la Défense Department of National Defence.” nationale.” Word Count: 17 689 Compte de mots: 17 689 i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... i LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 Terminology .................................................................................................................... 2 Sovereignty and Defence ................................................................................................ 5 Increased International Interest in the Arctic .................................................................. 7 Canadian Military Role in the North .............................................................................. 8 Defence Footprint in the North ....................................................................................... 8 The Case for Expanding the Defence Footprint in Canada’s North ............................. 13 CHAPTER 2 – ARCTIC SOVEREIGNTY, SECURITY AND INTERESTS ................ 16 Arctic Policy Framework (Foreign Affairs Perspective) .............................................. 16 Canada’s Northern Strategy ...................................................................................... 16 Statement on Canada’s Arctic Foreign Policy .......................................................... 17 The Arctic Council .................................................................................................... 18 Canada First Defence Strategy.................................................................................. 19 Threats to Safety, Security and Sovereignty ................................................................. 21 Russia’s Interests ...................................................................................................... 22 China’s Interests........................................................................................................ 25 Boundary Disputes .................................................................................................... 26 Canada’s Premier Partner ............................................................................................. 28 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 3 – THE ROLE OF CANADA’S MILITARY IN OUR NORTH ................ 31 Whole of Government Approach .................................................................................. 31 The Policy Framework from a Military Perspective..................................................... 33 Canada’s Northern Strategy ...................................................................................... 33 Canada First Defence Strategy.................................................................................. 34 Statement on Canada’s Arctic Foreign Policy .......................................................... 36 Arctic Integrating Concept ........................................................................................ 37 ii CDS/DM Directive ................................................................................................... 39 Multilateralism .............................................................................................................. 40 NATO ....................................................................................................................... 40 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 4 – THE DEFENCE FOOTPRINT, HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ........... 44 Historical DND/CAF Presence ..................................................................................... 44 First Era – Second Quarter of the Twentieth Century .................................................. 45 The Northwest Territories and Yukon Radio System ............................................... 45 Second World War Installations ............................................................................... 47 Second Era - Early Cold War Installations ................................................................... 49 Warning Systems ...................................................................................................... 49 Weather Stations ....................................................................................................... 51 Reductions in the Defence Footprint ........................................................................ 54 Third Era - Later Cold War Installations ...................................................................... 54 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 5 – THE DEFENCE FOOTPRINT, NOW AND FUTURE .......................... 60 Post-Cold War Defence Posture ................................................................................... 62 The Peace Dividend .................................................................................................. 62 Defence Investment Post-Cold War.......................................................................... 62 CAF Plans and Exercises .............................................................................................. 64 The Army Arctic Concept 2021 ................................................................................ 64 CJOC Plan for the North ........................................................................................... 65 N-Series Exercises .................................................................................................... 66 Regional Real Property Development Plan for the North ........................................ 68 How the Defence Footprint is Used Today................................................................... 68 The Future Defence Footprint ....................................................................................... 69 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX 1 .................................................................................................................... 74 DND/CAF Installations in Canada’s North .................................................................. 74 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 76 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 — Definitions of the Arctic Region ..................................................................... 3 Figure 2 — Map of the Canadian Territories...................................................................... 4 Figure 3 — Patrols of 1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group .................................................. 11 Figure 4 — NWT&Y Radio System Stations ..................................................................
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